Presentation on the topic "memory". Human memory, presentation for a biology lesson (grade 8) on the topic Download a biology presentation on memory
Lesson #8
Lesson #8
Lesson topic:
Memory like
Memory like
mental
mental
informative
informative
process
process
PlanPlan
General characteristics of memory
1.1. General characteristics of memory
Physiological basis of memory
2.2. Physiological basis of memory
Main types of memory
3.3. Main types of memory
Basic processes and mechanisms of memory
4.4. Basic processes and mechanisms of memory
Features of mnestic processes
5.5. Features of mnestic processes
What did you think about memory?
What did you think about memory?
Most thinkers
antiquity anyway
earlier?
earlier?
addressed the issue of
what does it represent
.1.
.1.
memory.
1.Where in the human body
2. Why do some people have more of it, while others
she is located?
less others?
Ancient Greeks o
Ancient Greeks o
memory
memory
Parmenides on memory.
Memory is an organized mixture of light and
darkness, heat and cold. Forgetting exists
the result of "churning".
He believed that if these conditions are not
"to mix",
will
beautiful.
memory
That
Plato on memory:
platinum.
wax
Hypothesis
Intelligence
absorbs impressions like wax,
on the surface of which something is drawn
pointed
with a stick.
Forgetting - when the inscriptions are erased
end
on
Scientists of ancient Greece
Scientists of ancient Greece
believed:
believed:
Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in the 5th century
BC. viewed memory as a process
which is determined by uniform
distribution of air in the body. AND,
therefore, forgetting is not something
other than a change in this distribution.
Aristotle on memory:
Memory is based on the movement of blood
in organism.
Forgetting
result
gradual slowdown of circulation
blood
is
general characteristics
general characteristics
memory
memory
Memory - form
mental
reflections,
consisting in
consolidation,
preservation and
subsequent
reproducing traces
past experience
Many scientists
characterize memory
as an end-to-end process
providing
continuity
mental processes,
uniting everything
cognitive processes
into a single whole.
Memory is the basis
mental
activities. Without her
impossible to understand
basics of formation
behavior, thinking,
consciousness, subconscious.
memory
t
Memory allows
person to accumulate
and subsequently
use personal
life experience in it
knowledge and
skills
Physiological basis
Physiological basis
memory
memory
Physiological basis
memory is plasticity
nervous system. Nervous plasticity
system is expressed in the fact that each
the neuro-brain process leaves behind
a trace of oneself that changes character
further processes and conditioning
the possibility of re-using them
occurs when the stimulus
sensory
Main types of memory
Main types of memory
There are several basic
approaches to memory classification
(according to criteria)
The nature
mental
activity,
predominant
in activities
By method
activity - on
involuntary
Yu and
arbitrary
By
duration
and securing and
conservation
material - on
short-term
long-term and
operational
memory
Motor
Motor
..
memory is
basis for
formation
various
practical and
labor
skills equals
as well as skills
walking, writing and
etc.
Emotional
memory
this is a memory for
feelings. The
type of memory
is
our
capabilities
remember and
reproduce
feelings
Figurative memory
this is a memory for
representation,
pictures of nature and
life, as well as
sounds, smells,
tastes, etc.
Types of memory
Types of memory
Verbal-logical
memory
This is a memory for concepts, formulas, signs,
thoughts. A feature of this type
memory is that thoughts are not
exist without language, so memory is limited
them and is called not just logical, but
verbal-logical.
By method of memorization
memory is divided:
memorization
is being carried out
..Involuntary
And
playback
without
special volitional efforts when they are not put
goals, memorization or reproduction tasks
material, it is carried out as if by itself
the battle. Much of it is remembered involuntarily
what a person faces in life
Voluntary memorization is accompanied
voluntary attention, has a goal orientation
lazy character, it is selective.
Memorization includes logical
methods of organizing material, comprehension
memorized material.
MEMORY IS THE BASIS OF MENTAL ACTIVITY. WITHOUT IT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF FORMATION OF BEHAVIOR, THINKING, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS. THEREFORE, FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF MAN, IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW AS MORE AS POSSIBLE ABOUT OUR MEMORY.
Types of memory: Involuntary and voluntary Verbal immediate Instantaneous Long-term figurative Operational Auditory Short-term Visual Motor Emotional
Instant memory is determined by the processes occurring in the peripheral part of the analyzer (in the receptors). Information is stored there for a very short time - from fractions to several seconds
RAM is a memory designed to store information for a certain, predetermined period, ranging from several seconds to several days.
When characterizing figurative memory, one should keep in mind all those features that are characteristic of ideas, and, above all, their pallor, fragmentation and instability. These characteristics are also inherent in this type of memory, so the reproduction of what was previously perceived often diverges from its original.
Auditory memory is a good memorization and accurate reproduction of a variety of sounds, such as music and speech.
Emotional memory is memory for experiences. It is involved in all types of memory, but is especially evident in human relationships.
involuntary, characterized by the fact that a person remembers and reproduces images without setting any goal to remember it and reproduce it. · arbitrary (deliberate), meaningful, thought out with a specific goal and task to assimilate and reproduce the material using certain techniques.
THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMORY ARE: speed of imprinting volume accuracy of reproduction duration of storage readiness to use stored information
To improve and develop your memory, you can use the following techniques: Repetition of what you have learned. The leader must periodically refresh his memory of everything he remembers (re-read, think through, leaf through, etc.).
Observation training. To remember what you see, you need to develop observation skills. Observation helps improve involuntary memorization. For this purpose, we can recommend regular exercises to think about what happened during the day, week, month, etc.
Memory hygiene. Memory is the most important function of intelligence. We can say quite confidently: if there is memory there is a person, if there is no memory there is no person. Therefore, every person must maintain memory hygiene.
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMORY 1) Individual characteristics of memory are associated with personality characteristics. Even people with a good memory do not remember everything, and people with a bad memory do not forget everything. 2) Individual differences are found in the qualities of memory. It is possible to characterize a person’s memory depending on how developed his or her individual memory processes are.
Human memory and ways to improve it
Performer: 10th grade student
Samochernova Alexandra Evgenievna
Scientific adviser:
Pashaeva Ekaterina Leonidovna,
MBOU Secondary School No. 90, biology teacher
Nizhny Tagil
Target: study the mechanisms of memory and ways to improve it.
Tasks:
1. Study the mechanisms of memory;
2. Classify types of memory;
3. Highlight ways to improve a person’s memory.
Methods:
Empirical: literature study, testing;
Theoretical: logical methods of cognition.
An object: human memory.
Item: ways to improve human memory.
Hypothesis: By using various methods to develop memory, it can be improved.
Relevance: the topic is relevant, since memory is one of the most complex and well-studied processes, including the phases of imprinting, storing and retrieving incoming information.
Memory - This is a mental property of a person, the ability to accumulate, (memorize) store, reproduce experience and information.
- Volume;
- Speed (memorization and reproduction);
- Accuracy;
- Duration;
- Ready to play
- by sensory modality- visual, motor, sound, taste memory, pain;
- by content- figurative, motor, emotional;
- on organizing memorization- episodic, semantic, procedural;
- according to time characteristics- long-term, short-term, ultra short-term;
- by presence of target- voluntary and involuntary;
- according to availability of funds- mediated and not mediated;
- by level of development- motor, emotional, figurative, verbal-logical
Memory Mechanisms:
1. Memorization
2. Saving
3. Playback
- Recognition
- Recall
- Reproduction
4. Forgetting
Memory impairments:
Amnesia- a disease with symptoms of memory loss, especially for recent important events, or incomplete memories of past events.
Hypomnesia- congenital or acquired as a result of various diseases weakening of memory.
Hypermnesia- increased ability to remember and reproduce information.
Paramnesia- memory deceptions, " false memories" Most often, paramnesia is understood as disorders memory, in which what is happening at the moment seems familiar, already experienced once.
- "Thinking in Images"
- "A couple of words"
- "Word List"
- "Memorizing texts"
- "Memorizing threes"
- "Image training"
- "Big Score"
- "Cicero's Method"
Exercises to improve
auditory memory:
1.Reading aloud;
2. When walking down the street, try to grab and hold for a few moments a fragment of a conversation between passers-by;
4. Try to hear the difference in the sound of people’s steps walking along a fairly long corridor;
5.Listen to a simple piece of music or melody and then try to sing it;
6. When attending classes, treat them with the greatest attention. Try after each lesson to repeat everything you remember;
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Slide captions:
Methodological developments for conducting a psychology lesson with students on the topic: Memory Teacher-psychologist Nina Borisovna Khomenko MAOU Secondary School "Eureka-Development" named after M.V. Nagibin Rostov-on-Don
What is memory? All living beings have memory. Animals have genetic memory (stored in the genotype and inherited) and mechanical (based on repetition of actions). Memory is a complex process of remembering, reproducing and storing information that continues throughout a person’s life.
Memory refers to cognitive processes. Accumulating impressions about the world around us Preserving experience Using life experience Storing knowledge and skills Memory is a manifestation of a person’s higher nervous activity.
Any simple or complex activity (reading, writing, or understanding one’s own behavior) is based on the fact that the image of what is perceived is stored in memory. Memory is the basis of our consciousness
Short-term Long-term RAM can be:
For example, you need to remember to tell your friend to take a ball outside, don’t forget to buy bread in the store, etc. But then the day has passed, and many of the details associated with it fade into the background. In this case, the information was not stored for long: seconds, minutes or several hours. Short-term memory
There is a certain stock of words, information, concepts, images that are stored in memory, as in an arsenal, throughout life. This is one’s own name, images of father and mother, native language, features and characteristics of the place where the person was born, etc. Long-term memory
Types of memory voluntary involuntary
An example of voluntary memorization is learning a poem by heart. Then a person needs to set a goal (learn a poem) and make a strong-willed effort to memorize it.
When, on the contrary, a goal is not set and volitional efforts are not made, but a person remembers some action or event, then this is involuntary memorization. For example, while watching a film, we do not set ourselves the goal of remembering anything, but after some time we can remember many scenes of this film.
Provides memorization and reproduction of information necessary for a person to carry out a specific operation in current activities. After solving a specific problem, information may disappear from RAM.
Emotional Imagery Motor Logical Eidetic Types of memory
Memorizing, saving and reproducing various movements. These movements are programmed - walking, climbing stairs, swimming, etc. Motor memory helps us reproduce familiar actions. Motor memory
Emotional memory This memory is associated with experiences. Emotional memory is the most durable.
Simple events that leave a strong impression on a person are remembered IMMEDIATELY, DURABLY, FOR A LONG TIME. A person can experience more complex, but less interesting events dozens of times, but they do not remain in memory. The law of forgetting (German psychologist G. Ebbinghaus) The law of motivated forgetting (S. Freud) A person has a tendency to forget psychologically unpleasant things
Figurative memory visual tactile olfactory gustatory auditory Information is remembered in the form of images. Memory can be:
Logical memory It is difficult to remember any material without understanding, without logical perception. Logical memory is the result of the intellectual capabilities that a person has.
A special type of memory that does not manifest itself in all people. The presence of eidetic memory has been established in some outstanding artists and musicians. Artist Viktor Vasnetsov Eidetic memory
CAPACITY (ability to memorize and retain information) SPEED OF MEMORY (speed of voluntary memorization) READINESS FOR REPRODUCTION (use of available information in practical activities) ACCURACY (accurately store, accurately reproduce information imprinted in memory) DURATION OF STORAGE (retention of necessary information for a certain time) properties of memory
Women have much less developed visual-spatial memory. Therefore, it is possible that girls may have difficulty studying subjects such as geometry or physics, which require establishing relationships. Features of memory in women
In men, for example, voluntary memory is better developed and involuntary memory is worse. Features of memory in men
Interests and inclinations (information related to interests is remembered better) Attitude of the individual to a particular activity Emotional mood Volitional efforts And many other factors DEPENDENCE OF MEMORY ON INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERSONALITY
groups of people with different memory characteristics QUICKLY REMEMBER STORED FOR A LONG TIME RECEPTION WELL NO PROBLEMS WITH LEARNING THE MATERIAL
groups of people with different memory characteristics SLOWLY REMEMBER STORE FOR A LONG TIME LEARN THE MATERIAL BY ACTIVE REPEATMENT; Apply various mnemonic techniques; Listen, record, use Visual material
groups of people with different memory characteristics QUICKLY REMEMBER QUICKLY FORGETING Installation for long-term memorization The habit of independently repeating the covered material After a certain time
groups of people with different memory characteristics SLOWLY REMEMBER QUICKLY FORGET TO LEARN RATIONAL LEARNING TECHNIQUES
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
About 1.5 kg of matter, an astronomical number of neurons, billions of connections... Whether we move our little finger, solve a complex equation or remember our happiest days - all these actions are controlled by our brain, the main organ of the central nervous system. But how are the brain and memory connected? Of course, memory is directly related to the brain and is involved in almost any activity. Memory is an integral part of our self-awareness, our intelligence, our emotionality.
Contrary to popular belief, memory is not localized in any specific area of the brain. When information is stored in memory, a large number of neural connections are simultaneously activated, so that a very large part of the brain is involved in the creation of memories. Therefore, it is wrong to talk about the existence of a memory center. Consolidation of information in memory and its reproduction depend on the work of various memory systems of the brain and its parts responsible for the perception of signals (sound, visual, etc.)
Short-term, or operational, memory involves the neural systems of the cerebral cortex (4) (mainly its frontal lobes (1) and corticothalamic connections). Short-term, or operational, memory involves the neural systems of the cerebral cortex (4) (mainly its frontal lobes (1) and corticothalamic connections). Semantic memory involves the cerebral cortex (4). Semantic memory involves the cerebral cortex (4). Motor memory involves several subcortical structures, such as the cerebellum (6) and the dentate nucleus (5). Motor memory involves several subcortical structures, such as the cerebellum (6) and the dentate nucleus (5). Episodic memory involves the frontal areas of the cerebral cortex (1), as well as the hippocampus (3) and thalamus (2) - structures related to the limbic system. Episodic memory involves the frontal areas of the cerebral cortex (1), as well as the hippocampus (3) and thalamus (2) - structures related to the limbic system.
Visual signals are perceived by the retina and converted into a series of nerve impulses. In thousandths of a second, these impulses reach the central section of the visual analyzer - the primary projection zone located in the occipital region of the cerebral cortex. The received information is processed separately according to different categories (shape, color, movement). Then the information temporarily enters the hippocampus, where, with the participation of various parts of the cerebral cortex, it is compared with information already in memory. Finally, this information is forgotten or committed to memory. Its emotional coloring affects how it is deposited in our memory. Visual memory
Amnestic syndrome is the inability to remember current events, which makes any learning new things impossible. Mental abilities are preserved, with the exception of the ability to assimilate new information and acquire new sensory-motor skills. Pathologies can be caused by vascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or cardiac arrest. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occurred before the onset of the disease. In this case, periods of time ranging from a few days to several years may be lost from memory. In most cases, these memories are not erased without a trace, but access to them is difficult. With anterograde amnesia, memories of events during the period after the onset of the disease are lost, although the person remembers well what happened before. May be due to electrical shock or brain injury; sometimes appear in Korsakoff's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
Anterograde or total amnesia combines the inability to remember new information and the loss of memories of all knowledge acquired before the onset of the disease. The cause may be extensive damage to the cerebral cortex; Alzheimer's disease. Hypermnesia is characterized by the ability to remember a large amount of the same type of information (for example, long lists of names, large numbers, etc.). They can be permanent or short-term and are not related to the level of intelligence. They may occur during epileptic seizures or during times of strong emotional distress. Paramnesia is a distortion of memory: a person has a feeling of “déjà vu,” that is, something that has already been seen or experienced once, or, on the contrary, a feeling of the unreality of everything that is happening appears. With ecmnesia, the line between past and present is blurred, and a person experiences events from the past as if they were happening in the present. Such memory distortions are observed in Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common disease of the central nervous system. It is characterized by a progressive irreversible decline in intelligence. The patient gradually develops dementia, or dementia. In some parts of the brain, starting with the hippocampus, massive death of neurons occurs, which is accompanied by a decrease in the level of acetylcholine in the brain, a neurotransmitter involved in memory processes. There are medications that can slow down these processes, but they are effective only if they are prescribed at an early stage of the disease. Alzheimer's disease
Atherosclerosis is a common disease that affects the blood vessels supplying the heart, kidneys, limbs and brain. With atherosclerosis, fat deposits are deposited on the inner wall of blood vessels, causing the lumen of the vessels to narrow, which leads to a deterioration in blood supply to the brain. The wall of a vessel affected by sclerotic layers loses its elasticity, which can cause its rupture and hemorrhage in the brain (stroke). Symptoms of a stroke depend on how large the area of the brain is affected and where it is located. Atherosclerosis
Parkinson's disease is associated with the death of neurons in the subcortical nerve centers responsible for the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine and the regulation of movements. It is because of the decrease in this substance that those suffering from Parkinson's disease experience trembling of the limbs, stiffness and slowness of movements, impaired balance and gait, and mental activity is inhibited. Information is imprinted in the patient’s memory well, but the process of recall is difficult or slow. Modern treatment of Parkinson's disease is based on the use of medications that compensate for the lack of dopamine and thereby neutralize the consequences of death. Parkinson's disease
Korsakoff's syndrome is observed in people who abuse alcohol and in chronic alcoholics. It usually develops after age 55 and is manifested by anterograde amnesia, loss of orientation and confabulations - false memories. Sometimes the development of the disease is preceded by a retrograde memory gap. The disease is accompanied by confusion of thoughts, loss of balance when walking, and paralysis of the oculomotor muscles. Sometimes its only sign in the first stages is damage to the peripheral nerves, but rational activity is not impaired. The cause of this type of amnesia is a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1), due to the fact that alcohol interferes with the absorption of this vitamin. Korsakoff's syndrome
Although people who are depressed for long periods of time do not suffer from specific severe memory impairments, they do have some difficulty remembering recent events. The lack of motivation and energy associated with depression reduces the ability of such people to retain information. If information is incorrectly encoded, it is then difficult to retrieve from memory. Thus, depression leads to a general weakening of mental activity. Depression
However, the impact of depression on memory differs significantly from pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease. Depression manifests itself in a decrease in the level of motivation, which affects the patient’s ability to concentrate, when Alzheimer’s disease causes memory pathology, which leads to disruption of the processes of encoding, storing and retrieving information from memory. When depression passes, a person's intellectual abilities return.
Each sense organ is adapted to perceive certain environmental factors. The information coming from them is analyzed and processed by specialized parts of the brain (in particular, the cerebral cortex). Such information is called exteroceptive because it comes to us from the outside world. But we can also perceive information that comes to us from within, such as pain or pleasure. Such information is called interoreceptive.
The effectiveness of information perception depends primarily on the perfect functioning of our senses. The reasons for many difficulties in remembering will become clear if we pay attention to what happens at the entrance to the “black box” of our memory, that is, to the quality of the sensory information entered into it. It is impossible to restore in memory what you could not properly see or hear. Therefore, instead of scolding your memory, it is better to train your sensory apparatus.
Information perceived by our senses is immediately translated into the “language of the brain,” that is, encoded. During encoding, newly received information is compared with what has already been accumulated. It correlates with a code, which can be a smell, an image, a melody, a word - in other words, any pointer or “label” by which this information can be found in memory and recalled again.
If we want to remember any information for a long time, we must make additional efforts. To memorize effectively, it is not enough just to organize information correctly. It needs to be repeated 4-5 times during the day and returned to it from time to time. Consolidation of memory
While studying the capabilities of short-term memory, American researcher George Miller in 1956 was faced with the problem of determining its capacity. Memory capacity means the amount that it can hold in a limited period of time, maximum 3 minutes. He proved that human memory, as a rule, cannot remember and repeat more than 7 ± 2 elements. George Miller called this number “magic” by analogy with many other symbolic sevens for us, such as the seven days of the week, the seven wonders of the world, the ritual seven-branched candlestick, etc.
Remain ready to receive. Develop observation skills and maintain flexibility of mind, perceive everything new. If you need to remember important information, try to get rid of extraneous worries at this moment in order to concentrate as best as possible. Maintain curiosity and interest in life. Knowledge of the world has no age restrictions. Find something for yourself that will keep your curiosity in good shape. Make plans and achieve their implementation. Any goal promotes movement forward and stimulates creative activity. It gives life meaning, even if our plans change over time. The goal is the “engine” of attention. By building and implementing plans, we realize our connection with the outside world. Develop social connections. Hobbies and interests promote communication and are a great way to establish new social connections that stimulate attention and memory. Sharing means wanting to pass on knowledge to someone else. This is preceded by mental preparation, which stimulates attention and memory. Golden rules of active attention
Thus, memory ensures the integrity and development of a person’s personality, occupies a central position in the system of cognitive activity, is the most important process that allows a person to preserve the life experience he has accumulated and use it in the future, allows him to navigate the world around him and not get lost in the huge flow of information. A person’s knowledge about the environment, about other people, about himself is the most important condition for a person to understand his place in the objective and social world, determines the possibility of development and realization of the personality. It turns out that it is memory that is responsible for carrying through the years a person’s idea of himself as a unique self, maintaining identification with himself and, on this basis, building his personal relationships with people. Having lost his memory, a person loses his own “I” and ceases to exist. CONCLUSION
