Presentation on the topic "medieval chivalry". Presentation on the topic of knights of the Middle Ages Presentation on the topic of what it means to be a knight
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Knights Heraldry Armament Battle tactics Knight's tournaments The most famous knight The emergence of knightly orders Contents
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Knight (from German Ritter, originally “horseman”) - a medieval noble honorary title in Europe Knights
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Heraldry (lat. heraldus - herald) is the study of coats of arms, an auxiliary historical discipline that deals with the study of coats of arms. Heraldry precisely determines what and how can be applied to the state emblem, family coat of arms, etc., and explains the meaning of certain symbols. The roots of heraldry go back to the Middle Ages, when it was necessary to obtain information about a person, often without even seeing his face covered by a helmet. For this reason, the heraldic symbols were easy to read, without complex drawings and inscriptions, but with a large colored field. Heraldry
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In the XI-XII centuries. heavily armed knights protected themselves only with chain mail, and lightly armed horsemen went into battle completely without metal armor. In the 13th century, as heavily armed cavalry stocked up on breastplates and corsets, lightly armed horsemen acquired chain mail. Armament
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The usual formation for a detachment of knights in the Middle Ages was a wedge. Such a “wedge” could consist of several hundred knights, and sometimes several thousand. Most often, the entire knightly army lined up before the battle in three battle lines, one after the other, and each battle line broke up into “wedges” and had a center and two wings. Battle tactics
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A knight's tournament is a military competition of knights in medieval Western Europe. Presumably, tournaments began to be held in the second half of the 11th century. The homeland of tournaments is France. The “father” of the tournament is called Geoffroy de Preilly (died 1066). He wrote the rules for the first tournaments. Interestingly, Geoffroy de Preilly was killed in a tournament for which he himself wrote the rules. The purpose of the tournament is to demonstrate the fighting qualities of the knights who constituted the main military force of the Middle Ages. Tournaments were usually organized by the king or barons, major lords on especially solemn occasions: in honor of the marriages of kings, princes of the blood, in connection with the birth of heirs, the conclusion of peace, etc. Knights from all over Europe gathered for tournaments. It took place publicly, with a wide gathering of feudal nobility and common people. Knight tournaments
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Pierre Du Terail de Bayard (1476–1524), whom his contemporaries called the Knight without fear or reproach. At the age of 13, he, already possessing all the skills of a warrior, expressed a desire to “serve France with the sword, like all his ancestors,” and went into the service of King Charles VIII. He carried out all the tasks of the king and fought fearlessly in all battles. During one of them, on the Garigliano River, Bayard single-handedly fought with an entire detachment of Spaniards, and he acted swiftly and bravely. For this feat, the king ordered the following words to be written on his family coat of arms: “One has the strength of an army.” Bayard did not get off his horse until the end of his life. At the Battle of the Sesia River, a musket shot shattered his lower back. He asked his comrades to lean him against a tree so that he could observe the progress of the battle. “I have always looked my enemies in the face and, when I die, I don’t want to show them my back” - with these words Bayard died. The opponents, paying tribute to the memory of the famous warrior, respectfully retreated. The most famous knight
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The emergence of the orders practically coincides with the beginning of the Crusades. The Crusaders of 1095 can be considered the first alliance of this kind. Members of the orders took monastic vows and pledged to live under a certain spiritual rule, fulfilling the duty of hospitality and tirelessly waging war against the infidels. At first, the orders consisted of a few individuals, but with the introduction by the Pope of a certain charter and special distinctive clothing, the number of members of the orders began to increase; and soon a distribution of positions within the order arose. At first, the distinctive sign of the crusaders was the red cross. To distinguish themselves within the order, the shape and color of the cross and the color of the lower clothing and cloak were changed. The oldest of the knightly orders was established to protect the Holy Sepulcher from infidels. The emergence of knightly orders
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Goals:
Find out: Who is a knight and WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? What is the code of honor for knights? What is the initiation of knights? How were knights punished? Draw a conclusion.
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Who is a knight?
Knights were heavily armed mounted warriors who fought for the interests of the king or wealthy feudal lords. At first, anyone could become a knight, but gradually the honor began to be given to rich people. Only they could afford to buy armor, a sword and a war horse.
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WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES?
The Middle Ages was a period in the history of Europe and the Middle East that lasted 1000 years, from 500 to 1500. Things and concepts dating back to that period are called medieval.
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Code of honor.
1. A knight must be courageous - cowardice is the heaviest charge.2. The knight must respect the enemy, not attack him from behind and not use his weakness to achieve victory. Killing an unarmed enemy will forever cover the knight with shame.3. Knights should not engage in unequal battles, therefore, they should not go against several, and should avoid all deception and lies.4. A knight must be generous.5. The knight obeys the commanders and commanders placed over them; and lives fraternally with his equals..
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What is knighting?
Knighting is a great event in the life of a medieval person. It was both a symbolic and a legal act. Symbolic - because it denoted the passage of initiation, initiation into the glorious traditions of chivalry and ideas about moral duty. It is no coincidence that in the late Middle Ages the standard age for knighting was considered the age of majority - 21 years. Legal - because it meant a person’s entry into the knightly class and the enjoyment of all his rights and responsibilities.
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Punishment of the knights
The rights and privileges given to the knights also implied greater responsibility for failure to fulfill oaths and violation of the code of honor. Misdeeds were followed by severe punishment, including the death penalty. A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was subject to demotion and shameful expulsion from noble society and the country, if he survived at all.. The shame that the demoted and damned knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.
MEDIEVAL
KNIGHTS OF 9-10 CENTURIES
Knight (German Ritter, originally horseman) is a medieval noble honorary title in Europe.
The weapons used at that time were: katana, sword, club, spear.
Protection: chain mail, panozhi, bracers, helmet.
Knightly weapons in the 15th century
- In the 15th century, knightly weapons quickly changed, and individual parts continued to be improved.
- The bracers were significantly improved by the addition of round convex plaques that protected the elbow. Later, complementary parts were added to the formerly half-shaped bracers, connected to them by hinges and straps with buckles. Now the knight's entire arm from shoulder to hand, with the exception of the elbow, was covered with steel. But the elbow was also covered with narrow transverse strips of iron. With the help of hinges they were made movable.
Knight's Code of Honor
At the beginning of the era of chivalry, the concept of honor was the main idea for the entire class of feudal lords. Not a single lord even imagined any other path in life for himself than to emerge from adolescence, undergo initiation, receive “golden spurs” and become a defender of the church, a fighter against lies, an assistant and patron of the weak and poor, and a guardian of the world. That is, to enter the service of faith and justice.
Of course, time has made its own amendments to these rules. Already at the end of the 14th and 15th centuries, many noble families, devastated by wars, could not afford to spend on equipment and the knighting ceremony. And the knightly service itself required the maintenance of an auxiliary detachment of lightly armed warriors - squires, pages and servants. So by the end of the Middle Ages, knighthood had become a small elite of the feudal nobility. And many of the laws of knightly honor, brought to the point of absurdity, became just a formality (as the great Cervantes brilliantly described in his novel “Don Quixote”). And yet, despite all the tragicomic nature of the Knight of the Sad Image, today we still respect those stubborn people who, in spite of everything, fight for ideals, for justice and compassion for people.
The first commandment of the Code of Honor stated that only a deeply religious Christian, who had absorbed the great commandments of Christianity with his mother's milk, could become a knight. A true knight was obliged to live in the Christian faith and, if necessary, die for it.
The second commandment of chivalry was the oath to protect the church. Handing the sword to the young knight, the priest said:
In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, use this sword to protect yourself and the holy church - the house of the Lord, to defeat the enemies of the cross of Christ and the Christian faith. Go and fight, but remember that the saints did not conquer kingdoms with the sword, but with faith. The duty of clerics is to serve
and pray to God, calling for mercy to the lost, and the knight’s duty is to guard and defend the holy church.
The third commandment of the Code of Honor said that every true warrior-knight must protect the weak - widows and orphans.
The fourth commandment was love for the Motherland. Every knight considered it the best country in the whole world and was ready to defend his native land to the last drop of blood.
The fifth commandment called for courage, especially in the war with the Saracens. “Even if we were in paradise,” said the knights of the 13th century, “even then we would go down to fight the infidels.”
The sixth commandment imposed on the vassal knight the obligation to obey his lord. When the bloodthirsty Raoul de Combray ordered his vassal Bernier to burn the monastery, where his mother was among the nuns, he, when asked by his comrades whether he would really destroy his mother, answered: “My lord Raoul is worse than Judas, but he is my lord!” And with his own hands he set fire to the monastery. The bonds of vassal loyalty turned out to be stronger than kinship.
Tournaments are military competitions of knights in strength and dexterity. Many spectators gathered there, sometimes from several countries. Noble gentlemen, judges and ladies sat in the stands. And ordinary people crowded behind a wooden barrier around the arena.
Special heralds announced the names and mottos of those taking part in battle. The tournament participants were dressed in combat armor. They went to different ends of the arena. At a sign from the judge, they raced on horses towards each other.
Knights loved to throw feasts. This was done either in honor of some holiday, or when the castle was visited by a guest.
What was on the table? There was little bread on the feudal lord's table, but a lot of meat. They mostly ate game caught during hunting. Then poultry was served - chickens, partridges, swans, cranes, herons. We ended the feast with pork. They did not eat horse meat, since a horse is a riding animal. They did not eat beef either, since the ox is a draft animal. They ate fish, raw fish from the river.
The favorite pastime of knights is hunting. Already young knights were involved in the hunt. It took place at any time of the year. But hunting was not only a passion, but also a necessity. After all, game was supplied to the table through hunting.
The purpose of hunting is not only to find meat. Sometimes it was a question of destroying ferocious wild animals (wolves, bears) that threatened poultry houses, or even the peasants themselves.
FALCON HUNTING
The falcon is the knight's favorite pastime. This is a very noble bird. Buying a falcon is expensive, giving a falcon as a gift is a great luxury. The death of a falcon is a great loss for its owner.
Falconry is a difficult task to which the knight devoted long hours. It was necessary to be able to catch a bird, feed it, teach it to obey gestures and whistles, and recognize its prey.
BOARD GAMES (ENTERTAINMENT)
Game of chess, backgammon (medieval backgammon), dice
Chess was huge in size, made of wood or metal. Chess was often used to play out the fate of the army and the prisoner. It was the favorite sport of medieval knights.
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Objectives: Find out: Who is a knight and WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? What is the code of honor for knights? What is the initiation of knights? How were knights punished? Draw a conclusion.
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Who is a knight? Knights were heavily armed mounted warriors who fought for the interests of the king or wealthy feudal lords. At first, anyone could become a knight, but gradually the honor began to be given to rich people. Only they could afford to buy armor, a sword and a war horse.
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WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? The Middle Ages was a period in the history of Europe and the Middle East that lasted 1000 years, from 500 to 1500. Things and concepts dating back to that period are called medieval.
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Code of honor. 1. A knight must be courageous - cowardice is the heaviest charge. 2. The knight must respect the enemy, not attack him from behind and not use his weakness to achieve victory. Killing an unarmed enemy will forever cover the knight with shame. 3. Knights should not engage in unequal battles, therefore, they should not go several against one, and should avoid all deception and lies. 4. A knight must be generous. 5. The knight obeys the commanders and commanders placed over them; and lives fraternally with his equals. .
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What is knighting? .Knighting is a great event in the life of a medieval person. It was both a symbolic and a legal act. Symbolic - because it denoted the passage of initiation, initiation into the glorious traditions of chivalry and ideas about moral duty. It is no coincidence that in the late Middle Ages the standard age for knighting was considered the age of majority - 21 years. Legal - because it meant a person’s entry into the knightly class and the enjoyment of all his rights and responsibilities.
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Punishment of knights The rights and privileges given to knights also implied greater responsibility for failure to fulfill oaths and violation of the code of honor. Misdeeds were followed by severe punishment, including the death penalty. A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was subject to demotion and shameful expulsion from noble society and the country, if he survived at all.. The shame that the demoted and damned knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.
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When we mention the word “knight,” our imagination automatically draws an image of a noble, muscular, pious man from the Middle Ages. Indeed, the word “knight” came to us from that era. But the image the image paints for us is not very accurate. As was said above, today the word noble is synonymous with the word knight. But during the emergence of knights, the concept of warrior was synonymous. It also characterized his behavior both with the lady and with the enemy. In general, the fact that knights appeared in such a dark era of history can be called very surprising. They can easily be called the prototype of modern athletes. They resolved their disputes by fair fights and tournaments, and not by bloodthirsty methods. The traits that characterized belonging to the knightly fraternity were the following: the pursuit of glory, courage, armor emphasizing his beauty and, naturally, strength. But all these traits required constant proof, forcing the knights to perform heroic deeds, demonstrating their best qualities. There was also a certain set of rules, or, more precisely, obligations inherent in the knighthood. The top line of these obligations was occupied by service to the sovereign, followed by the one who ordained the knight to this rank, and then the sets of these rules obligated him to help the weak (orphans, widows). In battle, the knight’s attitude towards his opponent was very indicative, the knight was obliged to honor his enemy and if he was weaker, he had to provide equal chances of battle, because victory over the weak did not bring a drop of glory, but only shame. Weapons and horses were very important elements in knightly life. Very often, each of these elements bore its own name. Also a very important feature of the knight was the need for a lady of his heart. Although echoes of history have reached us, which we try to quote, calling good deeds knightly deeds, we should not get carried away. After all, although the knights had good, even demonstrative relationships with representatives of the fairer sex, their relationships were exclusively premarital, because such concepts as marriage and knighthood are mutually exclusive things. This in no way destroys the stereotype of “knightly behavior” because today nothing prohibits starting a family. When we mention the word “knight,” our imagination automatically draws an image of a noble, muscular, pious man from the Middle Ages. Indeed, the word “knight” came to us from that era. But the image the image paints for us is not very accurate. As was said above, today the word noble is synonymous with the word knight. But during the emergence of knights, the concept of warrior was synonymous. It also characterized his behavior both with the lady and with the enemy. In general, the fact that knights appeared in such a dark era of history can be called very surprising. They can easily be called the prototype of modern athletes. They resolved their disputes by fair fights and tournaments, and not by bloodthirsty methods. The traits that characterized belonging to the knightly fraternity were the following: the pursuit of glory, courage, armor emphasizing his beauty and, naturally, strength. But all these traits required constant proof, forcing the knights to perform heroic deeds, demonstrating their best qualities. There was also a certain set of rules, or, more precisely, obligations inherent in the knighthood. The top line of these obligations was occupied by service to the sovereign, followed by the one who ordained the knight to this rank, and then the sets of these rules obligated him to help the weak (orphans, widows). In battle, the knight’s attitude towards his opponent was very indicative, the knight was obliged to honor his enemy and if he was weaker, he had to provide equal chances of battle, because victory over the weak did not bring a drop of glory, but only shame. Weapons and horses were very important elements in knightly life. Very often, each of these elements bore its own name. Also a very important feature of the knight was the need for a lady of his heart. Although echoes of history have reached us, which we try to quote, calling good deeds knightly deeds, we should not get carried away. After all, although the knights had good, even demonstrative relationships with representatives of the fairer sex, their relationships were exclusively premarital, because such concepts as marriage and knighthood are mutually exclusive things. This in no way destroys the stereotype of “knightly behavior” because today nothing prohibits starting a family.
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