Hovsepyan R. P history of the latest domestic journalism (textbook). History of 20th century domestic journalism Hovsepyan history of 20th century domestic journalism
Hovsepyan R.P. The history of modern domestic journalism (February 1917 - early 90s). - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1999 .-- 304 p.
Resume: The manual examines the most important features of the functioning of domestic journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system of the Soviet state and the democratic reforms that have begun in the transition period. The purpose of the manual is to understand the role of funds mass media in the diverse processes of the socio-political and economic life of the country at different stages of its history.
For students of faculties and departments of university journalism.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. THE PRESS OF RUSSIA AFTER THE FEBRUARY BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION
Periodical press of Russia at the beginning of the XX century
The February Revolution and the Development of Printing in Russia
Journalism in the political struggle of the opposing sides
Printing after the July events
CHAPTER 2. JOURNALISM OF THE FIRST DECADE OF SOVIET POWER (November 1917 - 1927)
The assertion of one-party Soviet journalism in the years civil war and foreign military intervention (July 1918-1920)
Domestic journalism during the liberalization of the Soviet regime (1921-1927)
CHAPTER 3. DOMESTIC JOURNALISM in the late 20s and 30s.
Development of the structure of the media
Journalism as a means of ideological and organizational support of the Bolshevik concept of socialist construction
Domestic journalism of the 30s.
CHAPTER 4. JOURNALISM ON THE EVE AND DURING THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1939-1945)
Soviet journalism in the pre-war years. Press and radio during the Great Patriotic War
The main problems of the speeches of the Soviet press during the war
Publicism during the Great Patriotic War
CHAPTER 5. JOURNALISM OF THE POST-WAR DECADE (1946-1956)
Development of the mass media system in the post-war years
The topic of the restoration and further rise of the national economy in the Soviet press
The topic of economic recovery and development in the press of the post-war years
CHAPTER 6. PRINT, TELEVISION AND RADIO SECOND HALF 50s - MID 80s.
Further development of the structure of the media
The topic of economic reform in the press
Journalism in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality
CHAPTER 7. MASS MEDIA OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 80s - EARLY 90s.
Mass media in the conditions of democratization and glasnost
The rebirth of the multi-party press in the country
Journalism and new political thinking
CHAPTER 8. JOURNALISM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (90s)
The Russian mass media system in the first half of the 90s.
Structure of periodicals Russian Federation
Television broadcasting
Broadcasting
News agencies
Book publishers
Regional journalism
Journalism in the marketplace
Leading topics of the mass media of the Russian Federation
Journalism of the Russian Federation and Power Structures
Russian press on the Internet
INTRODUCTION
The history of modern domestic journalism at all stages of its path is complex and contradictory. The essence of journalism is determined not by the sum of published editions and publications, different in nature and content, but by a dynamic, diverse process in which the publication, publicist and society are in a very complex relationship, in constant movement and development.
The history of the mass media (mass media) has evolved under the influence of numerous not only objective, but also subjective factors that influenced the content, the nature of all its structural links. For decades, history, including history and journalism, science has been under authoritarian pressure. She performed apologetic functions, depriving herself of the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, truthfulness. In the literature of history and journalism, everything that could cast a shadow on the "infallibility" of the party and its leaders, sow doubts about the absolute correctness of their line was hushed up.
A lot of works have been devoted to the construction of the Soviet press and its participation in the socio-political transformations of our society. Among them are "The Party and Soviet Press in the Struggle for the Construction of Socialism and Communism", published in two editions in 1961 and 1966, "Printing and Construction of Communism" (Moscow, 1969), "Soviet Journalism and the Communist Education of Working People" (M ., 1979), "Multinational Soviet Journalism" (M., 1975). A prominent place in the historiography of modern Russian journalism was occupied by the works of T. Antropov. The newspaper "Pravda" in the struggle for the victory of the October Revolution (Moscow, 1954); R. Ivanova. Party-Soviet press in the years of the extensive construction of socialism (1929-1937) (Moscow, 1977); I. Kuznetsov. Party-Soviet press during the years of socialist industrialization of the country (Moscow, 1974); S. Matvienko. Party and Soviet press as an instrument of socialist construction (1926–1932) (Alma-Ata, 1975); A. Mishuris. The press, born of October (Moscow, 1968) and others. However, carrying a rich factual material, these books are mostly written from the positions of the "Short Course in the History of the CPSU (b)" established in historical science, directive documents of the CPSU and do not reflect today the realities of modern historical science.
Authors of many studies were denied access to even complete sets of newspapers, let alone archival materials. The objective living conditions of Soviet society made it impossible for them to recreate a true picture. historical development domestic journalism.
In books and studies it was silent that the bourgeois-democratic state, which arose for the first time in the history of Russia in February 1917, proclaimed freedom of speech, press and other manifestations of democracy. The prospects opened up provided an opportunity for the socialist parties of Russia to legalize their activities and start organizing their network of periodicals.
It is necessary to restore the truth about the process of formation of the newest domestic journalism in the conditions of a multi-party system that took place after the victory of October in young Soviet Russia.
Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were fragmentary. It was not considered in the context of the socio-economic policy and military-communist ideology pursued at that time, it was concealed that even after the victory of the October Revolution, the administrative apparatus of the Provisional Government continued to operate, helping the Soviet government to avoid anarchy and paralysis in governing the country, which forced surplus appropriation led to a serious change in the principles of distribution, naturalization wages, equalization. The principles of "War Communism" promoted by the press were presented as a definite blueprint for an accelerated transition to communist production and distribution. Blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, she justified repression against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. A deeper understanding of the actual historical processes that took place helps to understand the role that the press played in the extremely rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which detrimental influence on the forms and methods of governing the country for all subsequent decades.
The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU "On the cult of the individual and its consequences" held in 1956. However, the period of the "thaw" was short-lived. Analysis of the press of the late 60s and 70s. more and more asserts in the thought that the coming to the leadership of the country L.I. Brezhnev entailed a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism avoided a real assessment of the manifested socio-political contradictions.
1985 brought complex and still unsolved problems to Soviet society. Journalism in the conditions of democratization of the life of society, glasnost, which opened the door to a little-known past, acquired new qualities and opportunities. The resurgence of a multiparty press has become a reality. Under the influence of democratization and glasnost, in the publications that came out after 1985, much of the secret became clear. The possibility of an objective assessment of the past made it possible to make the property of historical and historical journalistic science that which was previously hushed up or distorted.
Collections of journalistic materials contain a lot of new, instructive materials: "If by conscience" (1988), "There is no other way" (1988), "Returned names", in two books. (1989), “Pages of the history of the CPSU. Facts. Problems. Lessons "(1988)," They were not silent "(1989)," Our Fatherland. The Experience of Political History ", in two volumes (1991), the book by N. Wert" History of the Soviet State: 1900–1991 "(1995), the textbook" The History of Contemporary Russian Journalism. February 1917 - early 90s "(1996)," Journalism of the late XX century: lessons and perspectives "(1998), etc.
The historiography of Russian journalism in a democratically oriented society is just emerging. And yet for last years a lot of works have been published, the authors of which give an objective picture of the processes taking place in the 90s. in mass media. We are talking, in particular, about the books: "The Russian Mass Media System" (1994), "Moral Principles of Television Journalism (Experience of the Ethical Code)" (1994), "The History of Contemporary Russian Journalism. Transition period (mid-80s - 90s) "(1996)," Five years of freedom of the press "(1996)," Mass information: production strategy and consumption tactics "(1996)," Judicial reform: problems of analysis and coverage ... Discussions on Legal Journalism "(1996)," Mass Media: Systemic Characteristics "(1996)," Journalism in Transition: Problems and Prospects "(1996), etc.
The rethinking of a number of problems in the history of modern Russian journalism necessitated overcoming the elements of a dogmatic approach to examining the nature and content of the Soviet press at all stages of its activity. A decisive rejection of the subjectivist interpretations of the processes of formation and development of modern domestic journalism that have developed in the science of history and journalism opens up new horizons on this path.
A new reading and understanding of many documents and facts, an unbiased analysis of the newspaper page made it possible to return the undeservedly forgotten names of publicists to domestic journalism, to get acquainted with their activities and literary skills. The editorial and journalistic activities of N. Berdyaev, N. Bukharin, G. Plekhanov, P. Struve, N. Ustryalov, L. Trotsky, V. Chernov, M. Zoshchenko, K. Radek, P. Milyukov and other politicians and writers.
Hovsepyan or Hovsepyan(Armenian Հովսեփյան) is an Armenian surname. It is formed from its own name and belongs to a common type of Armenian surnames.
Origin
After the adoption of Christianity, during the official ceremony of baptism, each person received a baptismal name from a priest, which served only one purpose - to provide a person with a personal name. The baptismal names corresponded to the names of the saints and were therefore common Christian names.
The basis of the surname Hovsepyan was church name Joseph. Hovsep - Armenian version of Christian male name Joseph, which is of Hebrew origin and is translated as "God's reward."
The Monk Joseph of Volotsk is considered one of the patrons of this name. He lived in the 15th century, studied literacy at the Vozdvizhensky Monastery and was a renowned polemicist. For some time Joseph Volotsky was the abbot of the monastery of Pafnutiy Borovsky, but after a while he left the monastery and founded the famous Volokolamsk monastery. Hovsep, eventually got the surname Hovsepyan. It is a wonderful monument of Armenian writing and culture.
Foreign language analogues
- Russian Osipov
- English Joseph(Joseph)
- German Joseph(Joseph)
Notable carriers
- Hovsepyan, Avetis Vartanovich(b. 1954) - Soviet footballer.
- Hovsepyan, Aghvan Garnikovich(b. 1953) - Attorney General of the Republic of Armenia.
- Hovsepyan, Albert Azatovich(b. 1938) - public and political leader of the Abkhaz Republic.
- Hovsepyan, Andranik(b. 1966) - Soviet and Armenian footballer.
- Ovsepyan, Vasily Andreevich(b. 1949) - Soviet and Russian journalist, editor, producer, poet.
- Ovsepyan, Irina Vasilievna (Irina Karenina) (b. 1979) - Russian poet, journalist, editor.
- Hovsepyan, Ron- President and CEO of Novell, Inc.
- Hovsepyan, Ruben Garnikovich(b. 1958) - Armenian political and statesman.
- Hovsepyan, Ruben Georgievich(b. 1939) - Armenian writer-publicist. Member of the ARF.
Hovsepyan R.P. The history of modern domestic journalism (February 1917 - early 90s). - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1999 .-- 304 p.
Resume: The manual examines the most important features of the functioning of domestic journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system of the Soviet state and the democratic reforms that have begun in the transition period. The purpose of the manual is to understand the role of the media in the diverse processes of the socio-political and economic life of the country at different stages of its history.
For students of faculties and departments of university journalism.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. THE PRESS OF RUSSIA AFTER THE FEBRUARY BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION
Periodical press of Russia at the beginning of the XX century
The February Revolution and the Development of Printing in Russia
Journalism in the political struggle of the opposing sides
Printing after the July events
CHAPTER 2. JOURNALISM OF THE FIRST DECADE OF SOVIET POWER (November 1917 - 1927)
Establishment of one-party Soviet journalism during the Civil War and Foreign Military Intervention (July 1918-1920)
Domestic journalism during the liberalization of the Soviet regime (1921-1927)
CHAPTER 3. DOMESTIC JOURNALISM in the late 20s and 30s.
Development of the structure of the media
Journalism as a means of ideological and organizational support of the Bolshevik concept of socialist construction
Domestic journalism of the 30s.
CHAPTER 4. JOURNALISM ON THE EVE AND DURING THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1939-1945)
Soviet journalism in the pre-war years. Press and radio during the Great Patriotic War
The main problems of the speeches of the Soviet press during the war
Publicism during the Great Patriotic War
CHAPTER 5. JOURNALISM OF THE POST-WAR DECADE (1946-1956)
Development of the mass media system in the post-war years
The topic of the restoration and further rise of the national economy in the Soviet press
The topic of economic recovery and development in the press of the post-war years
CHAPTER 6. PRINT, TELEVISION AND RADIO SECOND HALF 50s - MID 80s.
Further development of the structure of the media
The topic of economic reform in the press
Journalism in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality
CHAPTER 7. MASS MEDIA OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 80s - EARLY 90s.
Mass media in the conditions of democratization and glasnost
The rebirth of the multi-party press in the country
Journalism and new political thinking
CHAPTER 8. JOURNALISM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (90s)
The Russian mass media system in the first half of the 90s.
The structure of the periodical press of the Russian Federation
Television broadcasting
Broadcasting
News agencies
Book publishers
Regional journalism
Journalism in the marketplace
Leading topics of the mass media of the Russian Federation
Journalism of the Russian Federation and Power Structures
Russian press on the Internet
INTRODUCTION
The history of modern domestic journalism at all stages of its path is complex and contradictory. The essence of journalism is determined not by the sum of published editions and publications, different in nature and content, but by a dynamic, diverse process in which the publication, publicist and society are in a very complex relationship, in constant movement and development.
The history of the mass media (mass media) has evolved under the influence of numerous not only objective, but also subjective factors that influenced the content, the nature of all its structural links. For decades, history, including history and journalism, science has been under authoritarian pressure. She performed apologetic functions, depriving herself of the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, truthfulness. In the literature of history and journalism, everything that could cast a shadow on the "infallibility" of the party and its leaders, sow doubts about the absolute correctness of their line was hushed up.
A lot of works have been devoted to the construction of the Soviet press and its participation in the socio-political transformations of our society. Among them are "The Party and Soviet Press in the Struggle for the Construction of Socialism and Communism", published in two editions in 1961 and 1966, "Printing and Construction of Communism" (Moscow, 1969), "Soviet Journalism and the Communist Education of Working People" (M ., 1979), "Multinational Soviet Journalism" (M., 1975). A prominent place in the historiography of modern Russian journalism was occupied by the works of T. Antropov. The newspaper "Pravda" in the struggle for the victory of the October Revolution (Moscow, 1954); R. Ivanova. Party-Soviet press in the years of the extensive construction of socialism (1929-1937) (Moscow, 1977); I. Kuznetsov. Party-Soviet press during the years of socialist industrialization of the country (Moscow, 1974); S. Matvienko. Party and Soviet press as an instrument of socialist construction (1926–1932) (Alma-Ata, 1975); A. Mishuris. The press, born of October (Moscow, 1968) and others. However, carrying a rich factual material, these books are mostly written from the positions of the "Short Course in the History of the CPSU (b)" established in historical science, directive documents of the CPSU and do not reflect today the realities of modern historical science.
Authors of many studies were denied access to even complete sets of newspapers, let alone archival materials. The objective living conditions of Soviet society made it impossible for them to recreate a true picture of the historical development of Russian journalism.
In books and studies it was silent that the bourgeois-democratic state, which arose for the first time in the history of Russia in February 1917, proclaimed freedom of speech, press and other manifestations of democracy. The prospects opened up provided an opportunity for the socialist parties of Russia to legalize their activities and start organizing their network of periodicals.
It is necessary to restore the truth about the process of formation of the newest domestic journalism in the conditions of a multi-party system that took place after the victory of October in young Soviet Russia.
Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were fragmentary. It was not considered in the context of the socio-economic policy and military-communist ideology pursued at that time, it was concealed that even after the victory of the October Revolution, the administrative apparatus of the Provisional Government continued to operate, helping the Soviet government to avoid anarchy and paralysis in governing the country, which forced surplus appropriation led to a serious change in the principles of distribution, naturalization of wages, equalization. The principles of "War Communism" promoted by the press were presented as a definite blueprint for an accelerated transition to communist production and distribution. Blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, she justified repression against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. A deeper understanding of the actual historical processes that took place helps to understand the role that the press played in the extremely rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a detrimental effect on the forms and methods of governing the country over the next decades.
The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU "On the cult of the individual and its consequences" held in 1956. However, the period of the "thaw" was short-lived. Analysis of the press of the late 60s and 70s. more and more asserts in the thought that the coming to the leadership of the country L.I. Brezhnev entailed a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism avoided a real assessment of the manifested socio-political contradictions.
1985 brought complex and still unsolved problems to Soviet society. Journalism in the conditions of democratization of the life of society, glasnost, which opened the door to a little-known past, acquired new qualities and opportunities. The resurgence of a multiparty press has become a reality. Under the influence of democratization and glasnost, in the publications that came out after 1985, much of the secret became clear. The possibility of an objective assessment of the past made it possible to make the property of historical and historical journalistic science that which was previously hushed up or distorted.
Collections of journalistic materials contain a lot of new, instructive materials: "If by conscience" (1988), "There is no other way" (1988), "Returned names", in two books. (1989), “Pages of the history of the CPSU. Facts. Problems. Lessons "(1988)," They were not silent "(1989)," Our Fatherland. The Experience of Political History ", in two volumes (1991), the book by N. Wert" History of the Soviet State: 1900–1991 "(1995), the textbook" The History of Contemporary Russian Journalism. February 1917 - early 90s "(1996)," Journalism of the late XX century: lessons and perspectives "(1998), etc.
The historiography of Russian journalism in a democratically oriented society is just emerging. And yet, in recent years, a lot of works have been published, the authors of which give an objective picture of the processes taking place in the 90s. in mass media. We are talking, in particular, about the books: "The Russian Mass Media System" (1994), "Moral Principles of Television Journalism (Experience of the Ethical Code)" (1994), "The History of Contemporary Russian Journalism. Transition period (mid-80s - 90s) "(1996)," Five years of freedom of the press "(1996)," Mass information: production strategy and consumption tactics "(1996)," Judicial reform: problems of analysis and coverage ... Discussions on Legal Journalism "(1996)," Mass Media: Systemic Characteristics "(1996)," Journalism in Transition: Problems and Prospects "(1996), etc.
The rethinking of a number of problems in the history of modern Russian journalism necessitated overcoming the elements of a dogmatic approach to examining the nature and content of the Soviet press at all stages of its activity. A decisive rejection of the subjectivist interpretations of the processes of formation and development of modern domestic journalism that have developed in the science of history and journalism opens up new horizons on this path.
A new reading and understanding of many documents and facts, an unbiased analysis of the newspaper page made it possible to return the undeservedly forgotten names of publicists to domestic journalism, to get acquainted with their activities and literary skills. The editorial and journalistic activities of N. Berdyaev, N. Bukharin, G. Plekhanov, P. Struve, N. Ustryalov, L. Trotsky, V. Chernov, M. Zoshchenko, K. Radek, P. Milyukov and other politicians and writers.
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Twentieth-century journalism is traditionally divided into 8 stages. The period we are considering - the 80s - captures two of them at once. The turning point, both in the history of the country and in the history of journalism of the Soviet era, was April 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev, who came to power, completely changed the course of the country's further development. Therefore, an excursion into the history of the period of interest to us should also be divided into stages "before" and "after".
The journalism of the pre-perestroika period was of an exclusively propagandistic nature. The fact that the Central Committee of the CPSU recognized Soviet journalists as the main "henchmen" of the party speaks for itself. Such a flattering statement was made in honor of the creation in 1959 of the Union of Journalists of the USSR. From the late 60s to the mid 80s, only four congresses of the Union took place, which “moved away from those realities of life that remained outside the field of vision of the media and contributed to the rapid flourishing of stagnant phenomena” R.O. Hovsepyan “History of the latest national journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century ".
Particular attention was paid to the role of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War, all dates related to the course of the war were widely covered in all media. The exaggeration of the role of first N. Khrushchev and then L. Brezhnev in achieving victories on the fronts of the Second World War was invariable. In other words, creating an ideal picture of life in the country, journalists were silent only about the tragic and controversial moments of its history.
The media coverage of the international mission of Soviet troops in Afghanistan is also interesting. From the pages of the newspapers the people learned about the glorious mission of helping the brotherly people. Television broadcasted the breathtaking reports of Alexander Kaverznev from Afghanistan. Information that in fact Soviet soldiers got involved in an armed struggle against the Mujahideen was simply not provided.
The media kept in the minds of citizens a picture of a calm life in the country. As researcher Strovsky writes: “In the late 70s - mid 80s. in Soviet journalism pomposity, pseudo-pathos, unrestrained praise, a clear desire to pass off the wishful thinking, avoidance of real problems put forward by life are asserted. "
The period up to the 70s and 80s was also marked by an unprecedented increase in the number of publications and their circulation. A large number of completely new publications have appeared on various topics. The historian of journalism R.O. Hovsepyan provides such statistical data. "In 1985" Ogonyok "had a circulation of 1.5 million copies, in 1990 - 4 million," New world"- 425 thousand and 2.7 million," Banner "- 177 thousand and 900 thousand copies. The largest circulations were still in the magazines Rabotnitsa (20.5 million), Krestyanka (20.3 million), Health (25.5 million copies). " R.O. Hovsepyan “History of the latest national journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century "
This growth in print journalism has brought the country closer to the position of the most reading country in the world. By 1985, only Japan was ahead of the USSR in terms of the number of newspapers per thousand people.
By the end of the 70s - early 80s, the role of TASS increased even more. At the expense of state appropriations, its complete technical re-equipment took place, the network of correspondents expanded. Our own correspondents now work in more than 100 countries around the world.
Despite the change in the number of print media in the Union, the topics covered on their pages remained unshakable. As before, journalists and writers strove to instill in their readers patriotism, honesty, and decency. The role of such an artistic and journalistic genre as an essay has grown. And although journalism of that period could not boast of sharp social criticism, the desire to adequately reflect the contradictory processes taking place in the country, it still remained bright and civic. Among the publicists touching upon the most significant social topics in their essays, one can single out A. Agranovsky, G. Bocharov, V. Peskov, Yu. Chernichenko, S. Smirnov.
But it was impossible not to raise unpleasant topics of concern to the whole country. And although the role of samizdat and “tamizdat” (the Russian press abroad) slightly diminished during these years, the censorship in the USSR still had enough work. The fire of criticism is taken over by the Novy Mir magazine, which willingly published the works of Solzhenitsyn and Tvardovsky, who were objectionable to the authorities. The magazine was downsized, withdrawn from sale, subjected to severe pressure, but everything existed. It was there that Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" was published, which caused a wide public outcry.
Describing the state of the media during this period, one cannot but touch upon the actively developing television and radio. By 1985, the radio broadcasting network covered the entire country, and about 90% of the population had televisions in their homes. In 1981, the country celebrated its 50th anniversary of television broadcasting. During this time, television has become color, round-the-clock and ubiquitous. In 1982, the Union began with an all-Union program that combined information, socio-political, cultural, educational, artistic and sports topics and covered more than 230 million people.
April 1985 became a turning point in the history of the country as a whole and for domestic journalism in particular. The course towards a renewed socialism and its more liberal attitude towards the media raised the interest of the people in journalism. Perestroika has involved all the media in promoting the new course. All the smallest events related to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, reconstruction of production, programs to combat the shortage of consumer goods were covered. The emphasis is on adding each reader to the process of building a "new socialism". Pravda publishes letters from readers with proposals on the further development of the country, assessments of the government's statements and even amendments to the program and charter of the CPSU.
The main feature of perestroika journalism is its polemics. One after another, collections of journalism appear "If it is conscience ...", "Perestroika in the mirror of the press" and others. It can be said that after 70 years of silence, journalists were allowed to speak for the first time. Hence, the authority of the media has significantly increased. In 1989, the newspaper and magazine world of the country numbered 8,800 newspapers with a one-time circulation of 230 million copies, and 1,629 magazines with a circulation of over 220 million copies. A year later, newspaper circulation increased by 4.6%, and that of magazines - by 4.3%. V.V. Kuznetsov "History of Russian journalism (1917-2000)".
Moreover, the organizational function of journalism has finally begun to be addressed. Thanks to the speeches of prominent publicists of that time and the responses of readers, the project for the construction of the Nizhneobskaya hydroelectric power station was rejected. The construction could lead to the flooding of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the territory. In general, assistance in solving acute social and environmental issues- this is another important page of journalism during the perestroika period. But even at this time, the use of the media as the main organs of propaganda did not stop. This is, first of all, evidenced by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the newspaper Pravda", which was adopted at the April 1990 congress. “As the main tribune of the party,” the resolution emphasized, “Pravda is intended to focus on the key areas of implementation of the CPSU policy,” and a communist journalist, no matter where he works, should be an “active, thinking party fighter”. And already in June, a qualitatively new step was taken - the first in the history of the country "Law on the Press and Other Mass Media" was adopted.
But even the new trends in journalism at the end of the 1980s did not change the very structure of receiving and processing operational information. The main channel for the exchange of information and the main propaganda body of the ruling party remained the unshakable TASS, which could not but influence the very essence of the work of journalists. Alternative news agencies began to appear only closer to the collapse of the USSR - in 1992.
Scientific and technological progress, about which newspapers and magazines wrote so much and widely, made it possible for television to come closer to the place of a leader among all media. Teleconferences between the USSR and the USA had a huge success, which helped to solve the problems of both foreign and domestic policies of both states. On September 5, 1982, the first such teleconference "Moscow - Los Angeles" took place during the youth festival "We" in America. The initiator on the American side was Steve Wozniak, on the Soviet side - screenwriter Iosif Goldin and director Julius Gusman. It was interesting for a Soviet person to look into another continent, to see the life of an American so distant to him. The Soviet government did not need any other reason to show where to live better.
The already well-developed Leningrad television played a special role. One of the most popular was the Telekurier program. It was a review and short reports that were filmed on Saturdays and aired at midnight. It was Leningrad television that took the liberty of broadcasting the first interviews with Academician Sakharov, the first rallies in both capitals of the USSR.
The end of the perestroika period in domestic journalism is primarily associated with the end of the history of Soviet journalism in general, which happened exactly at the same time with the collapse of the Soviet Union. But the very next day, journalism woke up in a new quality - Russian journalism. But this is a completely different page in history.
