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Non-chronic diseases. Chronic illnesses. Anemia - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

In this article, you will learn:

Why Chronic Diseases Are Typical for Older People

What chronic diseases do older people suffer?

How to treat chronic illness in old age

The society conventionally unites men and women who have stepped over the age of sixty into the category of elderly citizens. In older people, the characteristic signs of impending old age appear - changes in appearance and a decrease in working capacity. The aging of the human body begins much earlier - at about thirty years old, when the growth processes slow down and then end. By the age of 60, most people have already managed to "make" themselves many different "sores", the intensified development of which begins in old age. Let's talk about the most common chronic diseases in old age.

What chronic diseases occur in old age

Most elderly people collect a whole "bouquet" of diseases in their youth, which become chronic over time. Basically, these are inflammatory processes and dysfunctions of any organs. In addition, they also suffer from acute forms of diseases (for example, infectious), which, due to a weakened immune system, "tighten" and then become permanent.

Quite often, old age causes a sluggish asymptomatic course of the disease, and then complications develop quickly. Latent chronic nature are tuberculosis, pneumonia, diabetes... Peptic ulcer disease, acute pathological processes in the abdominal cavity that require surgery, practically have no symptoms.

Paradoxically, none of the common chronic diseases in old age is incompatible with life, that is, it cannot be fatal. However, an elderly person constantly receives problems from them that negatively affect the quality of his life.

The results of scientific research have shown that only 301 cases of pathology out of 2337 are recognized as indirect, not characteristic of old age.

Scientists have not found a healthy elderly person, perhaps their number on Earth is so small that it cannot be of serious importance for statistics.

Almost every elderly person suffers from tooth decay, headache or severe back pain of a chronic nature.

Doctors consider infectious diseases and injuries to be the most common.

For example, in 2013, there were about two billion reported cases of infection with pathogens in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

Common caries, as a disease, is considered a serious problem. For example, in 2013, it was found in 200 million elderly people, and in all these cases, the disease proceeded with complications.

For more than two billion people (1.6 billion of them are elderly), headaches make life very difficult.

Chronic illnesses in old age include persistent severe back pain and severe depressive disorders. They often cause disability. In all countries of the world, doctors refer to these two pathologies as the most common diseases.

What statistics say about chronic diseases in old age

From 1990 to 2013, scientists from 188 countries conducted research on chronic diseases of old age. As a result, they concluded that the number of diseases "accompanying" old age is constantly growing and the nature of their course takes on more and more severe forms.

This fact is explained by the fact that with age, people have weakened immunity. An elderly person "does not bother" himself, as before, with physical activity. In addition, his habitual, established over the years, way of life and stereotype of thinking collapsed. An elderly person is more inclined to pay attention not to “secondary” (from his point of view) external factors, but to his own internal problems.

Old age is inexorably making its own adjustments, and it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain health. Numerous diseases of a chronic nature darken the long-awaited leisure time, because most of the elderly person is forced to spend on fighting their "sores".

In recent decades, doctors around the world have been studying the problems associated with the deterioration of the health of modern people due to climate change and living conditions. Much attention is paid to finding effective means of dealing with pain. Scientists are looking for ways to solve the problems faced by an elderly person with disabilities.

In the course of the research, it was revealed that life expectancy has changed, and the list of major diseases (of a chronic form) that "accompany" old age remained the same, but their "character" has greatly "deteriorated."

The conclusion suggests itself that an increase in life expectancy leads to an increase in the number of chronic diseases in old age and the severity of the course.

The question arises - what to do? Take pain-relieving pills and doomed to convince yourself that old age should be just like that, or look for effective ways to eliminate these “old man's” chronic problems - back pain, migraines, asthma and depression.

Despite the fact that "old age is not a joy" and an elderly person receives a lot of disappointments and torments from it, humanity continues to stubbornly seek ways to prolong life.

A modern elderly person, in addition to fighting "temporary" ailments, must also "deal" with diseases that are chronic in nature. This usually means the presence of several diseases, such as:

arterial hypertension;

• diseases of the nervous system.

Quite often there are cardiovascular diseases with impaired blood circulation, deterioration or loss of vision, complicated by chronic depressive conditions.

During the study period (from 1990 to 2013), the number of elderly people suffering from the above diseases with a chronic form increased by fifty-two percent.

Scientists have named the most common chronic diseases in old age. Moreover, 81% of people with more than five diseases in their "bouquet" have not crossed the sixty-five-year mark.

It turns out that an elderly person, having waited for retirement, enjoys life for several years, travels, learns the world. It would seem, live and rejoice, but the “fabulous” life ends, and he begins to heal, heal and heals again.

Now there is even such a concept as retired syndrome-when the euphoria from retirement "rolls over", and then the blues attack, indifference to everything and the elderly person feels internal emptiness.

An elderly person begins to feel tired of life, he has "nowhere else to rush", he loses the meaning of existence. During this psychologically difficult period, an elderly person may even "dissociate" from others and plunge into his "sores" and insoluble problems.

The most common chronic diseases in old age

The list of the ten most common chronic diseases in old age, the treatment of which the modern elderly person devotes a lot of time, effort and money, is as follows:

Chronic back pain.

Severe depression.

Iron-deficiency anemia.

Neck pain.

Hearing loss (the reason is old age, but there may be other reasons).

2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

   Anxiety, anxiety.

   Diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

The list shows that diseases that have arisen for physiological reasons are closely intertwined with diseases of a mental nature.

In the course of scientific research conducted in June 2015, it was proved that people who are well over seventy will not be able to guarantee their health even the highest quality medical care. And this is not surprising, because in parallel with the increase in the average life expectancy of a person, the number of chronic diseases in old age is steadily growing all over the world.

You can list other diseases from the above list that are chronic in nature.

Elderly and especially senile age of a person presupposes a change in the nature of diseases - the number of acute forms decreases and the chronic type of course progresses. The most common chronic diseases include arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease.

The advanced age of patients imposes special requirements on the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. This is due to the peculiarities of the course of physiological processes in the aging organism. In this regard, the degree of deviation from age norms and the emergence of new adaptive mechanisms of the body are taken into account.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system

Cardiac ischemia. The cardiovascular system is one of the first to undergo age-related changes. Her diseases include ischemic heart disease, which is very unusual in old age. Ischemic heart disease without pain is often observed - pain "replaces" attacks of shortness of breath. In some cases, changes in the psyche can be the reason for the absence of complaints. All this greatly complicates the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.

Gastralgic form of myocardial infarction... If in young people it is accompanied by colic, then the elderly person will feel only slight discomfort in the epigastric region or in the lower abdomen, sometimes there may be frequent urge to urinate. If the pain is localized in the neck, chest or shoulder, the possibility of a coronary circulation disorder (even taking into account the ineffectiveness of nitroglycerin) should not be excluded. That is why an elderly person must definitely undergo an ECG diagnosis. Acute myocardial infarction in this category of patients at first is often similar to a stroke, it is also caused by age-related changes in the blood supply to the brain.

Analysis of the symptoms of myocardial infarction in elderly patients shows that often the temperature response to the disease is weak or absent. The reaction of the blood changes significantly, the ESR rises, and leukocytosis appears. In elderly patients, myocardial infarction is often complicated by cardiac arrhythmias and cardiovascular insufficiency, and in the post-infarction period, cardiac decompensation may develop.

Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension in severe form in elderly patients is a very rare phenomenon, because a patient with rapidly developing hypertension often has myocardial infarction or stroke. The symptoms of hypertension in the elderly are very mild and chronic (general weakness, tinnitus, uncertainty and unsteadiness of gait). All of them are consequences of the cerebral circulation disturbed by atherosclerosis. Very rarely, an elderly patient complains of a symptom "typical" for hypertension - a headache.

Sometimes the old age of the patient is accompanied by hypertensive crises, which are chronic, less pronounced than in young people. For such patients, antihypertensive therapy is indicated when blood pressure rises above 160/65 mm Hg. Art., with shortness of breath or symptoms of coronary insufficiency. It is necessary to reduce pressure very carefully - with the help of antihypertensive drugs, so as not to cause a sharp change in the blood supply in the vital systems of the body.

With age heart rhythm is disturbed, it is chronic. Violations are accompanied by fatigue, weakness, anxiety and other signs that are more often mistaken for "messengers" of old age than for manifestations of heart disease. Pharmacological therapy of arrhythmia in elderly patients has characteristic features. For example, due to a possible violation of cardiac conduction and a sharp drop in blood pressure, intravenous infusion of novocainamide is not recommended, quinidine and some other drugs are carefully used.

Heart failure

Most often, heart failure in elderly patients develops slowly and imperceptibly takes on a chronic form. Mild symptoms are explained by hypotension due to general weakness, impaired vision and damage to the musculoskeletal system. The clinical picture of the disease depends on the degree of cardiosclerosis, circulatory disorders in the vital organs of the body, the activity of the neuroregulatory apparatus and the endocrine system.

Often, due to a decrease in the stroke volume of blood, signs of ischemic brain disease are detected earlier than congestion in the organs. Cerebral circulation disorders are accompanied by rapid fatigue, tinnitus and dizziness. At night, an elderly person experiences anxiety, confusion, motor agitation, he is tormented by chronic insomnia. All these manifestations can signal a lack of blood supply to the brain.

The initial symptoms of left ventricular heart failure may be coughing during exertion or a change from vertical to horizontal. The onset of shortness of breath can be a signal for the development of cardiac decompensation, and if it appears at rest at night, it is always considered pathological. Heart failure of the right ventricular type at the onset of the disease can manifest itself as mild dyspeptic disorders and edema of the legs and feet. However, they should be distinguished from swelling caused by joint and venous disease.

Respiratory diseases

The manifestations of chronic pulmonary diseases in old age differ in characteristic features. For example, it becomes more difficult to diagnose pneumonia with age. An elderly patient may not complain of chest pains, chills, and fever. The clinical picture of the disease consists mainly of general symptoms (weakness, apathy, loss of appetite, etc.). Discoordination of movements often occurs. On examination, there is no amplification of vocal tremors and a shortening of the percussion sound.

Pneumonia in the elderly, it is diagnosed by the presence of acute respiratory viral infections and general symptoms (weakness, apathy, superficial rapid breathing, cyanosis of the skin of the face, lips). But the final conclusion is made on the basis of the taken blood tests and X-rays. Weakened immunity, chronic bronchitis (especially in smokers), obstructive emphysema and changes in the vascular system of the lungs complicate treatment and contribute to the transition of an acute form of the disease into a chronic one.

In old age, the patient has a decrease in the excretory capacity of the kidneys and the metabolism of drugs in the liver, so the choice of therapy for the treatment of pneumonia is very limited. In these circumstances, toxic antibacterial sulfa drugs are not used due to the fact that they are poorly tolerated by the elderly. Antibacterial drugs are prescribed in combination with cardiac glycosides and respiratory analeptics. If necessary, add drugs for sore throat and arrhythmias. In addition, bronchodilators, physiotherapy, herbal medicine and vitamins are often advised.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

In old age, the digestive system works differently. An elderly person suffers from gastrointestinal diseases differently from young people. Stomach ulcer in old age (it is also called "senile ulcer") most often has a chronic symptomatic nature. It is caused by trophic disorders of the mucous membrane, which are interconnected with changes that worsen the biochemical processes and blood supply to the stomach.

In old age, peptic ulcer disease, which is chronic in nature, is exacerbated. The risk of degeneration of stomach ulcers into malignant neoplasms increases. Along with this, the likelihood of pancreatitis increases, chronic colitis, hemorrhoids and gallstone disease appear.

Unhealthy diet, excess body weight and bad habits lead to a decrease in immunity and early aging. The processes of assimilation of nutrients and tissue regeneration are inhibited, the functioning of organs and body systems deteriorates. For example, scientists have shown that the mass of the human brain gradually decreases, the convolutions become thinner.

Nervous system

Nervous system a person undergoes changes with age. The nervous processes of inhibition and excitement are weakened. Sight and hearing become not as sharp as in youth, the analytical abilities of the brain and physical activity decrease. Age-related changes also occur in the cardiovascular, endocrine and respiratory systems. The risk of cancer increases.

Angina pectoris, heart failure, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease very often "accompany through life" the elderly, diseases are of a chronic nature.

In old age, the weight of the heart becomes less. At rest, there is a slow pulse. And even with increased physical activity, heart palpitations are not noted. As a result, the blood supply to the organs deteriorates, becomes chronic and leads to insufficient blood circulation in the heart muscle. Many at this age, mainly men with heart failure, die of a heart attack.

A very common disease of a chronic nature - hypertension which develops due to a decrease in the elasticity of the blood vessels and the aorta.

A very characteristic chronic disease in old age - atherosclerosis... Its cause lies in the violation of lipid metabolism in the body and the formation of "cholesterol plaques" on the walls of blood vessels. This disease often portends myocardial infarction, and cerebral atherosclerosis leads to stroke.

Sclerosis of the cerebral vessels often causes dementia (senile dementia)... The work of the brain deteriorates, the elderly person gradually loses the acquired practical and mental skills, with great difficulty assimilates new information.

One form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. It is a degenerative disease that only progresses with age. The early stage is almost impossible to diagnose, most often it develops in people over the age of 65.

Trembling paralysis, or Parkinson's disease is another attack that accompanies old age. The disease is most pronounced after seventy years. The disease is diagnosed at an early stage, and with the help of modern therapy, the severity of its symptoms is rather easily reduced. Paralysis occurs due to a lack of a certain chemical compound (dopamine) in the human central nervous system. As a result, the control of movements is partially lost, the gait becomes unsteady, and the hands begin to tremble involuntarily.

After forty years, the absorption of calcium by the body is noticeably deteriorating, it begins to "wash out" from the bones. This is in part why osteoporosis (a disease of the bone tissue) occurs, leading to skeletal deformities and frequent fractures. In most cases, the disease "overtakes" women over sixty years of age, but it can "happen" in men.

Many elderly people have weakness of the bladder chronic in nature. The disease can be caused by kidney dysfunction, tumors in the genitourinary system pressing on the bladder and causing uncontrollable urination. Quite often, in older women, prolapse of the genitals occurs, leading to urinary incontinence with sudden movements, as well as with laughing, sneezing or coughing.

Many elderly people experience unreasonable fear, stress - anxiety. This can be caused by age-related changes in the human psyche and be chronic.

Common treatments for chronic disease in old age

The result is a rather unattractive picture of the life of elderly people, "preoccupied" with numerous problems due to the steadily deteriorating health. But not everything is as hopeless as it might seem at first. An active and mobile lifestyle, good nutrition, rich in vitamins and all the necessary microelements, are effective ways of preventing many diseases and treating chronic diseases already "accumulated over the years".

Doctors recommend a holistic approach to solving health problems. For example, back pain cannot be cured with medication alone. It is necessary to strengthen the immune system and the human nervous system. This means that good rest, feasible physical and sports activities and occupational therapy are of great importance.

Various, including preventive, measures are currently available to modern medicine, aimed at minimizing the symptoms of chronic diseases in old age, relieving pain syndromes, and, psychologically, helping to adapt to society. At the present time, unfortunately, one cannot expect any cardinal changes in this direction.

Chronic illnesses are long-term, sluggish illnesses. As a rule, they either calm down or make themselves felt again, but one way or another they slowly progress. Today, chronic diseases, especially heart disease, account for about 63% of all deaths. Thus, they are the leading cause of death worldwide.

Heart diseases

• Congenital- the so-called congenital heart defects are not so rare. Their cause lies in the abnormal development of the heart in the embryo, often due to smoking, mother's alcoholism.
• Acquired... Most often they are the result of various infectious diseases. Sometimes problems with the heart develop after an infectious disease and remain with a person for a long time or for a lifetime.

The main types of chronic heart disease

• Chronic ischemic heart disease(coronary cardiosclerosis) - a violation of the normal blood supply to the myocardium. It appears due to damage to the coronary arteries. It is one of the most common diseases.
• Chronic rheumatic heart disease... This is a lesion of the heart valves that occurs as a complication after acute rheumatic fever.
• Angina pectoris is a chronic heart disease that manifests as severe and sharp chest pain. The reason is a lack of oxygen, which is due to impaired blood flow. It is treated mainly with medication.
• Arrhythmia- violation of the heartbeat. It is often seen in smokers and alcoholics. It is treated with various drugs - cardiac glucosides, diuretics, antiarrhythmic drugs.
• Heart failure... It is a pathological condition in which it is difficult for the heart to work as a pump that pumps blood. It is often a consequence of other diseases of the heart and circulatory system (ischemia, arterial hypertension, heart defects).
• Chronic myocarditis- inflammation of the heart muscle. It manifests itself most often as a complication after infectious diseases. Untreated myocarditis threatens to develop into myocardiofibrosis or myocardiosclerosis.
• Chronic endocardosis... This is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Most often it occurs due to infectious toxic damage to the body or as a complication of myocarditis.
• Chronic pericarditis- inflammation of the pericardium - the serous membrane of the heart. This is acute pericarditis, which has turned into a chronic form. Like myocarditis and endocardosis, it is rarely an underlying disease, often developing as a complication after previous diseases.

Prevention of Chronic Heart Disease

• Get rid of bad habits - smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. They are the most common cause of these diseases.
• Lead a healthy lifestyle - sleep well, exercise, fitness.
• Less stress and negative experiences.
• Healthy eating. You need to eat mostly natural, unprocessed food without GMOs and preservatives.
• Carefully and thoroughly treat infectious diseases, especially in children.

Chronic diseases- these are diseases that people get sick for a long time. Most often, it is impossible to recover from these diseases, you can only achieve a stable remission - the absence of exacerbations of the disease for a long time (sometimes several years).

People are born with some diseases, others arise in childhood or adulthood due to insufficient or untimely treatment of acute diseases.

Any chronic disease requires observation by an appropriate specialist doctor, adherence to a certain diet and lifestyle, possibly long-term administration of drugs with individual selection and periodic adjustment of the dose of drugs taken.

Pregnancy and childbirth involve a significant increase in the load on the work of all organs and systems of your body, therefore, if you have any chronic diseases, consult your doctor - are you allowed to pregnancy and childbirth, how to prepare for childbirth, is it possible to cancel medications and how their intake can affect the development of the fetus.

In addition, find out if you can give birth yourself or if you need a cesarean section, get recommendations for childbirth and the postpartum period.

Varicose veins in pregnant women

This disease is predisposed by hormonal changes that occur in the body during pregnancy, due to which the tone of the venous wall decreases and varicose veins of the lower extremities and pelvic organs occur.

Often in the postpartum period, varicose veins are significantly reduced or completely disappear.

At the initial stage of the disease, varicose veins are insignificant, the veins are soft, the skin above them is not changed. At a later stage, the veins are tense, the skin over them is pigmented, possibly the appearance of eczema. Women have a feeling of heaviness in the legs, and their rapid fatigability, dull pain in the legs, cramps in the calf muscles. These phenomena usually disappear after a night's sleep.

Prevention:

• repeated (5-6 times) rest during the day for 10-15 minutes in a horizontal position with raised legs
• wearing elastic tights
• it is possible to use drugs on the recommendation of a doctor
• during childbirth, it is necessary to bandage the legs with elastic bandages or use special stockings.

Chronical bronchitis

This is a prolonged inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. Characterized by a cough with a small amount of mucous or mucopurulent sputum and shortness of breath, which lasts more than three months.

Causes:

• recurring colds
• smoking

With an exacerbation of bronchitis, the cough increases, the amount of sputum increases, the temperature rises, and weakness appears.

Exacerbation treatment:

• half-bed mode
• frequent hot drinks (tea with honey, chamomile, raspberries, hot milk)
• inhalation

Bronchial asthma

This is an allergic disease, manifested by attacks of suffocation. There are two forms of bronchial asthma: infectious-allergic and non-infectious-allergic, or atopic.

The first form develops against the background of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract (pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, etc.), the main allergen of microbes. In atopic form, allergens can be street and house dust, pollen, wool, pet dander, food, drugs, chemicals.

An attack of bronchial asthma often begins at night with a prolonged cough, sputum is not separated. There is a sharp difficulty in exhaling. You have to sit down, all the muscles of the chest, neck, shoulder girdle are strained to exhale air. The face becomes cyanotic. The skin is covered with perspiration.

An attack of bronchial asthma that does not respond to treatment can turn into asthmatic status, when the small bronchi are clogged with thick mucus, the mucous membrane of the bronchi swells, and oxygen deficiency develops. The condition becomes extremely difficult.

Immediate hospitalization is required in the intensive care unit of the hospital. In childbirth, attacks of bronchial asthma are extremely rare. Bronchial asthma is not a contraindication for pregnancy.

It is believed that in the absence of treatment for bronchial asthma, the risk of complications in the mother and the fetus is higher than from the use of drugs. Inhaled drugs do not increase the risk of birth defects in the fetus.

Prevention:

• be outdoors more often
• down pillows, blankets replace synthetic
• change and boil bed linen weekly
• ventilate rooms more often
• do breathing exercises
• exclude foods with high allergenic properties: citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, peppers, mustard, spicy and salty foods
• drink alkaline sodium mineral waters, for example "Borjomi"
• take medications as recommended by a doctor
• with a mild attack, hot drinks, mustard plasters or cans will help.

Hypertonic disease

This is a chronic disease in which blood pressure persists and is associated with impaired vascular tone. Blood pressure also rises in diseases of the kidneys, adrenal glands, thyroid gland and other organs.

For pregnant women, blood pressure is considered elevated, above 140/90 mm Hg. In the development of hypertension, hereditary predisposition is of great importance.

With an exacerbation of hypertension, a crisis develops with a sharp rise in blood pressure.

With a hypertensive crisis, a sharp headache appears, more often in the back of the head, dizziness, palpitations, tinnitus, flashing of flies before the eyes, nausea, vomiting, redness of the face, chest. In such a situation, you must immediately call an ambulance.

Pregnant women with essential hypertension need to regularly measure blood pressure, conduct an ECG, urine tests with protein determination, consultation with an ophthalmologist.

It is necessary to visit the antenatal clinic doctor every 2 weeks, and after 30 weeks - weekly. With an increase in blood pressure numbers, a deterioration in health, hospitalization is necessary in the department of pregnancy pathology.

Prevention:

• good rest
• limiting salt intake (up to 5g per day)
• drug treatment must necessarily include sedatives

Arterial hypotension

This disease is characterized by a decrease in blood pressure below 100/60 mm Hg, associated with impaired vascular tone. Blood pressure of 100-120 / 70-80 mm Hg is considered normal.

Women are not considered sick if they feel good at low blood pressure. If you feel unwell, there are complaints of headache, dizziness, weakness, palpitations, pain in the heart, sweating, insomnia.

The disease affects women of asthenic physique with pale skin, hands that are cold to the touch. Varicose veins of the legs are often found in these women. Arterial hypotension can precede pregnancy, and can develop during it.

Women with pre-pregnancy hypotension are more likely to tolerate it. But it is necessary to control blood pressure, since an increase to normal may be a consequence of the addition of gestosis. If hypotension is not accompanied by pathological symptoms, treatment is not performed.

With hypotension in the presence of other diseases, treatment of the underlying disease is required.

Prevention:

• 10-12 hours night sleep
• 1-2 hour naps
• morning exercises
• walks in the open air
• food with a high content of protein foods
• you can drink strong tea and coffee with milk, cream
• taking multivitamins.

Mitral valve prolapse

This is a condition in which one or both leaflets of the mitral valve bulge into the left atrial cavity during the contraction of the left ventricle.

At the same time, half of the patients are not worried about anything, and the pregnancy is proceeding safely. Mitral valve prolapse is not a contraindication for pregnancy and spontaneous labor.

Diabetes mellitus in pregnant women

Diabetes mellitus is a disease, the pathogenesis of which is an absolute or relative lack of insulin in the body, causing metabolic disorders and pathological changes in various organs and tissues.

Insulin is a hormone that promotes the utilization of glucose and the biosynthesis of glycogen, lipids (fats), proteins. With insulin deficiency, the use of glucose is disrupted and its production increases, as a result of which hyperglycemia develops (an increase in the level of glucose in the blood) - the main diagnostic sign of diabetes mellitus.

Carbohydrate metabolism during physiological pregnancy changes in accordance with the great needs of the growing fetus for energy material, mainly glucose. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism are associated with the influence of placental hormones: placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroids. In the body of a pregnant woman, the level of free fatty acids increases, which are used for energy consumption by the mother, thereby conserving glucose for the fetus. By their nature, these changes in carbohydrate metabolism are regarded by most researchers as similar to those in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, pregnancy is considered a diabetogenic factor.

Recently, there has been a tendency towards an increase in the number of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. The number of births among women with diabetes is increasing from year to year, amounting to 0.1% - 0.3% of the total. There is an opinion that out of 100 pregnant women, about 2-3 have carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

The problem of diabetes mellitus and pregnancy is at the center of attention of obstetricians, endocrinologists and neonatologists, as this pathology is associated with a large number of obstetric complications, high perinatal morbidity and mortality and adverse consequences for the health of mothers and children. In the clinic, it is customary to distinguish between explicit pregnancy diabetes, transient, latent; a special group is made up of pregnant women with threatening diabetes.

Diagnosis of overt diabetes in pregnant women is based on the presence of hyperglycemia and glucosuria (the appearance of glucose in the urine).

Mild form - fasting blood sugar does not exceed 6.66 mmol / l, there is no ketosis (the appearance of so-called ketone bodies in the urine). The normalization of hyperglycemia is achieved by diet.

Moderate diabetes - fasting blood sugar does not exceed 12.21 mmol / L, ketosis is absent or eliminated with diet. In severe diabetes, fasting blood sugar levels exceed 12.21 mmol / L, and there is a tendency to develop ketosis. Vascular lesions are often noted - angiopathies (arterial hypertension, ischemic myocardial disease, trophic ulcers of the legs), retinopathy (damage to the retina), nephropathy (kidney damage - diabetic nephroangiosclerosis).

Transient (transient) diabetes accounts for up to 50% of cases of the disease in pregnant women. This form of diabetes is associated with pregnancy, the signs of the disease disappear after childbirth, it is possible for diabetes to recur with repeated pregnancy. Latent (or subclinical) diabetes is distinguished, in which its clinical signs may be absent and the diagnosis is established by an altered test for glucose tolerance (sensitivity).

Noteworthy is the group of pregnant women at risk of diabetes. These include women with diabetes in the family; have given birth to children weighing over 4500 grams; pregnant women with overweight, glucosuria. The occurrence of glucosuria in pregnant women is associated with a decrease in the renal glucose threshold. It is believed that the increase in renal glucose permeability is due to the action of progesterone.

In almost 50% of pregnant women, with a thorough examination, glucosuria can be detected. All pregnant women in this group need to determine fasting blood sugar, and when numbers above 6.66 mmol / l are received, a glucose tolerance test is indicated. During pregnancy, it is necessary to re-study the glycemic and glucosuric profile.

Signs:

• feeling of dry mouth
• feeling of thirst
• polyuria (frequent and profuse urination),
• increased appetite along with weight loss and general weakness,
• itching, mainly in the external genital area,
• pyorrhea,
• furunculosis.

Diabetes during pregnancy is not the same for all patients. In approximately 15% of patients throughout pregnancy, there are no special changes in the picture of the disease (this applies mainly to mild forms of diabetes).

In most cases, there are three stages of diabetes change. The first stage starts from the 10th week of pregnancy and lasts 2-3 months. This stage is characterized by increased glucose tolerance, altered insulin sensitivity. There is an improvement in diabetes compensation, which may be accompanied by hypoglycemic coma. It becomes necessary to reduce the dose of insulin.

The second stage occurs at the 24-28th week of pregnancy, a decrease in glucose tolerance occurs, which is often manifested by a precomatose state or acidosis, in connection with which an increase in the dose of insulin is necessary. In a number of observations, 3-4 weeks before childbirth, an improvement in the patient's condition is observed.

The third stage of changes is associated with childbirth and the postpartum period. During childbirth, there is a risk of metabolic acidosis, which can quickly turn into diabetic. Immediately after childbirth, glucose tolerance increases. During lactation, the need for insulin is lower than before pregnancy.

The reasons for the change in the course of diabetes in pregnant women have not been finally established, but the influence of changes in the balance of hormones caused by pregnancy is undoubtedly.

Changes in kidney function have a great influence on the course of diabetes in pregnant women, namely, a decrease in the reabsorption of sugar in the kidneys, which is observed from 4-5 months of pregnancy, and impaired liver function, which contributes to the development of acidosis.

The effects of pregnancy on complications of severe diabetes mellitus such as vascular lesions, retinopathy and nephropathy are generally unfavorable. The most unfavorable combination of pregnancy and diabetic nephropathy, since the development of late toxicosis and repeated exacerbations of pyelonephritis is often observed.

The course of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus is accompanied by a number of features, which are most often the result of vascular complications in the mother and depend on the form of the disease and the degree of compensation for carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

The most common complications are spontaneous premature termination of pregnancy, late toxicosis, polyhydramnios, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract. The frequency of spontaneous abortion ranges from 15 to 31%, late miscarriages are more common in the period of 20-27 weeks. The high frequency of late toxicosis (30-50%) in these pregnant women is associated with a large number of predisposing factors: generalized vascular lesions, diabetic nephropathy, impaired uteroplacental circulation, polyhydramnios, and urinary tract infection. In most cases, toxicosis begins before the 30th week of pregnancy, the predominant clinical symptoms are hypertension and edema. Severe forms of late toxicosis are observed mainly in patients with long-term and severe diabetes. One of the main ways to prevent late toxicosis is to compensate for diabetes mellitus from the early stages, while the incidence of nephropathy is reduced to 14%.

A specific complication of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus is polyhydramnios, which occurs in 20-30% of cases. Polyhydramnios is associated with late toxicosis, congenital malformations of the fetus and high perinatal mortality (up to 29%).

A serious complication is urinary tract infection in 16% of patients and acute pyelonephritis in 6%.

The combination of diabetic nephropathy, pyelonephritis and late toxicosis make the prognosis for the mother and fetus very poor. Obstetric complications (weakness of labor forces, fetal asphyxia, narrow pelvis) in diabetic patients are much more common than in healthy people, which is due to the following points: frequent premature termination of pregnancy, the presence of a large fetus, polyhydramnios, late toxicosis.

The postpartum period often has infectious complications. Currently, maternal mortality in diabetes mellitus is rare and occurs in cases of severe vascular disorders.

Children born to women with diabetes mellitus have distinctive features, since during the period of intrauterine development they are in special conditions - fetal homeostasis is impaired due to hyperglycemia in the mother, hyperinsulinism and chronic hypoxia in the fetus. Newborns differ in their appearance, adaptive abilities and metabolic characteristics.

A characteristic feature is a large body weight at birth, which does not correspond to the period of intrauterine development, and an external cushingoid appearance, due to an increase in the mass of adipose tissue. There are changes in the internal organs; hypertrophy of the islets of the pancreas, an increase in the size of the heart, a decrease in the weight of the brain and the thymus gland. Functionally, newborns are characterized by immaturity of organs and systems. In newborns, marked metabolic acidosis in combination with hypoglycemia is noted. Respiratory disorders are often observed, high perinatal mortality is up to 5-10%, the frequency of congenital anomalies is 6-8%.

Most often, there are malformations of the cardiovascular and central nervous system, defects of the skeletal system. Underdevelopment of the lower trunk and limbs occurs only in diabetes mellitus.

Contraindications for the continuation of pregnancy are:

1) the presence of diabetes mellitus in both parents;

2) insulin-resistant diabetes with a tendency to ketoacidosis;

3) juvenile diabetes complicated by angiopathy;

4) a combination of diabetes mellitus and active tuberculosis;

5) a combination of diabetes mellitus and Rh-conflict.

In the case of maintaining pregnancy, the main condition is full compensation for diabetes. The diet is based on a diet that includes the normal content of complete proteins (120 g); limiting fats to 50-60 g and carbohydrates up to 300-500 g with the complete exclusion of sugar, honey, jam, confectionery. The total calorie content of the daily diet should be 2500-3000 kcal. The diet should be complete in terms of vitamins. A strict correspondence is required between insulin injection and food intake in time. All people with diabetes should receive insulin during pregnancy. Oral antidiabetic drugs are not used during pregnancy.

Given the variability of insulin requirements during pregnancy, it is necessary to hospitalize pregnant women at least 3 times: at the first visit to the doctor, at 20-24 weeks. pregnancy, when the need for insulin most often changes, and at 32-36 weeks, when late toxicosis of pregnant women often joins, and careful monitoring of the fetus is required. With this hospitalization, the question of the timing and method of delivery is being resolved.

Outside of these terms of inpatient treatment, the patient should be under the systematic supervision of an obstetrician and endocrinologist. One of the difficult issues is the choice of the delivery time, since in connection with the growing placental insufficiency there is a threat of antenatal fetal death and at the same time, the fetus with diabetes mellitus in the mother is characterized by pronounced functional immaturity.

Continuing pregnancy is permissible if it is uncomplicated and there are no signs of fetal suffering. Most experts believe that early delivery is necessary, the optimal time frame is from 35 to 38 weeks. The choice of the method of delivery should be individual, taking into account the condition of the mother, fetus and obstetric history. The frequency of caesarean section in patients with diabetes mellitus reaches 50%.

Both in childbirth and during a cesarean section, insulin therapy continues. Newborns from mothers with diabetes mellitus, despite their large body weight, are considered preterm and require special care. In the first hours of life, attention should be paid to identifying and combating respiratory disorders, hypoglycemia, acidosis, and lesions of the central nervous system.

Chronic tonsillitis

Chronic tonsillitis is a chronic inflammation of the tonsils. The palatine tonsils are an organ that takes an active part in the formation of the immunobiological defense mechanisms of the body.

The greatest activity of the tonsils in these protective mechanisms is manifested in childhood and the inflammatory processes occurring in them lead to the development of stable immunity. However, the often recurring inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial infection inhibits the production of immunity and causes the development of chronic tonsillitis. In addition, the development of immunity is sometimes delayed due to improper antibiotic treatment, as well as in case of unreasonable intake of drugs that lower body temperature when it is not high (37-37.5).

The development of chronic tonsillitis is also facilitated by persistent disturbance of nasal breathing (adenoids in children, curvature of the nasal septum, enlargement of the inferior turbinates, nasal polyps, etc.). Local causes are often infectious foci in nearby organs: carious teeth, purulent sinusitis, chronic adenoiditis.

Of great importance in the development and course of chronic tonsillitis is a decrease in immunity, the body's defenses and an allergic condition, which in turn may precede or, conversely, be a consequence of chronic tonsillitis. What happens to the tonsils during their chronic inflammation? Changes are most often localized in the lacunae of the tonsils, soft lymphoid tissue is affected, which is replaced by a harder, connective tissue. Cicatricial adhesions appear in the tonsils, some lacunae of the tonsils narrow and close, and as a result, closed purulent foci are formed. The so-called plugs accumulate in the gaps, which are an accumulation of desquamated epithelium of the mucous membrane of the lacunae, food particles, live and dead microbes, leukocytes. In addition to plugs, there may be liquid purulent contents. In chronic tonsillitis, the tonsils may enlarge, but may remain small. In the lacunae of the tonsils, very favorable conditions are created for the preservation and reproduction of pathogenic microbes. With their vital activity, they support the inflammatory process in the tonsils. Microbes often spread through the lymphatic tract. Hence the increase in the cervical lymph nodes.

Signs:

1. Hyperemia and cushion-like thickening of the edges of the palatine arches.

2. Cicatricial adhesions between the tonsils and palatine arches.

3. Loose or scar-altered and indurated tonsils.

4. Caseous-purulent plugs or liquid pus in the lacunae of the tonsils.

5. Regional lymphadenitis - an increase in the cervical lymph nodes.

The diagnosis is made in the presence of two or more of the above local signs of tonsillitis.

It is customary to distinguish two main forms of tonsillitis: compensated and decompensated. In the compensated form, there are only local signs of chronic inflammation of the tonsils, the barrier function of which and the reactivity of the body are still such that they balance, even out the state of local inflammation, i.e. compensate for it, therefore, there is no pronounced general reaction of the body.

When decompensated, there are not only local signs of chronic inflammation, but there are sore throats, paratonsillitis, paratonsillar abscesses, diseases of distant organs and systems (cardiovascular, urinary-genital, etc.).

Any form of chronic tonsillitis can cause allergization and infection of the whole body. Bacteria and viruses in the lacunae under appropriate conditions (cooling, decreased body resistance, and other reasons) cause local exacerbations in the form of tonsillitis and even paratonsillar abscesses.

Diseases associated with chronic tonsillitis

There are a lot of them. Such diseases can be directly or indirectly associated with chronic inflammation of the tonsils. First of all, these are collagen diseases (rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, dermatomyositis), a number of skin diseases (psoriasis, eczema, polymorphic exudative erythema), nephritis, thyrotoxicosis, lesions of peripheral nerves (plexitis, radiculitis). Prolonged tonsillogenic intoxication can contribute to the development of thrombocytopenic purpura and hemorrhagic vasculitis.

Chronic tonsillitis is often the cause of a prolonged increase in low temperature (subfebrile condition), pathological auditory sensations (tinnitus), worsens the course of vasomotor nasal dysfunction, vegetative-vascular dystonia, vestibular dysfunction, etc.

Chronic tonsillitis treatment methods

The choice of treatment method depends on the form of tonsillitis and, if it is decompensated, then the type of decompensation is taken into account. Before starting treatment, you should cure carious teeth and inflammation in the nose and paranasal sinuses.

There are two main methods of treatment: surgical and conservative. Each method has its own varieties, options.

Surgical methods

Let us consider briefly the options for surgical treatment. As a rule, the operation is prescribed for decompensated tonsillitis and in cases where repeated conservative treatment has not improved the condition of the tonsils. Often, tonsils are removed without the presence of the above, even without conservative treatment. And the effectiveness of correct and comprehensive treatment has been proven by many scientific and practical otolaryngologists. Removal of tonsils must be comprehensively justified.

Tonsillectomy (removal of tonsils) has never been an urgent operation and the patient always has time to spend several courses of complex, conservative treatment of tonsillitis before surgery, if it is really indicated.

Surgical treatment may include either complete removal of the tonsils (this is most often done) or partial removal for large tonsils (much less often).

Surgical methods also include galvanocaustics and diathermocoagulation of the tonsils (now rarely used).

In recent years, new methods of surgical treatment have been developed, this is a laser lacunotomy or tonsillectomy, using a surgical laser.

Affect the tonsils and surgical ultrasound.

The cryosurgical method is quite common; it is the freezing of the tonsils. The method is used for small tonsils, some doctors pre-sound the tonsils with ultrasound before freezing, which helps to reduce the tissue reaction to freezing and improve the healing of the wound surface on the tonsils.

Contraindications to tonsillectomy:

• Hemophilia, severe cardiovascular and renal failure,
• severe form of diabetes mellitus,
• active form of tuberculosis,
• acute infectious diseases,
• last months of pregnancy,
• period of menstruation,
• If the day before there was a sore throat, then the operation should be performed in 2-3 weeks.

Conservative treatment methods

Conservative treatment is indicated in the compensated form, as well as in decompensated, manifested by repeated angina and in cases where there are contraindications for surgical treatment. There are many methods of conservative treatment.

Briefly and schematically, the means of conservative treatment, according to the nature of their main action, can be grouped as follows:

1. Means that help to increase the body's defenses:

• correct daily routine,
• rational nutrition with the use of a sufficient amount of natural vitamins,
• physical exercises,
• resort and climatic factors,
• biostimulants,
• gamma globulin,
• iron preparations, etc.

1. Hyposensitizing agents:

• calcium preparations,
• antihistamines,
• vitamin C,
• epsilon aminocaproic acid,
• small doses of allergens, etc.

1. Immunocorrection means:

• levamisole,
• taktivin,
• prodigiosan,
• thymalin,
• I.R.S.-19,
• bronchomunal,
• ribomunil and many others. dr.

1. Reflex action means:

• various types of novocaine blockade,
• acupuncture,
• manual therapy of the cervical spine,
• osteopathy.

1. Means that have a sanitizing effect on the palatine tonsils and their regional lymph nodes (these are active, medical manipulations):

• Washing the lacunae of the tonsils. It is used to remove the pathological contents of the tonsils (plugs, pus). It is usually washed with a syringe with a cannula using various solutions. Such solutions can be: antiseptics, antibiotics, enzymes, antifungal, antiallergic, immunostimulating, biologically active drugs, etc. Correctly performed washing helps to reduce inflammation in the lacunae of the tonsils, the size of the tonsils usually decreases.
• Suction of the contents of the lacunae of the tonsils. Using an electric pump and a cannula, you can remove liquid pus from the lacunae of the tonsils. And, using a special tip with a vacuum cap and supplying a medicinal solution, you can simultaneously rinse the lacunae.
• Introduction to the lacunae of medicinal substances. A syringe with a cannula is used for the introduction. Various emulsions, pastes, ointments, oil suspensions are introduced. They linger in the gaps for a longer time, hence the more pronounced positive effect. Medicines in terms of the spectrum of action are the same as those used for washing in the form of solutions.
• Tonsil injection. With a syringe with a needle, the tissue of the tonsils itself or the space surrounding it is impregnated with various drugs. Some time ago, in Kharkov, it was proposed to inject not with one needle, but with a special nozzle with a large number of small needles, which turned out to be more effective, since the tissue of the amygdala was really impregnated with the medicine, in contrast to the injection with only one needle.
• Lubrication of the tonsils. For lubrication, a rather large number of different solutions or mixtures with a spectrum of action similar to that of preparations for washing have been proposed. The most commonly used drugs: Lugol's solution, collargol, chlorophyllipt oil solution, propolis tincture with oil, etc.
• Gargling. They are performed independently by the patient. Countless rinses have been suggested by traditional medicine. In pharmacies, you can also find a sufficient amount of ready-made solutions or concentrates for rinsing.

1. Physiotherapy treatments.

• ultrasound,
• microwave therapy,
• laser therapy,
• Microwave, UHF,
• inductothermy,
• ultraviolet irradiation
• tonsils,
• magnetotherapy,
• electrophoresis,
• mud therapy,
• inhalation and other methods.

The course of treatment for chronic tonsillitis usually consists of 10 - 12 procedures, both medical manipulations and physiotherapy methods. The complex of course treatment should include funds that affect many links of the pathological process. During the year, the course can be carried out up to 2 times, usually in early autumn and spring. The effectiveness of treatment increases if the other family members of the patient are examined and, if chronic tonsillitis is detected, they are simultaneously treated.

OSTEOMED AND CHRONIC DISEASES

Various types of diseases during pregnancy can be cured completely painlessly with the help of mild osteopathic methods, acupuncture, manual therapy.

For example, it was noticed that in patients with chronic tonsillitis and frequent tonsillitis, there is a violation of mobility in the cranial-cervical joint, in most cases between the occiput and the atlas, with spasm of the short extensors of the neck, and that blockade at this level increases the susceptibility to recurrent tonsillitis. And therefore, therapy of the cervical spine by an osteopathic doctor helps patients after the first visit.

Classification of chronic diseases

Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Not surprisingly, a chronic disease for a long time, can grow and remain unnoticed for a long period of time, as a rule, is diagnosed at a long stage of development, when there is practically no chance of getting rid of the disease. Fortunately, chronic diseases can be prevented. What are views chronic diseases? What are the causes and risk factors for their development?

You will find answers to questions how to prevent, where it comes from, how to treat and many other answers about ailments on our website.

• cancer - all varieties

NEURODERMITIS is a Chronic skin disease

• cardiovascular diseases: heart failure, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease,
• chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
• diabetes ,
• rheumatoid arthritis,
• autoimmune disease: ulcerative colitis, lupus, Crohn's disease, celiac disease,
• epilepsy,
• osteoporosis
• HIV AIDS,

Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), chronic diseases contribute to the deaths of more than 36 (57) million people in the world each year, which gives statistics about 63 percent of deaths per year, while almost 80 percent (29 million) of deaths due to chronic diseases are recorded in countries with average development of diseases.

The world of chronic diseases or how to defeat chronic diseases video

According to the WHO, the most common chronic diseases in the world, which bring death every year, include cardiovascular disease (responsible for 17.3 million deaths per year), cancer (7.6 million), chronic respiratory diseases (4, 2 million) and diabetes mellitus (1,300,000). Likewise, in Russia. In a report published by WHO - Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2014 - from 2000 to 2012, the leading cause of death in our country was cardiovascular disease (49 percent of all deaths.). Cancer came in second place (26 percent).

Chronic diseases - characteristics

Chronic diseases (lat. Chronicus, a continuous or constant process), these are diseases:

• whose symptoms persist for more than 3 months, relapse and most often recur;
• who have a slow onset and low severity of symptoms;
• Usually incurable because they are caused by irreversible pathological changes. This means that it is only possible to make symptom relief and inhibit disease progression;

Basically, until the end of a patient's life with such diagnoses, physical activity decreases, therefore, requires care and / or rehabilitation.

A characteristic feature is that they appear at an early age and develop over time without being noticed because they do not have any symptoms.

Video with Alexander about chronic diseases

Chronic illness affects both men and women equally, and the risk of developing it increases with age. For older people, its manifestation is even higher.

Chronic illnesses always come as surprises, associated with shock and severe stress.

Chronic diseases - causes and risk factors

According to the WHO, chronic diseases are caused by improper lifestyle and, in particular, by four factors, such as:

• unhealthy diet (too much fat, too little fruits and vegetables). About 1.7 million deaths per year are attributable to malnutrition;
• lack of physical activity or lack of it - may be associated with about 3.2 million deaths annually;
• alcohol abuse;
• smoking (according to WHO, tobacco use kills 6 million people worldwide every year). It is believed that by 2030 this figure will increase to 8 million.

Chronic illnesses can be prevented

To prevent chronic diseases, it is enough to eliminate risk factors. Then - according to the World Health Organization - 3/4 of cases can be prevented from heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes, and the risk of cancer can be reduced by 40 percent.

Other chronic diseases include obesity. According to a WHO survey, in 2010, overweight worldwide reached 43 million children under the age of 5 years. On the other hand, in 2008 there were 1.5 billion adults overweight (over 20 years old). Chronic kidney disease is also considered chronic kidney disease (CKD). The latter disease is unique because it can complicate another type of disease: obesity in combination with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Complete Table of Chronic Diseases

• Addison's disease
• Suffocation
• Bronchiectasis
• Heart failure
• Cardiomyopathy
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Chronic kidney disease
• Cardiac ischemia
• Crohn's disease
• Diabetes
• Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2
• Dystrophy
• Epilepsy
• Glaucoma
• Hemophilia
• Hyperlipidemia
• High blood pressure
• Hypothyroidism
• Multiple sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Schizophrenia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Ulcerative colitis
• Bipolar mood disorder

So-called treatment algorithms have been developed to manage risks and ensure adequate healthcare standards.

If you have one of the 25 listed chronic conditions, your medical plan should not only cover medications, but also doctor's advice plus tests related to your condition.

The types of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) include diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, respiratory (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), cancer and cardiovascular diseases (stroke and heart attack). Ailments are characterized by a prolonged course of the disease, a gradual deterioration in health.

The development of symptoms occurs over a long period, diseases are characterized by a long incubation period. Signs of chronic non-communicable diseases begin to appear 5-30 years later after exposure to the human body of the so-called "risk factors" interconnected with the environment and lifestyle.

Groups and risk factors

The highest mortality rate of the population occurs from diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and amounts to 1 million people (in percentage terms, this is 55%). Diseases affect the age group of people under 70 years old. Elderly people, adult men and women, children - all can be exposed to risk factors.

Medical research suggests that most NCDs develop due to major risk factors, which are divided into 2 types: metabolic and modifiable.

Risk factors include bad habits

Metabolic risk factors include changes in metabolic processes:

• high blood pressure;
• obesity, overweight;
• increased content of glucose and lipids in the cut.

The second type of chronic NCD arises from factors that are modifiable. you just need to reconsider your lifestyle, eliminate adverse influences, reduce stress levels, and improve nutrition.

List of adverse factors that increase the risk of developing NCDs:

• smoking;
• excessive consumption of sodium salt;
• bad ecology;
• lack of physical activity;
• the use of drugs and alcohol.

Basic prevention strategies

The use of vitamin complexes, a healthy diet, hygiene, consultation with a doctor about unpleasant symptoms that have arisen are the main methods of primary prevention. Material costs for prevention are minimal. The vaccine can also prevent the development of NCDs.

The prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases is high; therefore, more than 100 vaccines against these pathologies are in experimental development.

For vaccines use:

• a recombinant cholera toxin B subunit;
• virus-like components;
• diphtheria toxoid and tetanus.

There are several groups of NCD vaccines:

1. Modifiers of the functions of such receptors.
2. Normalizers of the immunopathological process.
3. Vaccines that induce a humoral response to automolecules.

Poor environmental conditions and the inability to change their place of residence make people breathe in "polluted air." Thus, the respiratory system, sense of smell suffer, and immunity decreases. Prevention of pathologies associated with the respiratory system includes:

1. Inhalation - inhalation of hot steam from a medical solution with medicinal components and an infusion of medicinal plants and herbs. Inhalation helps to restore the damaged nasal membrane, relax the bronchi, and have an anti-inflammatory effect.
2. Essential oils - extracts of pine, spruce, juniper, any coniferous trees have a softening effect on the respiratory tract, antiseptic effect, strengthen the immune system. Lubricating the nasal mucous membranes with essential oils several times a week can repel pathological organisms and microbes.
3. Medicines - this applies to sprays and nasal drops based on sea water (Aqualor mini, Morenazal, Fluimarin, Gudvada). Rinsing the nose with saline is also an excellent "protection" against rhinitis.

For the prevention of rhinitis, it is useful to lubricate the nasal mucosa with essential oils of pine, juniper

Methods of protection against pathologies of the heart and blood vessels

The cardiovascular system suffers from frequent stress, a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol, illegal substances, nicotine. To prevent the development of cardiac pathologies, moderate physical activity is required, about which you can consult in the centers for disease prevention, aimed at preventing pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

With a sedentary lifestyle, fats and salts are deposited in the body, which provokes heart pathologies, the appearance of plaques. Frequent stress causes tension in the nervous system, which leads to systemic vasculitis - inflammation and destruction of the walls of blood vessels.

Prevention of chronic oncology

It was not possible to find out the reason for the appearance of malignant cells in medicine, therefore, the same preventive measures do not exist. So that the risk factor for developing the risk of larynx is smoking. Therefore, forgetting about cigarettes, you can reduce the chance of malignant cells in this part of the body.

The main negative factor contributing to the appearance of oncology is ultraviolet radiation, radiation. The situation of the tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986) aggravated the environmental situation in the surrounding regions.

Other cancer prevention methods include:

• regular examination if there are people with cancer in the family;
• refusal of tanning salons, and prolonged exposure to the sun in direct rays;
• full night sleep;
• healthy lifestyle;
• calm emotional state;
• restriction in eating fast foods, semi-finished products;
• drinking 2 liters of drinking water per day;
• drinking green tea (200 ml) per day - prevention of breast cancer.

Prevention of diabetes mellitus

Many people have a predisposition to diabetes without even knowing it. Obesity, heredity, nerves, infectious diseases, arterial hypertension (high blood pressure), age after 45 years, mono-diets are risk factors for the development of the disease.

Preventive measures against diabetes mellitus:

• blood sugar test;
• good nutrition in small portions 5-6 times a day;
• refusal from canned food and fatty foods;
• elimination of depression (stress often leads to illness).

Diagnostics of chronic diseases of a non-infectious nature

Examination, dynamic monitoring of the state of health of patients with NCDs - dispensary observation, which is carried out by medical specialists. Clinical examination is aimed at identifying chronic ailments of a non-infectious nature and includes:

• examination, collection of complaints, physical examination of the patient;
• the appointment of instrumental and laboratory studies;
• establishing a diagnosis;
• the appointment of rehabilitation and medical procedures.

A special questionnaire has been developed to identify such ailments, in which the patient is asked to answer 43 questions. An example of a questionnaire can be downloaded on the Internet, it is freely available. Having passed it on your own, you should double-check it with a doctor. The results of the questionnaire help to identify:

• the presence of the alleged disease;
• prescribe indications for examination;
• identify the risk factor (what the patient can get sick with).