Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate illegal. Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry of the Provisional Government
Creation of an emergency commission of inquiry. Legal meetings of the interim government.
Commission of Inquiry
Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate illegal actions of former ministers, chief executives and other senior officials of both civilian and military and naval departments (CSK) - an emergency investigative body established on March 5 (17), 1917 Provisional government after the February Revolution.
1. In the first issue of the "Bulletin of the Provisional Government" published on March 5, 1917, the following decree of the Provisional Government was published to the Governing Senate: "The Provisional Government decided: to establish a high commission of inquiry to investigate the illegal actions of former ministers, chief executives and other senior officials." And on March 12, the following regulation was published on "an emergency commission of inquiry to investigate the unlawful actions of former ministers, chief executive officers and other senior officials of both civilian and military and naval departments."
I. An Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry is established under the Minister of Justice, in the capacity of the Attorney General, to investigate the unlawful actions of former ministers, general managers and other senior officials of both civilian, military and naval departments and consists of a chairman who enjoys the rights of an assistant minister of justice, two comrades of the chairman and four members appointed by orders of the Provisional Government.
Structure
Nikolai Konstantinovich Muravyov was appointed chairman of the ChSK, with the rights of assistant minister of justice.
The commission was divided into three parts: the investigative part, the supervisory part and the presidium.
The investigative unit consisted of up to 20 persons from the judicial department. These persons carried out investigations, interrogations, examinations, searches in compliance with the rules of the Charter of Criminal Procedure.
The supervisory part of the CSK consisted mainly of lawyers. A. F. Romanov, a legal technician of the commission, argued that they were mostly socialists or Jews. Lawyers V. A. Zhdanov, N. S. Karinsky, V. N. Krokhmal took an active part in the work of the ChSK. The persons included in this part were, as it were, the prosecutor's supervision, who observed and directed the preliminary investigation.
The third part of the CSK - the presidium, consisted mainly of public figures.
The first composition of the commission included: senators S. V. Ivanov and S. V. Zavadsky. FI Rodichev was a delegate from the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, and ND Sokolov was a delegate from the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. The members of the commission were also the new chief military prosecutor, Major General V. A. Apushkin, the prosecutor of the Kharkov court chamber B. I. Smitten, the Socialist-Revolutionary V. M. Zenzinov and ensign Znamensky. In April 1917, it included the prosecutor of the Moscow District Court L.P. Olyshev and the prosecutor of the Vilna judicial chamber A.F. Romanov. For a month, D. D. Grimm was a member of the commission, temporarily replacing Oldenburg. Until July 1917, the permanent secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.F. Oldenburg headed the editorial work, in July 1917 he was appointed minister of education, and E.V. Tarle, professor of general history of the Petrograd and Yurievsk Universities, was introduced to the commission. As a member of the commission, it included the chairman of the Special Commission to Investigate the Activities of the Police Department P. Ye. Shchegolev.
In total, the commission (VChSK) conducted 88 interrogations and interrogated 59 persons, prepared "stenographic reports", the editor-in-chief of which was the poet A. Blok, who published his observations of interrogations and notes in the form of a book entitled "The Last Days of the Imperial Power".
Interrogations of the tsarist ministers, generals and dignitaries were conducted in the Winter Palace and in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Although the Commission was purely legal in nature, the materials were huge, but the course of events did not allow publishing even a relatively small part of them. The commission did not complete its work until the October Revolution; part of the interrogations was published in 7 volumes in 1924-1927 under the title "The Fall of the Tsarist Regime".
Outcome of work
The head of the Commission, NK Muravyov, and all its members from the Petrograd Soviet were firmly adhered to the revelatory position; however, the VChSK was unable to confirm any accusations against the tsar, the tsarina, or the ministers of the tsarist government. - except for General V.A. Sukhomlinov, who was (until June 1915) the Minister of War, who was found guilty of the unpreparedness of the Russian army for war (the investigation into his case had been under way since 1916).
In the summer of 1917, Kerensky was forced to admit that there was no corpus delicti in the actions of "Nicholas II and his wife." Kerensky confirmed the same to the British Ambassador Buchanan. The VChSK could not bring charges of corruption to the former tsarist ministers, chief executives and other senior officials of both civilian and military and naval departments.
LEGAL ADVICE UNDER THE INTERIM GOVERNMENT
The Legal Meeting was established by a decree of the Provisional Government on March 22, 1917, and existed until October 25, 1917. The tasks of the Meeting included the legal assessment of resolutions, decrees of the Provisional Government and orders of the Ministries, presentation of legal opinions on certain issues of the activities of the Provisional Government bodies, preparation of the Constituent Assembly from 26 July 1917
At the meeting, a Special Interdepartmental Commission was formed and acted to establish a uniform attitude of all departments to the requirements of the Liquidation Commission for the Kingdom of Poland, a Special Commission for the Drafting of Basic Laws, a Commission for the Liquidation of Establishments, a Commission on the Application of Art. 96 Basic State Laws (on the procedure for approving legislative acts).
Draft resolutions and decrees of the Provisional Government and submissions of the Ministries submitted for consideration, and the conclusions of the Meeting on them; resolutions and conclusions of the Meeting, journals of meetings of the Meeting and Commissions and materials thereto (texts of the discussed documents, references to them, etc.); correspondence with the State Chancellery, the Office of the State Secretariat of the Grand Duchy of Finland, ministries and other institutions for the development of bills, on the administrative-territorial structure, etc .; decisions and decrees of the Provisional Government and memorandums of the Chairman of the Meeting on the organization of the Meeting and its activities, an explanatory note to its states; logs of registration of incoming and outgoing correspondence, certificates and information about the service of the employees of the Meeting, statements for the issuance of salaries to the members of the Meeting.
Draft organizational statute of the Constituent Assembly and a certificate of preparation for the convocation of the Assembly; information on the state structure of Finland, excerpts from the legislative acts of foreign states; an appeal by the Ukrainian Central Rada in Kiev outlining the requirements for the Provisional Government on the autonomy of Ukraine, the establishment of a special commissioner for Ukraine under the Provisional Government, the creation of separate Ukrainian military units, the Ukrainization of schools, etc.
Statements by civil society organizations to provide them with seats in the Democratic Conference.
The materials of the fund were also deposited in f. 1779 ("Office of the Provisional Government").
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lPMYBL. FERETSH CHUE UOPYEOYS UP CHUENY X NEOS RPTCHBMYUSH. vBTPO fPMSh RPZYV CHNEUFE U YEEVETZPN, D-T chBMSHFET HNET, U PMPZPN vytHMS S DP CHOCOSCH RPUFSOOP RPDDETTSYCHBM UCHSHSh; HERE FERETSH WYTHMS, - WITH OE BOBA. ъBFEN VSCHM EEE PDYO VPMSHYPK RTYSFEMSH, FPCHBTE RP LUREDEYGYS, chPMPUPCHYU, LPFPTSCHK RPFPN UFBM ZEPMPZPN; ZDE ON OBIPDIFUS FERETSH, - WITH FPC OE VOBA. yb PZHYGETPCH FBN VSCHM lPMPNYKGECH, PO, LBTSEFUS, YDEUSH, CH yTLKHFULE. CHYDEMUS S U OYN, LPZDB Ch 1917 Z. PO PRSFSH HIPDYM L HUFSHA MEOSCH. LUREDYGYS HYMB CH 1900 ZPDKH Y RTPVShMB DP 1902 ZPDB. with CHUE CHTENS VSCHM CH LFPK LUREDEYGY. YYNPCHBMY NSCH ABOUT fBKNSCHTE, DCHE YYNPCHLY ABOUT OPCHP-UYVYTULYI PUFTPCHBI, ABOUT PUFTPCHE lPFEMSHOPN; ABFEN, ABOUT 3-K ZPD, VBTPO fPMMSH, CHYDS, UFP OBN CHUE OE HDBEFUS RTPVTBFSHUS ABOUT UCHET PF OPCHP-UYVYTULYI PUFTPCCHPCH, RTEDRTYOSMREYDIFG. CHNEUFE U YEEVETZPN Y DCHHNS LBATBNY PO PFRTBCHYMUS ABOUT UUVYTULIYI PUPTPCHPCH. x OEZP VSCHMY UCHPY RTEDRPMPTSEOIS P VPMSHYPN NBFETYLE, LPFPTSCHK PO IPFEM OBKFY, OP CH FPN ZPDKH UPUFPSOYE MSHDB VSCHMP FBLPCHP ЮUFPHTP NSPNP fPZDB PO TEYIM, UFP ABOUT UHDOE FKHDB OE RTPVTBFSHUS, CH HYEM. h CHYDH FPZP, YUFP X OCU LPOYUBMBUSH BRBUSch BY RTYLBBM OPL RTPVTBFSHUS A ENME vEOEFFB J PVUMEDPCHBFSH EE B EUMY OE HDBUFUS FP, FP YFFY A HUFSHA mEOSch J CHETOHFSHUS YUETE uYVYTSh B rEFTPZTBD, RTYCHEFY Chueh LPMMELGYY J OBYUBFSH TBVPFBFSH RP OPCHPK LUREDYGYY. UBN PO TBUUYUIFSCHBM UBNPUFPPSFEMSHOP CHETOKHFSHUS ABOUT OPCHP-UYVYTULYE PUPTPCHB, ZDE NSCH ENKH PUFBCHYMY ULMBDSCH. h 1902 ZPDKH, CHEUOPA, VBTPO fPMMSH HYEM PF OBU P'EEVETZPN U FEN, YUFPVSH RPFPN VPMSHIE OE CHUCHTBEBFSHUS: PO RPZIVE PE CHTENS RETEIPDB VTFENBFOP VE. MEFP NSCH YURPMSH'PCHBMY ABOUT RPRSCHFLH RTPVTBFSHUS ABOUT UUCHET L ENME veOEFFB, OP FFP OBN OE HDBMPUSH. uPUFFPSOYE MSHDB VSHMP EEE IHTSE. lPZDB NSCH RTPIPDYMB UECHETOKHA RBTBMMEMSH UYVYTULYI PUFTPCHPCH, OBN CHUFTEYUBMYUSH VPMSHYE MSHDSCH, LPFPTSCHE OE DBCHBMY RTPOILOKHESH DBMSH. u PLPOYUBOYEN OBCHYZBGY NSCH RTYYMY L KHUFSHA MEOSCH, Y FPZDB L OBN CHSCHYEM UVBTSCHK RBTPIPD "MEOB" Y USM CHUA LUREDYGYA U HUFSHS FILEUFY. lPMMELGYY VSCHMY RETEZTHTSEOSCH ABOUT "MEOH", Y NSCH CHETOKHMYUSH CH sLHFUL, ABFEN CH YTLKHFUL Y CH DELBVTE NEUSGE 1902 ZPDB RTYVSCHMY CH REFTPPZTBD. about OBUEDBOY BLBDENY OBKHL VSCHMP DPMPTSEOP PVEEE RPMPTSEOYE TBVPF LUREDYGYY Y P RPMPTSEOY VBTPPB fPMMS. eZP HYUBUFSH YUTECHSCHYUBKOP CHUFTECHPTSIMB BLBDENYA. DEKUFFCHYFEMSHOP, RTEDRTYSFYE EZP VSCHMP YUTECHSCHYUBKOP TYULPCHBOOPE. yBOUCH VSCHMP PYUEOSH NBMP, OP VBTPO fPMMSH VSCHM YUEMPCHELPN, CHETYCHYN CH UCHPA YCHEDKH, J CH FP, YUFP ENKH CHUE UPKDEF, Y RPYEM ABOUT UFP RTEDRTYSFY. bLBDENYS VSCHMB YUTECHSCHYUBKOP CHUFTECHPTSEOB, J FPZDB C ON BUEDBOYY RPDOSM CHPRTPU P FPN, YUFP ECPAT UEKYUBU, OENEDMEOOP, OE PFLMBDSCHCHBS OH PDOPZP DOS UOBTSTSBFSH OPCHHA LUREDYGYA ON ENMA vEOEFFB LCA PLBBOYS RPNPEY VBTPOH fPMMA J EZP URHFOYLBN, J FBL LBL ON "BTE" FP UDEMBFSH VSCHMP OECHPNPTSOP (VSCHM DELBVTSH, B CHEUOPA ECPAT VSCHMP VSCHFSH ON oPChP-uYVYTULYI PUFTPCHBI, YUFPVSCH YURPMSHPCHBFSH MEFP) - "BTS" VSCHMB Chus TBVYFB - OP OHTSOP VSCHMP PLBBFSH VSCHUFTHA J TEYYFEMSHOHA RPNPESH. fPZDB S, RPDKHNBCHY B CHCHEUYCHY CHUE, UFP NPTSOP VSCHMP UDEMBFSH, RTEDMPTSIM RTPVTBFSHUS ABOUT ENMA veOEFFB Y, EUMY OHTSOP, DBTsE VBMST. rTED-OTSFYE LFP VSCHMP FBLPZP TCE RPTSDLB, LBL J RTEDRTYSFYE VBTPOB fPMMS, RP DTHZPZP CHSCHIPDB OE VSCHMP, RP NPENKH KHVETSDEOYA. lPZDB S RTEDMPTSIM LFPF RMBO, NPY URKHFOILY PFOEUMYUSH L OENKH YUTECHCHYUBKOP ULERFYUEEULY Y ZPCHPTYMY, UFP LFP FBLPE TCE VEHNPOYE, LBMST. OP LPZDB C RTEDMPTSYM UBNPNH CHSFSHUS B CHSCHRPMOEOYE FPZP RTEDRTYSFYS, OP bLBDENYS oBHL DBMB UTEDUFCHB HOE HOE J UPZMBUYMBUSH RTEDPUFBCHYFSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH CHSCHRPMOYFSH FPF RMBY FBL, LBL OBIPTSH OHTSOSCHN C. BLBDENYS DBMB NOE RPMOKHA UCHPVPDKH Y PVEUREUIMB NEOS UTEDUFCHBNY Y CHP'NPTSOPUFSHA LFP CHCHRPMOYFSH. fPZDB S CH SOCHT NEUSGE HEIBM CH bTIBOZEMSHUL, ZDE CHCHVTBM UEVE YUEFSCHTEI URKHFOILPCH YY NEOULYI FAMERCH-RTP-NSCHYMUYLPCH. UP NOPA UPZMBUIMYUSH RFFR EEE DPHPE Y'NPYI NBFTPUPCH Y'LUREDYGYY - veMYUECH Y cEME'OSLPCH. lPZDB With RTYEIBM ON UYAED FAMEYE-RTPNSCHYMURRRLPCH Sing BYOFETEUPCHBMBUSH FYN DEMPN, ^ CHSCHVTBMY HOE YUEFSCHTEI PIPFOYLPCH, RTYCHSCHLYYI A RMBCHBOYA PE MSHDH, NY Since I OYNY, I DCHHNS NBFTPUBNY J YUEFSCHTSHNS Fame-RTPNSCHYMEOOYLBNY "J DELBVTE CHSCHEIBMB PVTBFOP B yTLHFUL" YUFPVSCH DEUSH RPDZPFPCHYFSH ABOUT CHUE OEPVIPDYNPE DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH OENEDMEOOOP HEIBFSH ABOUT OPCHP-UYVYTULYE PUPTPCHB, LPFPTSCHE WITH YVTBM LBL VBBH.
with PVTBFYMUS RP FEMEZTBZHKH CH sLHFUL L PDOPNKH RPMYFYUEEULPNKH USCHMSHOPNKH, p.p. PMEOYOH 4), U LPFPTSCHN WITH RP'OBLPNYMUS. PO BOYNBMUS YHYUEOYEN sLHFULPZP LTBS. s PVTBFIMUS L OPNKH, YUFPV PO B CHTENS NEPEZP PFUHFUFCHYS RTPEIBM OBET RPDZPFPCHYFSH CHEEI Y UPVBL DMS RETEIPDB OB OPCHP-UYVYTULYE PUFT. ON ABOUT LFP UPZMBUIMUS Y CHUE CHSCHRPMOYM. YBFEN YYTLHFULB S RPEIBM CH sLHFUL, OE FETSS OYZDE OY PDOPZP DOS. lBL NPTSOP ULPTEE Y sLHFULB RPEIBM CH CHETIPSOUL, ABFEN CH hUFSHSOUL, ZDE NEOS PTSIDBM PMEOYO, LPFPTSCHK BLHRIM UPVBL; BFEN ON UPVBLBI With RPEIBM A HUFSHA fYLUFY, CHSM The "BTY" PDYO dv IPTPYYI LYFPVPKOSCHI CHEMSHVPFPCH, ON UPVBLBI RTPFBEYM PVTBFOP B hUFShSOUL J H OBYUBME NBS CHNEUFE UP UCHPYNY YEUFSHA URHFOYLBNY, pMEOYOSchN J RBTFYEK NEUFOSCHI SLHFPCH J FHOZHUPCH, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY LBL LBATSCH, have FTBOURPTFPN 160 UPVBL, CHCHCHYEM Y HUFSHSOULB ABOUT PUFTPCh lPFEMSHOSCHK. s RETEVTBMUS ABOUT OPCHP-UYVYTULYE PUFTPCHB, CHCHCHYEM X NSCHUB NEDCHETSHEZP, PLPMP PUFTPCHB lPFEMSHOPZP. ьFPF RETEIPD ABOUT OPCHP-UYVYTULYE PUFTPCHB S DEMBM CH NBE NEUSGE. fBN OBYUBMBUSH HTSE FBMSH, TBMYCH TEL, Y ABFEN S POOBMUS PTSIDBFSH CHULTSCHFYS NPTS. with POOFCHYM ABRBU RTPCHYYYY; VPMSHIE OE REFINERY CHSFSH U UPVPA, CHSM ABOUT FTY NEUSGB, NOE OBDP VSCHMP RTPLPTNYFSH MADEK, UPVBL Y RTYVETEZBFSH ABOUT PVTBFOSCHK RHFSH. fPZDB NSCh TBDEMYMYUSH, - PMEOYO U FKHENGBNY PUFBMYUSH MEFPCHBFSH ABOUT PUFTPCHBI J ЪBOYNBFSHUS PIPFPK DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH RTYZPFPCHYFSH NSUB. yuBUFSh UPVBL RTYYMPUSH HVYFSH, YUBUFSH FPK RBTFYY have UPVBLBNY PUFBMBUSH ON ON MEFPCHLH oPChP-uYVYTULYI PUFTPCHBI, B, C Y YEUFSHA URHFOYLBNY PUFBMUS ON NSCHUE nEDChETsShEN PTSYDBFSH CHULTSCHFYS NPTS J BOYNBMUS ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN PIPFPK, YUFPVSCH RTPLPTNYFSH UEVS. BFEN, B Yama NEUSGE, NPTE CHULTSCHMPUSH, J C'S CHEMSHVPFE, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM PBN RPDZPFPCHMEO, I YEUFSHA URHFOYLBNY, B FPF CE DEOSH, LBL FPMSHLP MED FTPOHMUS PF VETEZB, RPYEM CHDPMSH ATSOPZP VETEZB uYVYTULYI PUFTPCHPCH J CHDPMSH lPFEMShOPZP, OBRTBCHYMUS B vMBZPChEEEOULYK RTPMYCH, NETSDKH PUFTPCHBNY OPCHPK UYVYTY. ъBFEN, RTPVYTBSUSH YUETE FPF RTPMYCH, WITH CHCHYM ABOUT UUCHETP-ЪBRBDOHA YUBUFSH OPCHPK UYVYTY, - FFP VSCHM VMJTSBKYYK RHOLF, U LPFPPTPSCHMP YBFEN, RETEDPIOHCH ABOUT OPCHPK UYVYTY, NSCH PFRTBCHYMYUSH DBMSHYE ABOUT UUCHET. h RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPUFSH RTEDYEUFCHHAENKH 1902 ZPDKH, LPZDB CHUE NPTE CH FPN NEUFE VSCHMP ABVUIFP MSHDBNY, S CHUFTEFIM UPCHETYEOFPP NPTELT; OE VSCHMP DBTSE MSHDB DPUFBFPYUOP VPMSHYPZP, YUFPVSCH NPTSOP VSCHMP CHSCHMEFSH ABOUT OEZP Y PFDPIOHFSH. rTYIPDYMPUSH UYDEFSH CHUE CHTENS CH YMARLBI, B CHUE CHTENS VSCHM UCHETSYK CHEFET. OBLPOEG, NSCH DPVTBMYUSH DP ENMY veOEFFB 5-ZP BCHZKHUFB, ABOUT rTEPVTBTSEOSH, - UFPF NSCHU S OBCHBM NSCHUPN rTEPVTBTSEOULINE, - Y CHSCHUFF. vMYTSBKIE TSE PVUMEDPCHBOYE LFPZP VETEZB PYUEOSH ULPTP DBMP OBN RTYOBLY RTEVSCHBOYS FBN RBTFY VBTPPB fPMMS. nSC OBYMY ZTHDKH LBNOEK, CH LPFPTPK OBIPDYMYUSH VKHFSCHMLB U БРBRYULPK UP UYENBFYUEEULYN RMBOPN PUFTPCHB, U KHLBBOYEN, UFP FBN OBSCHIPKHNEFUS. THLPCHPDUFCHHSUSH FYN, NSCH PYUEOSH ULPTP, CH VMYTSBKYE DOY, RTPVTBMYUSH L FPNKH NEUFKH, ZDE VBTPO fPMMSH UP UCHPEK RBTFYEK OBIPDYMYFCHUP. fBN NSCH OBYMY LPMMELGYY, ZEPMPZYUEULYE YOUFTKHNEOFSCH, OBKHYUOSCHE, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY U VBTPPN FPMMEN, B ABFEN FPF LTBFLEYK DPLKHNEOTCHEFDEK LPBFLEYK DPLHPNEOSHDEK DPFMEK tO ZPCHPTYM, YUFP VBTPO fPMMSh RTYVSCHM × 1902 ZPDH MEFPN ON PUFTPCH vEOEFFB, zde software W LPOGE LPOGPCH, TEYYMUS UOBYUBMB YNPCHBFSH, FBL LBL HTSE VSCHMP RPDOP, B ZMBCHOPE, YUFP YEE YUTECHSCHYUBKOP BDETTSBMP PBN - FP RPRSCHFLB PIPFSCH. POI UFBTBMYUSH FBN PIPFYFSHUS, UFPVSH RPRPMOYFSH UCHPY ABBUSH, OP UDEMBFSH LFP YN OE HDBMPUSH. rPFPNH VBTPO fPMMSh UOBYUBMB TEYYM RETEYNPCHBFSH, OBDESUSH ON CHEUEOOAA PIPFH, J RTPDPMTSBFSH HTSE DBMSHOEKYEE DCHYTSEOYE CHEUOPA, I OBUFHRMEOYEN UCHEFMPZP CHTENEOY, FBL LBL B BCHZHUFE HTSE UFBOPCHYFUS FENOP. PIPFB ЬFB VSCHMB OEHDBYUOB, J CH PLFSVTE NEUSGE CHSCHSUOIMPUSH, SFP RBTFYS RETEINPCHBFSH OE NPTSEF, SFP EK RTYDEFUS HNETEFSH FBN U ZPMPD. fPZDB, B LPOGE OPSVTS 1902 ZPDB, VBTPO fPMMSh TEYYMUS ON PFYUBSOOSCHK YBZ - YFFY OF AZ W FP CHTENS, LPZDB HTSE OBUFHRYMY RPMSTOSCHE OPYUY, LPZDB FENRETBFHTB RPOYTSBEFUS DP 40њ, LPZDB NPTE, B UHEOPUFY ZPCHPTS, DBTSE B PFLTSCHFSCHI NEUFBI OE YNEEF CHPDSCH, B RPLTSCHFP MShDPN, FBL UFP DCHYZBFSHUS UPCHETEOOOP RPYUFY OECHPNPTSOP OY ABOUT UPVBLBI, OY ABOUT YMARLBI, OY REYLPN. h FBLPK PVUFBOPCHLE, CH RPMSTOHA OPYUSH, PO DCHYOHMUS UP UCHPYNY URKHFOILBNY ABOUT AZ. DPLKHNEOF EZP LPOYUBEFUS FBLYNY UMPCHBNY: “uEZPDOS PFRTBCHYMYUSH ABOUT AZ; CHUE ADPTPCHSCH, RTPCHYYY ABOUT 14 MILKING ECONOMIES ". RBTFYS, LPOEYUOP, CHUS RPZYVMB. With fPZDB HCHYDBM, YUFP NPC BDBYUB TBTEYEOB, YUFP fPMMSh HYEM OF AZ, OBYUYF, PUFBCHBMPUSH UDEMBFSH RPUMEDOYK RETEIPD ON uYVYTULYE PUFTPCHB J PUNPFTEFSH Chueh ULMBDSCH, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY PBN BMPTSEOSCH, YUFPVSCH HOBFSH, OE PUFBCHBMUS MJ zde-OYVHDSH VBTPO fPMMSh. ьФХ ЪБДБЮХ YUBUFSHA CHCHRPMOSM PMEOYO. ъBFEN S CH BCHZKHUFE PFRTBCHYMUS PVTBFOP, ABOUT OPCHP-UYVYTULYE PUPTPCHB. PUNPFTEM RP DPTPZE ULMBDSHCH, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY VBMPTSEOSCH. CHUE VSCHMP GEMP, OYLBLYI RTY'OBLPCH CHUCHTBEEOYS VBTPB fPMMS OP VSCHMP. ZHBLF EZP ZYVEMY POOBMUS RPYUFY OEUPNOOOSCHN. YUETE' 42 DOS RMBCHBOYS ABOUT IFPK YMARL S CHETOKHMUS UOPCHB L UCHPENKH RETCHPNKH YUIPDOPNKH RHOLFKH PLPMP NSCHUB NEDCHETSHESP PUFTPCHB lPFEMSHOPZP. VSCHM LPOEG BCHZKHUFB Y OBYUBMP UEOFSVTS. fBN S POOFBCHBMUS DP ABNETBOYS NPTS, B CH PLFSVTE WITH RETEY PVTBFOP ABOUT NBFETYL, CH hUFSHSOUL. CHUE URKHFOILY NPY POOFBMYUSH TSYCHSCH. PMEOYO CHCHRPMOSM UCHPA ABDBYUH, UPITBOYM UPVBL VE LTBKOY MYYEEOIK. nSCH CHETOKHMYUSH CHUE, OE RPFETSCHY OY PODOPZP YUMPCHELB. pFFHDB NSCH PVSCHYUOSCHN RHFEN RPEIBMY CH CHETIPSOUL, B ABFEN CH sLHFUL. lFP VShMP HTSE Ch 1903 ZPDH. h DELBVTE NEUSGE WITH HYEM Y HUFSHSOULB, H SOCHBTE VSCHM H CHETIPSOULE, B ABFEN H LPOGE SOCHBTS RTYVSCHM CH sLHFUL, LBL TBB OBLBOHE PYASCHMEOIS-TKHRUSHUL. at FEI RPT S U PMEOOSCHN OE CHYDBMUS DP RTPYMPZP ZPDB CH IBTVYOE; ON RPFPN TBVPFBM ABOUT BNKHTE CH PMPFPRTPNSCHYMEOOPK LPNRBOYY.
bMELUEECHULIK. ON VSCHM RPMYFYUEULYK UUSCHMSHOSCHK YMY HZPMPCHOCHK?
lPMYBL. ON VSCHM RPMYFYUEULYK UUSCHMSHOSCHK. ON UFKHDEOF nPULPCHULPZP HOYCHETUIFEFB. x OEZP VSCHMB ULMPOOPUFSH L YSCHULBOYSN, WITH VSC ULBABM, - L OBKHYUOPNKH BCHBOFATIYNKH. EZP YOFETEUPCHBM LTBK, Y, LPZDB PO RPMKHYUIM BNOYUFYA AB UCHPA LUREDYGYA, PO CHETOKHMUS PVTBFOP Y REFTPZTBDB CH sLHFUL.
bMELUEECHULIK. b U DTHZYNY UUSCHMSHOSCHNY CHSCH CH sLHFULPK PVMBUFY OE CHIPDYMY CH UOPYEOS?
lPMYBL. with CHUFTEYUBMUS U OYNY CH CHETIPSOULE Y CH hUFSHSOULE, OP OE YBCHSSCHBM PFOPYEOIK, RPFPNKH YUFP S VSCHBM CHTENEOP; VMYLP S OY U LEN OE BOBLPNIMUS, RPFPNKH UFP S CHEDE VSCHCHBM RP OEULPMSHLP DOEK. lPZDB W sLHFULE RPMHYUYM YCHEEEOYE P FPN, YUFP UMHYUYMPUSH OBRBDEOYE ON OBY LPTBVMY B rPTF-bTFHTE J CHUMED BFEN YCHEUFYE P FPN, YUFP BDNYTBM nBLBTPCh OBOBYUBEFUS LPNBODHAEYN zhMPFPN B fYIPN plebeians, with RP FEMEZTBZHH PVTBFYMUS B bLBDENYA oBHL have RTPUSHVPK CHETOHFSH NEOS B NPTULPE CHEDPNUFCHP J PVTBFIMUS CH NPTULPE CHEDPNUFCHP U RTPUSHVPK RPUMBFSH NEOS OB DBMSHOSCHK chPUFPL, CH FYIPPLEBOULKHA LULBDTH, DMS HYUBUFYS CH CHPKOE. BFEN, FBL LBL pMEOYO VSCHM H LHTUE CHUEI DEM LUREDYGYY C ENH UNPZ UDBFSH Chui Dembo, MADEK, BVPFSCH P OHYE, BFEN GEOOPUFY, NOPZYE OBHYUOSCHE LPMMELGYY, LPFPTSCHE software ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN UPUFBCHYM, J UE Chuen FYN RPTHYUYFSH ENH EIBFSH H rEFTPZTBD LCA DPLMBDB H BLBDENYA OBHL. b UBN S YJ yTLHFULB RPEIBM ABOUT dBMSHOIK chPUFPL. NEOS OE IPFEMY PFRKHUFYFSH, OP, CH LPOGE LPOGPCH, RPUME OELPFPTSCHI LPMEVBOYK, RTEYDEOF BLBDENY, CH. LO. lPOUFBOFYO lPOUFBOFYOPCHYU, L LPFPTPNKH S OERPUTEDUFCHEOP PVTBFIMUS, HUFTPYM FBL, UFP NEOS BLBDENYS PFYUYUMIMB Y RETEDBMB CHEFBOFBUFBYPHYR fPZDB S CHCHEIBM J yTLHFUL. h yTLHFUL RTYEIBMY NEOS RPCHYDBFSH NPK PFEG Y NPS FERETEYOSS TSEOB. with HYEM TSEOYIPN - DPMTSEO VSCHM TSEOFSHUS RPUME RETCHPK LUREDYGYY, OP CHFPTBS LUREDYGYS RPNEYBMB; ABFEN OBUFKHRIMB ChPKOB, J S TEYIM, UFP OBDP TSEOIFSHUS. YDEUSH, CH YTLKHFULE, WITH PVCHEOUBMUS, RPUME YUEZP, RTPVSCHY OEULPMSHLP DOEK, WITH HEIBM CHNEUFE UP UP UCHPYN DTHZPN VEMYUYUECHCHYN, ULBDEUFBCHYPYN rPNPTSCH TSE CHETOKHMYUSH OBBD. with RTYVSCHM CH rPTF-bTFKhT, RTYNETOP, CH NBTFE NEUSGE YMY CH OBYUBME BRTEMS. nBLBTPCH FPZDB EEE VSCHM TSYCH. rTYVSCHY CH rPTF-bTFKhT, S SCHYMUS L BDNEYTBMH nBLBTPCHH, LPFPTPZP RTPUYM P OBOBYUEY NEOS ABOUT VPME BLFYCHOHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH. ON NEOS OBOBYUBM ABOUT LETTERS "BULPMSHD", FBL LBL, RP EZP NOEOYA, NOE OKHTSOP VSCHMP OENOPZP PFDPIOHFSH, RPTSYFSH CH YUMPCHEUEULPK VUFPDOMBOSHLEP. with RTPUIM OBOBYUIFSH NEOS ABOUT NYOPOPUEG; ON HRPTOP OE IPFEM OBOBYUIFSH NEOS ABOUT NYOSCHE UHDB. OB FFPN "BULPSHDE" WITH RTPVSCHM DP ZYVEMY BDNYTBMB nBLBTPCHB, LPFPTBS RTPY'PYMB ABOUT NPYI ZMBBIB 31 NBTFB. rPUME ZYVEMY BDNYTBMB nBLBTPCHB WITH VSCHM OBOBYUEO ABOUT PYEOSH LPTPFLPE CHTENS ABOUT NYOSCHK ABZTBDYFEMSH "BNKHT" On FPN NYOPOPUGE, RPUME FPZP LBL C CHUFHRYM LPNBODPCHBOYE B, C OE TBUUYUYFBM UCHPYI UYM, LPFPTSCHE HTSE B Chui FP CHTENS VSCHMY RPDPTCHBOSCH - C RPMHYUYM PYUEOSH FSTSEMPE CHPURBMEOYE MEZLYI, LPFPTPE NEOS BUFBCHYMP UMEYUSH H ZPURYFBMSH. fBN WITH RTPCHEM PLPMP NEUSGB; ABFEN, CH YAME, PRTBCHYCHYYUSH PF CHPURBMEOIS MEZLIYI, WITH UOPCHB RTPDPMTSBM LPNBODPCHBFSH NYOPOPUGEN DP PUEOI. l PUEOY X NEOS UOPCHB OBYUBMY ULBUSCHCHBFSHUS RPUMEDUFCHYS NEPEZP RTVSCHBOYS ABOUT LTBKOEN LEARNING, B YNEOOP - RPSCHYMYUSH RTYIBOBLY UHUFFBCHNBFZP.
bMELUEECHULIK.ъOBYUIF, CHSH CHCHIPDE LULBDTSCH CH YAME OE HYUBUFCHPCHBMY?
lPMYBL. oEF, CH CHCHIPDE LULBDTSCH WITH HYUBUFCHPCHBM. with VSCHM HTSE ABOUT NYOPOPUG, OP CH VPSI OBY NYOPOPUEG OE HYUBUFCHPCHBM, - YEM DTHZPK PFTSD. nSCh FPMShLP RTPCHPDYMY CHSCHIPD LULBDTSCH, B ABFEN CHETOKHMYUSH, FBL LBL NPK NYOPOPUEG DPMTSEO VSCHM PUFBCHBFSHUS CH rPTF-BTFKHTE. ABFEN S PUEOSHA CHYDEM, UFP NOE UFBOPCHYFUS ABOUT NEOPOPUGU CHUE IHTSE YIHTSE. rUME FPZP LBL VSCHULYK OEHDBYUOSCHK VPK Y RTPTSCHCH PE chMBDYCHPUFPL Y OBYUBMBUSH UYUFENBFYUEULBS RMBOPNETOBS PUBDB LTERPUFUFUFUFUTSHEOFT FUEUT DEUSh RPUMEDOEE CHTENS NShch HTSE BOYNBMYUSH RPUFBOPCHLPK, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN, NYO Q BZTBTSDEOYK PLPMP rPTF-bTFHTB, J HOE HDBMPUSH, B LPOGE LPOGPCH, RPUFBCHYFSH NYOOHA VBOLH ON A RPDIPDBI rPTF-bTFHTH, ON LPFPTPK CHPTCHBMUS SRPOULYK LTEKUET "fBLPUBDP". TEKHMSHFBF RTEVSCHBOYS ABOUT LEARNING - TECHNBFYN Y UHIPRKHFOSCHK zhTPBUCHBOIS CHUE CHTENS WITH RTYOYNBM HYUBUFYE CH NEMLIYI UVPMLOPCHEOYSI Y VPSI PE CHTENS CHCHIPDHCH. PUEOSHA WITH PETEY ABOUT UHIPRKHFOSCHK zhTPOF. with CHUFHRYM H LTERPUFSH, LPNBODPCHBM PBN VBFBTEEK NPTULYI PTHDYK ON UECHETP-CHPUFPYUOPN zhTPOFE LTERPUFY TH ON FPK VBFBTEE C PUFBCHBMUS DP UDBYUY rPTF-bTFHTB, DP RPUMEDOEZP DOS, J EDCHB DBTSE OE OBTHYYM NYTB, RPFPNH YUFP HOE OE VSCHMP DBOPiT OBFSH, YUFP NYT BLMAYUEO ... with TSIM CH rPTF-bTFKHTE DP 20-I YUYUEM DELBVTS, LPZDB LTERPUFSH RBMB. lPZDB VSCHMB UDBYUB LTERPUFY, S HTSE EME-EMP IPDYM, OP DETTSBMUS EEE, J LPZDB VSCHMP RBDEOYE rPTF-bTFKHTB, NOE RTYYMPUSH MEUSH CH ZPURYBLBLBSHPK s VSCHM TBOEO, OP MEZLP, FBL UFP FFP NEOS RPYUFY OE VEURPLPYMP, B TECHNBFYEN NEOS UPCHETEOOOP UCHBMYM U OPZ. ьCHBLHYTPCHBMY CHUEI, LTPNE FSTSEMP Tboeoshi Y VPMSHOSCHI, S TCE PUFBMUS METSBFSH CH ZPURIFBME CH rPTF-BTFKHTE. h RMEOH SRPOULPN S RTPVSCHM DP BRTEMS NEUSGB, LPZDB S OBYUBM HTSE OEULPMSHLP PRTBCHMSFSHUS. pFFHDB OBU PFRTBCHYMY CH dBMSHOYK, B ABFEN CH OBZBUBLY.
h oBZBUBLY RBTFYS OBYYI VPMSHOSCHI J TBOEOSCHI RPMHYUYMB PYUEOSH CHEMYLPDHYOPE RTEDMPTSEOYE SRPOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, RETEDBOOPE zhTBOGHULYN LPOUHMPN, n FPN, YUFP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP sRPOYY RTEDPUFBCHMSEF OPL CHPNPTSOPUFSH RPMSHPCHBFSHUS, zde NShch BIPFYN, CHPDBNY J MEYUEVOSCHNY HYUTETSDEOYSNY sRPOYY, YMY CE, EUMY NShch OE TSEMBEN PUFBCHBFSHUS H sRPOYY, CHETOKHFSHUS ABOUT TPDYOKH VEH CHUSLIYI HUMPCHYK. nSCHUE RTEDRPYUMY CHETOKHFSHUS DPNPK. y S CHNEUFE U ZTKHRRPK VPMSHOSCHI Y TBEEOSCHI PZHYGETPCH YUETE BNETYLKH PFRTBCHIMUS CH tPUUIA. lFP VShMP CH LPODE BRTEMS 1905 ZPDB. CHUE NSCH YUETE BNETYLKH CHETOKHMYUSH CH REFTPZTBD. h rEFTPZTBDE NEOS UOBYUBMB PUCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMB LPNYUUYS CHTBYUEK, LPFPTBS RTYOBMB NEOS UPCHETYEOOSCHN YOCHBMYDPN, DBMB HOE YUEFSCHTEINEUSYUOSCHK PFRHUL LCA MEYUEOYS ON CHPDBI, zde RTPVSCHM C. Chui MEFP DP PUEOY. in PUEOY With RTPDPMTSBM UCHPA UMHTSVH, RTYYUEN OF HOE METSBMB of the ECE PVSBOOPUFSH RETED bLBDENYEK oBHL DBFSH RTETSDE CHUEZP PFYUEF, RTYCHEUFY B RPTSDPL OBVMADEOYS J TBTBVPFLH RTEDYEUFCHHAEEK LUREDYGYY, LPFPTBS VSCHMB Nopal VTPYEOB. Chueh NPY FTHDSCH RP ZYDTPMPZYY J NBZOYFPMPZYY, UYAENLY VSCHMY VTPYEOSCH, FBL YUFP With PRSFSH RPUFHRYM B TBURPTSTSEOYE bLBDENYY oBHL J PUEOSHA 1905 ZPDB BOYNBMUS bLBDENYY oBHL W, OP HTSE BOYNBMUS FTHDPN LBVYOEFOSCHN, TBVPFBM B zhYYYuEULPK PVUETCHBFPTYY J RTYCHPDYM B RPTSDPL UCHPY TBVPFSCH. ьFP PFOPUYFUS L RETYPDH NPEK VPMSHYPK UCHSYU BLBDENYEK Y U zEPZTBZHYUEEULINE PVEEUFCHPN. ABFEN CH zEPZTBZHYUEULPN PVEEUFCHE S RPMHYUYM OBKHYUOHA CHCHUYHA OBZTBDKH ЪB UCHPY RPUMEDOYE LUREDYGYY - VPMSHYHA lPOUFBOFYOPDUPCHULKHU.
ьФБ TBVPFB RTPDPMTSBMPUSH DP SOCHBTS 1906 ЗПДБ. with RTYCH DP YCHEUFOPK UVEREY CH RPTSDPL Y RETEDBM CH RETETBVPFLKH UREGBMYUFBN UCHPY OBKHYUOSHE FTHDSCH RP LFPK LUREDYGEY.
h 1906 ZPDH, H SOCHET NEUSGE, RTPYSPYMY FBLPZP TPDB PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB. rPUME FPZP, LBL Oba zhMPF VSCHM HOYYUFPTSEO J UPCHETYEOOP RPFETSM Chui UCHPE NPZHEEUFCHP PE CHTENS OEUYUBUFOPK CHPKOSCH, ZTHRRB PZHYGETPCH, B YUYUME LPFPTSCHI VSCHM J C TEYYMY BOSFSHUS UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPK TBVPFPK, YUFPVSCH UOPCHB RPDCHYOHFSH Dempo CHPUUPDBOYS zhMPFB Q, W LPOGE LPOGPCH, DRYER YMY YOSCHN RHFEN LBL-OYVKHDSH UVBTBFSHUS CH VKHDKHEN YBZMBDYFSH FPF OBY ZTEI, LPFPTSCHK CHCHRBM ABOUT DPMA zMPFB CH FPN ZPDKH, PP'TPDYFSH zMPF OBYUBMBYU VSCHIPME h UHEOPUFY, EDYOUFCHOSHOSCHN UCHEFMSCHN DESFEMEN zhMPFB VSCHM BDNEYTBM nBLBTPCH, B DP FPZP CHTENEOI zMPF VSCHM UPCHETEOOOP OE RPDZPFKOPUCHMEO OBYEK ЪBDBYUEK SCHYMBUSH YDES CHPbTPTSDEOYS OBYEZP ZhMPFB Y NPTULPZP NPZHEEUFCHB.
zTHRRB FYI NPTULYI PZHYGETPCH, U TBTEYEOYS NPTULPZP NYOYUFTB, PVTBPCHBMB CHEEOP-NPTULPK LTHTSPL, RPMKHPZHYGIBMSHOSCHK. fBL OBN VSCHMP RTEDPUFBCHMEOP CH NPTULPK BLBDENY RPNEEEEOEE; UTEDUFCHB LPE-LBLYE NPTULPE NYOYUFETUFCHP DBMP, FBL LBL POP PFOPUYMPUSH VMBZPTSEMBFEMSHOP L FPK TBVPFE. with VSCHM B YUYUME PUOPCHBFEMEK FPZP CHPEOOP-NPTULPZP LTHTSLB B rEFTPZTBDE, zde NShch BOSMYUSH RTETSDE CHUEZP TBTBVPFLPK CHPRTPUB, LBL RPUFBCHYFSH Dempo CHPUUPDBOYS zhMPFB ON UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYI OBHYUOSCHI J RTBCHYMSHOSCHI OBYUBMBI. h TEKHMSHFBFE LFPZP, CH LPOGE LPOGPCH, NOPA Y YUMEOBNY LFPZP LTKHTSLB VSCHMB TBBTBVPFBOB VPMSHYBS ABYULB, LPFPTKHA NSCh RPUDBCHT RIPHPYP FBLPZP PTZBB, LPFPTSCHK VSCH CHEDBM UREGIBMSHOPK RPDZPFPCHLPK zhMPFB L ChPKOE, YUEZP TBOSHYE VSCHMP: VSCHM NPTULPK YFBV, LPFPTSCHK MFFSHEDBM UREGYBM. h LFPF LTHTSPL CHIPDYMY eEZMPCH, TYNULYK-lPTUBLPCH, RYMLYO; ABFEN L OENKH RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH PYEOSH NOPZYE. with DPMZPE CHTENS VSCHM RTEDUEDBFEMEN LFPZP LTKHTSLB. l RPDBOOPK ABRYULE PFOEUMYUSH PYUEOSH UPYUKHUFCHOOOP, Y CHEUOPA 1906 ZPDB VSCHMP TEYEOP UPUDBFSH NPTULPK ZEOETBMSHOSCHK YFBV. rMBO FFPV VSCHM PDPVTEO, Y CHEUOPA, RTYVMYYFEMSHOP CH BRTEME 1906 ZPDB, PO VSCHM PUHEEUFCHMEO UPDBOYEN NPTULPZP ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB. h ЬFPF ЫFBV CHPYEM Y S, CH LBYUEUFCHE ЪBCHEDHAEEZP VBMFYKULYN FEBFTPN. with VSCHM CH FP CHTENS LBRIFBOPN 2-ZP TBOZB Y SCHYMUS PDOIN YR RETCHCHI, OBOBYUEOOSCHI CH FFPF YFBV. u LFPZP READY Y OBYUYOBEFUS RETYPD, PWOYNBAEYK RTYVMYJJFEMSHOP 1906, 1907, 1908 Z.Z., - RETYPD, EUMY NPTSOP FBL CHCHTBUIFSHUTSCH VPBTSHDB. h PUOPCHBOYE CHUEZP LFPZP DEMB NPTULYN ZEOETBMSHOSCHN YFBVPN VSCHMB CHCHDCHYOHFB NPTULBS UHDPUFTPYFEMSHOBS RTPZTBNNB, LPFPPTPK DP UEOETBMSHOSCHN rPUFTPKLB UHDPCH YMB VE CHUSLPZP RMBOB, B BCHYUYNPUFY FEI PF LTEDYFPCH, LPFPTSCHE PFRHULBMYUSH ON FPF RTEDNEF, RTY Yuen DPIPDYMY DP FBLYI BVUHTDPCH, YUFP UFTPYMY OE FPF LPTBVMSH, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM OHTSEO, B FPF, LPFPTSCHK PFCHEYUBM TBNETBN PFRHEEOOSCHI ON FP UTEDUFCH. vMBZPDBTS LFPNKH RPMHYUYMYUSH LBLYE-FP ZHBOFBUFYUEULYE LPTBVMY, LPFPTSCHE CHOYLBMY OEYCHEUFOP YBYUEN.
fBLYN PVTBDPN, RTETSDE CHUEZP VSCHMB CHSCHYOHFB RMBOPNETOBS UHDPUFTPYFEMSHOBS RTPZTBNNB. rETCHBS TBVPFB, LPFPTBS VSCHMB CHCHRPMOEOB NPTULYN ZEOETBMSHOSCHN YFBVPN, YBLMAYUBMBUSH CH YHHUEOYY CHPEOOOP-RPMYFYUEULPK PVUFBOPCHL. ьFP VSCHM YNEOOOP FPF RETYPD, LPZDB NPTULPK ZEOETBMSHOSCHK YFBV TBVPFBM UPCHNEUFOP U UHIPRKHFOSCHN. ChP ZMBCHE OBYEZP YFBVB UFPSM BDNEYTBM vTHUYMPCH, B FBN ZEYETBM RBMYGSCHO. ьFP VSCHM EDYOUFCHOOSCHK RETYPD, LPFPTSCHK S OBA, LPZDB PVB YFBVB TBVPFBMY UPCHNEUFOP Y UPZMBUPCHBOOP. ьFP VSCHM RETYPD YHYUEOIS PVEEK RPMYFYUEULPK PVUFBOPCHLY, Y EEE CH 1907 ZPDKH NSCH RTYYMY L UPCHETEOOOP PRTEDEMEOOPNKH CHSCHPDKH P OEFYUKUEPKUPETS yHYuEOYE Chueca PVUFBOPCHLY CHPEOOP-RPMYFYYUEULPK, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN ZETNBOULPK, YHYUEOYE RPDZPFPCHLY ITS, ITS RTPZTBNNSCH CHPEOOPK NPTPLPK TH TH FD - UPCHETYEOOP PRTEDEMEOOP J OEYVETSOP HLBSCHCHBMP OPL ABOUT FH CHPKOH, OBYUBMP LPFPTPK NShch PRTEDEMSMY × 1915 ZPDH, HLBSCHCHBMP ON AF YUFP FB ChPKOB DPMTSOB VSCHFSH. h UCHSYU U FYN OBDP VSCHMP TEYYFSH UMEDHAEYK CHRTPU. nSCh OBMY, UFP YOYGYBFYCHB CH FPK CHIPKOE, OBYUBMP EE, VKHDEF YUIPDIFSH PF ZETNBOYY; OBMY, UFP Ch 1915 ZPDKH POB OBYUOEF CHPKOKH. OBDP VSCHMP TEYYFSH CHPRTPU, LBL NSCH DPMTSOSCH ABOUT LFP TEBZYTPCHBFSH.
rPUME DPMZPZP J CHEUSHNB DEFBMSHOPZP YHYUEOYS YUFPTYYUEULPZP J CHPEOOP-RPMYFYYUEULPZP, VSCHMP TEYEOP LBL NPTULYN, FBL J UHIPRHFOSCHN YFBVBNY, YUFP NShch VHDEN ON UFPTPOE RTPFYCHOYLPCH zETNBOYY, YUFP UPAB have zETNBOYEK BLMAYUBFSH VHDEF OEMSHS, B YUFP FB CHPKOB DPMTSOB VHDEF TEYYFSH, B LPODE LPOGPCH, CHRTPU P UMBCHSOUFCHE: VSCHFSH YMY OE VSCHFSH ENKH CH DBMSHOEKYEN. vSchMY YCHEUFOSCHE ZTHRRSCH, LPFPTSCHE TELP TBUIPDYMBUSH At FPK FPYULPK TEOYS J HLBSCHCHBMY ON OEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPAB zETNBOYEK P, OP FB RPMYFYYUEULBS PVUFBOPCHLB, LPFPTBS VSCHMB RPMPTSEOB B PUOPCHBOYE, RPLBSCHCHBMB, YUFP CHPKOB RTPYPKDEF RTPFYCH UPAB UTEDOOSCHI YNRETYK. with IPYUH FPMSHLP RPDYUETLOKHFSH, UFP CHUS ЬFB ChPKOB VSCHMB UPCHETYEOOOP RTEDCHYDEOB, VSCHMB UPCHETEOOOP RTEDKHUNPFTEOB. POB OE VSCHMB OEPTSIDBOOPK, J DBTSE RTY PRTEDEMEOIK OBYUBMB ITS PYIVBMYUSH FPMSHLP ABOUT RPMZPDB. dB J FP OENGSCH Y UBNY RTYOBAF, UFP POI OBYUBMY ITS MASS, JUEN RTEDRPMBZBMY. fBLYN PVTBDPN, CH UCHSY U PVEYN RPMYFYUEULINE 19 RPMPTSEOYEN Y VSCHMB TBTBVPFBOB UHDPUFTPYFEMSHOBS RTPZTBNNB, DPMTSEOUFBSPBCHBCH. l FPNKH READ PFOPUYFUS RETYPD YUTECHCHYUBCOP FEUOSHI UOPYEOIK PVPYI YFBVPCH, U zPUHDBTUFCHEOPK dKHNPK, LPFPTBS RTYOYNBMBME VUPUPMPHYUKOP h LFPF RETYPD 1906 - 1907 ЗЗ. TBMYUOSCHE RPMYFYUEULYE ZTHRRSCH, RPMYFYUEULYE PTZBOYIBGY - CHUE YOFETEUPCHBMYUSH CHPEOSCHNY CHRTPUBNY. NEW RTYIPDYMPUSH RPUFSOOP VSCHCHBFSH FBN CH LBYUEUFCHE DPLMBDYUILB Y ELURETFB ABOUT NOPZIY ABUEDBOYSI. fBN, YUBUFP UFBCHYMYUSH CHPTRPUSCH P OBDCHPDOPN Y RPDCHPDOPN zMPFE, Y CHPPVEE PVEEUFPYUTECHCHYUBKOP YOFETEUPCHBMPUSH LFPK CHPKOPK Y CHEOOSHCHN Y NPNTULYN. ьFPF RETYPD VSCHM YUTECHCHYUBKOP PTSYCHMEOOSCHN CH FPN UNSCHUME. l FPNKH RETYPDH PFOPUIFUS YUTECHCHCHYUBKOP VMYJLBS UCHSHSH NETSDKH PVPYNY YFBVBNY Y zPUHDBTUFCHEOOPK dKHNPK YE CHPEOOSHNY LPNYUUYSNY. h FYI CHEOOSHI LPNYUUYSI WITH VSCHM CH LBYUEUFCHE LLURETFB Y RTYUHFUFCHPCHBM ABOUT CHUEI TEYYUUYSHOP PVUKHTSDEOYS CHPRTPUPCH, LPFPTSCHE LBUBMYUSH zhMPPCH.
bMELUEECHULIK. VSCHMY MY UTUDY PZHYGETPCH ZhMPFB NPTULPZP CHEDPNUFCHB UFPTPOILY UPAB U zetnboyek, IFS VSH RP UPPVTBTSEOISN YUYUFP RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOUSCHN?
lPMYBL. with NPZKH KHLBBFSH OB VETOUB, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM FPZDB OBYIN BZEOFFPN CH zETNBOY Y LPFPTSCHK FERETSH CH UPCHEFULPK TPUUY (LBTSEFUS, RPUME bSEF POSHFSCHRBFETB) tO VSCHM PRTEDEMEOOSCHN UFPTPOOYLPN UPAB have zETNBOYEK, HLBSCHCHBS, YUFP TBTSCHCHBFSH have zETNBOYEK OEMSHS, YUFP Chueh CHPRTPUSCH, LPFPTSCHE UHEEUFCHHAF NPZHF VSCHFSH TBTEYEOSCH HDPCHMEFCHPTYFEMSHOP, J YUFP, OBPVPTPF, UPA have bOZMYEK J zhTBOGYEK OE UHMYF tPUUYY OYYUEZP, LTPNE DBMSHOEKYYI PUMPTSOEOYK. chSh, NPTSEF VSHFSH, RPNOFE PDOKH LOISKH CHEOOOP-RPMYFYUEEULPZP UPDETTSBOYS, UPYUOYOOYE hBODBMS: FBN RTPCHPDIMBUSH FB UPYULB TEUPYUPET PYNPAYP ьFP OBDEMBMP NOPZP YKHNB Y TBDEMIMP PVEEUFCHP ABOUT DCHB MBZETS: PDYO - ZETNBOULPK PTYEOFBGYY, J DTHZPK - UPAOYYUEULPK PTYEOFBGY. LTHROSCHNY RTPFYCHOYLBNY LFPK FPYUY STEOIS VSHMY BDNYTBMSCH ÜUEO Y OEROYO. bDNYTBM YUUEO VSCHM PRTEDEMEOOOP RTPFYCH OENGECH, IPFS Y VSCHM UBN OENEGLPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOYS. OEROYO VSCHM FBLCE YI RTPFYCHOYLPN Y OEOBCHYDEM OENGECH. utedy LTKHROSHI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK NPTULPZP CHEDPNUFCHB OE VSCHMP RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK ZETNBOULPK PTYEOFBGY. VPMSHYOUFCHP ULMPOSMPUSH L UPAOYUEULPK PTYEOFBGY, FBL LBL CHUEN VSCHMP CHYDOP, UFP RTYZPFPCHMEOYS ZETNBOY L CHPKOE YDHF, YUPSCH POBYUEP ZPOJP LPOEUOP, NPZMY VSCHFSH PYVLY, LPOEUOP, FBLYE CHEEY MEZUE ZPCHPTYFSh RPUF-JBLFKHN, OP FPZDB DMS NEOS, OBRTINET, PDYO FTEKULE UVPYBYM PFLTPLTPBCH s DHNBA, EUMY X NEOS Y VSCHMY NYOHFSH LPMEVBOYS, FP FTEKULE YI HOYUFFTSIM. CHESH FTEKULE YUIPDYM YY YHYUEOIS CHUEK LBTFYOSCH, CHUEK YUFPTYYUELPK UFPTPOSCH LFPZP DEMB, CHUEK RPMYFEYLY ZETNBOYY.
bMPLUEECHULIK. fBLYN PVTBDPN, OPCHPNKH NPTULPNKH ZEOETBMSHOPNKH YFBVKH RTYIPDYMPUSH UPUFBCHMSFSH RTPZTBNNKH CH UNSCHUME VPTSHVSCH U zETNBOYEK?
lPMYBL. dMS FPZP, YUFPVSH CHCHTBVPFBFSH RTPZTBNKH, OBDP VSCHMP YNEFSH PRTEDEMEOOOPZP RTPFYCHOYLB Y PRTEMEOOSCHK UTPL. ьFPF UTPL VSCHM ZHYLUYTPCHBO 1915 Z., ZMBCHOSCHK TSE RTPFYCHOIL VSCHM PRTEDEMEO, LBL ZETNBOYS. oPChBS UHDPUFTPYFEMSHOBS RTPZTBNNB VSCHMB RTYOSFB Y RTEDUFBCHMEOB CH zPUHDBTUFCHEOOHA dKhNKH, OP EDEUSH RTPYSPYMY LTKHROSCH UPVSHFYS. UPCHETEOOOP OEPTSIDBOOOP NPTULYN NYOYUPTPN VPCHPMSHUPCHUPYUFFYUPYUP YPCHPMSHUPYUPYUPYUPK. fPZDB X NPTULPZP ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB SCHYMBUSH VPMSHYBS YDES: VHDHYUY RTPFYCHOYLBNY zETNBOYY, NShch, B UHEOPUFY ZPCHPTS, RTYOBCHBMY, YUFP ZETNBOULBS CHPEOOBS PTZBOYBGYS SCHMSEFUS PVTBGPCHPK, J PVB ZEOETBMSHOSCHE YFBVB - J UHIPRHFOSCHK, J NPTULPK - UFTENYMYUSH A UPDBOYA RPMPTSEOYS ZEOETBMSHOSCHI YFBVPCH, LBL OEBCHYUYNSCHI PTZBOPCH , RPDYUYOOOSHI FPMSHLP CHETIPCHOPK CHMBUFY, B OE NYOYUFTKH. ьFP CHSCHBMP, UNEOKH rBMYGSCHOB, J SUOP VSCHMP RP NPNEOFKH, SFP UNEEEO VKHDEF J vTHUYMPCH. OP ON FPZDB ABVPMEM Y KHNET. CHUMED ЪB FYN SCHYMBUSH TEBLGYS RTPFYCH FEODEOGYK, VSCHCHYYI CH NPTULPN ZEOETBMSHOPN YFBVE. nyoyuftpn vshchm LB'OBYUEY chPECHPDULYK, LPFPTSCHK RPYuENKH-FP OBYUBM VPTSHVH U zPUHDBTUFCHEOOPK dKhNPK YNEOOP ABOUT RPYUCHE ЬFPK UHDPUFTPNTPSHEMSHOPK. PO UFBTBMUS RTERSFUFCHPCHBFSH LFPNKH Y RPCHEM VPTSHVKH U zPUHDBTUFCHEOOPK dKHNPK CH FP CHTENS, LPZDB DEMP HTSE OBMBTSYCHBMPUSH. NETSDKH FPN CHTENS YMP Y OE TsDBMP, RP OBYENKH KhVETSDEOYA, Y RTPZTBNNKH OBDP VSCHMP RTPCHPDYFSH. h LPOGE LPOGPCH, hPECHPDULYN DAMP VSCHMP RPUFBCHMEOP FBL, UFP RTPZTBNNB ЬFB PUFBOPCHYMBUSH. about NOPZYI, DMS LPFPTSCHI LFB RTPZTBNNB SCHMSMBUSH CHUEN UNSCHUMPN, GEMSHA OBYEZP UHEEUFCHPCHBOYS, CH FPN YUYUME J ABOUT NEOS, LFP RTPYFEYME CHUEN UNSCHUMPN. with VSCHM PDOIN YZ ZMBCHOSHI UPUFBCHYFEMEK RTPZTBNSCH, VPMSHYHA YUBUFSH EE s RYUBM Y TBTVBVBFSCHCHBM, OBLPOEG, U YFPK GEMSHA S YADIME CHZPUCHUPHTUKHTUKH with UFBTBMUS LFP UDEMBFSH CHP'NPTSOP VSCHUFTP, RTEIMBZBS CHUE HUYMYS, OP UDEMBFSH VSCHMP OYUEZP OEMSHSS. fPZDB With ULBBM UEVE, YUFP RTY FBLYI HUMPCHYSI, LPZDB FB RTPZTBNNB NPTULPZP NYOYUFETUFCHB OE NPZMB VSCHFSH RTPCHEDEOB dv-B TBOPZMBUYK, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY DMY NEOS OERPOSFOSCH, dv-B LBLPK-OP VPTSHVSCH, LPFPTHA THAN NPTULPK NYOYUFT have zPUHDBTUFChEOOPK dHNPK - PUFBCHBFSHUS B ZEOETBMSHOPN YFBWE WITH OE REFINERY. s CHYDEM, UFP U FIN OYUESP OEMSHS RPDEMBFSH, J RPFPNKH TEYIM POOFBCHIFSH CHPOOKHA TBVPFKH J CHETOHFSHUS L RTECOEK OBKHYUOPK DESFEMSHOPUFY. chPEChPDULYK, VHDHYUY OBOBYUEO NYOYUFTPN, OBYUBM YNEOSFSH J RETEDEMSCHCHBFSH FH RTPZTBNNH, BDETTSYCHBFSH BRTPUSCH, LPFPTSCHE DEMBMYUSH zPUHDBTUFChEOOPK dHNPK J LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY OEPVIPDYNSCH LCA TEYEOYS CHPRTPUPCH, J F. D. rPYUENKH ON FFP DEMBM, VSCHMP UPCHETYEOOOP OEYCHUFOP, OP CHTED FYN DEMKH VSCHM OBOEUEO HTSBUOSCHK. h LPOGE LPOGPCH, LFP PFTBYMPUSH FEN, UFP RTPZTBNNKH OE CHCHRPMOYMY L FPNKH UTPLKH, L LPFPTPNKH POB NPZMB Y DPMTSOB VSCMB VSCHFSH CHCHRPMOEOOE. CHOBYUBME LFB RTPZTBNNB VSCHMB FEN, UFP VSCHMP YCHEUFOP RPD YNEOEN "VPMSHYPK RTPZTBNNSCH". ABFEN POB TBURBMBUSH ABOUT DCHB RTPELFB - VPMSHYPK Y NBMSCHK. lFP VShMP DEMPN chPECHPDULPZP. OB NEOS LFP RPDEKUFCHPCHBMP UBNSCHN REYUBMSHOSCHN PVTBYPN, Y S TEYM, UFP RTY FBLYI HUMPCHYS OYUEZP OE HDBUFUS UDEMBFSH, J RPFPNBYUBEBYUPK with RETEUFBM TBVPFBFSh OBD FYN DAMPN Y OBYUBM YUIFBFSH MELGY CH nPTULPK bLBDENY, LPFPTBS VSHMB FPZDB PVTB'PCHBB. with YUIFBM MELGIY OEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH Y TEYIM, YUFP MKHYUYE CHETOHFSHUS L OBKHYUOPK TBVPFE. h FP CHTENS OBYUBMSHOYL ZMBCHOPZP ZYDTPZTBZHYYUEULPZP HRTBCHMEOYS chYMShLYGLYK (C EZP IPTPYP OBM, FBL LBL software VSCHM RPMSTOSCHK YUMEDPCHBFEMSH, B ON NEOS IPTPYP OBM Q UPYUHCHUFCHPCHBM Chueca NPEK DESFEMSHOPUFY) RTEDMPTSYM HOE PTZBOYPCHBFSH LUREDYGYA LCA YUUMEDPCHBOYS UECHETP-CHPUFPYUOPZP NPTULPZP RHFY dv bFMBOFYYuEULPZP PLEBOB H uEChETOSchK plebeians CHDPMSH VETEZPCH UYVYTY. CHUFTEFYCHYYUSH Y RPZPCHPTYCH U OYN, WITH THEM YBOSFSHUS FYN DAMPN. OBIPDSUSH CH ZEOETBMSHOPN YFBVE, S TBTBVPFBM RTPELF TFPK LUREDYGYY Y RPDBM CHYMSHLYGLPNKH. rTY TBTBVPFLE CHPRTPUB, LBL CHSCHRPMOYFSH FH LUREDYGYA, C, OF PUOPCHBOYY CHUEZP RTEDYEUFCHHAEEZP PRSCHFB RPMSTOPZP RMBCHBOYS, ON PUOPCHBOYY PRSCHFB RMBCHBOYS DEUSH ON UECHETE, PUFBOPCHYMUS ON PTZBOYBGYY OPCHPK LUREDYGYY ON UFBMSHOSCHI UHDBI MEDPLPMSHOPZP FYRB, LPOEYUOP, OE FBLYI, LPFPTSCHE NPZMY R ™ £ MPNBFSH RPMSTOSCHK ECM, FBL LBL PRSCHF "eTNBLB" RPLBBM, UFP LFP OECHSCHRPMOINP Y UFP BLFYCHOBS VPTSHVB U PLEBOULINE MSHDPN OECHP'NPTSOB. OP PRSCHF RPLBBM, YUFP LPOUFTHYTPCHBFSH UHDOP, LPFPTPE CHSCHDETTSYCHBMP R ™ £ DBCHMEOYE MSHDPCH, CHRPMOE CHPNPTSOP, YUFP FP BFTHDOEOYK OE CHSCHSCHCHBEF J YUFP, LPOEYUOP, MEZLP DPUFTPYFSH UFBMSHOPE UHDOP VPMSHYPK CHNEUFYNPUFY, LPFPTPE PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE OE VHDEF HUFHRBFSH "zhTBNH" RPUFTPEOYPNH oBOUEOPN dv DETECHB TH FPMShLP UOBVTSEOOOPNKH UVBMSHOPK PVYCHLPK. with UYUIFBM OEPVIPDYNSCHN YNEFSH DChB FBLYI UHDOB, YUFPVSH YUVETSBFSH UMKHYUBKOPUFEK, OYUVETSOSCHI CH FBLPK FLUREDYGY. h LPOGE LPOGPCH, H 1908 ZPDH ZMBCHOPE ZYDTPZTBZHYYUEULPE HRTBCHMEOYE CHSCHUFHRYMP Y RTPELFPN PTZBOYBGYY FBLPK LUREDYGYY LCA YHYUEOYS CHPRTPUB P UECHETOPN NPTULPN RHFY dv fYIPZP H bFMBOFYYuEULYK plebeians LTHZPN UECHETOPZP RPVETETSSHS uYVYTY. s, PUFBCHBSUSH RPLB CH YFBVE, RTYOYNBM CH TBATBVPFLE LFPZP RTPELFB BLFYCHOPE HUBUFE. CHUE UCHPVPDOPE CHTENS S TBVPFBM OBD FЙN RTPELFPN, EЪDYM ABOUT ЧBCHPDSCH, TBTVBVBFSCHCHBM U YOTSEOETBNY FIRSCH UHDPCH. h LFPN RTYOYNBM HYUBUFYE Y NPK VSCHCHYYK URKHFOIL nBFFYUEO. TEEOP VSCHMP RPUFTPYFSH DCHB MEDPLPSHOSHI UFBMSHOSHI UHDB, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY OBSCHBOSCH: "fBKNSCHT" Y "chBKZBYU". LPNBODYTPN VSCHM OBOBYUEO NBFFYUEO. lPZDB LFP VSCHMP TEEEOP, WITH RTPUYM PFYUUMYFSH NEOS PF ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB.
lTHTSPL PZHYGETPCH RTPDPMTSBM ZhHOLGYPOITPCHBFSH DP RPUMEDOEZP CHTENEOY, J S RTPDPMTSBM TBVPFBFSH CH LBYUEUFCHE RTEDUEDBFEMS LFPLBP LTKHTSP. with UNPFTEM ABOUT LFPF LTHTSPL, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN LBL ABOUT PVTBPCHBFEMSHOSCHK, YNEAYK GEMSHA RPDOSFSH HTPCHEOSH CHPEOOOPZP PVTBPCHBOYS CH PZHYTEGDEUET. PBN DEMBMYUSH YOFETEUOSCHE DPLMBDSCH, RTPYCHPDYMYUSH OBHYUOSCHE TBVPFSCH TH FD tEYYCh BOSFSHUS CHUEGEMP DEMPN LUREDYGYY, W 1908 ZPDH HYEM dv ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB J CHUEGEMP RPUCHSFYM UEVS OBVMADEOYA B RPUFTPKLPK FYI UHDPCH ON OECHULPN UHDPUFTPYFEMSHOPN BCHPDE. h 1909 ZPDKH UHDB VSCHMY URHEEOSCH, Y NSCH PUEOSHA HYMY OB DBMSHOYK chPUFPL, U FEN, YUFPVSH MEFPN 1910 ZPDB RTPKFY YUETE'VETYOZPCH RTPMYCH ABOUT UEFPUCHTOHPYUCHAPYUCHPH. with LPNBODPCHBM "chBKZBYUEN", "fBKNSCHTPN" TSE LPNBODPCHBM UOBUBMB nBFFYUEO. ьФП VSCHMY UHDB MEDPLPMSHOPZP FIRB. yDES YI UPUFPSMB CH FPN, YUFPVSCH MED OE MPNBM Y OE DBCHYM YI. rPFPNH Sing PVMBDBMY YUTECHSCHYUBKOP UYMSHOSCHN LPTRHUPN J UTBCHOYFEMSHOP UMBVSCHNY NBYYOBNY, FBL LBL ZMBCHOSCHK CHPRTPU B DBOOPN UMHYUBE, FP - VPMSHYPK TBDYHU DEKUFCHYS, B MEDPLPMSHOPZP FYRB UHDB HYUYFSCHCHBAF FH YDEA HDBTPCH J UTSBFYS MSHDB. fBLPN PVTBDPN PE CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOE 1909 ZPDB NSCH HYMY OB DBMSHOYK chPUFPL YYUETEEN UDYENOPE NPTE YODYKULYK PLEBO CHEUOPK 1910 ZPDB RTYBDYCHMY MPHMPU chMPU. FBL LBL NShch RTYYMY PE chMBDYChPUFPL HTSE RPDOP, OP ZMBCHOSCHN ZYDTPZTBZHYYUEULYN HRTBCHMEOYEN VSCHMB RPUFBCHMEOB OPL BDBYUB RTPKFY B FPN ZPDH vETYOZPCh RTPMYCH J PVUMEDPCHBFSH TBKPO FPZP RTPMYCHB, YNES PUOPCHOSCHN RHOLFPN LCA UYAENPL J VPMSHYYI BUFTPOPNYYUEULYI OBVMADEOYK NSCHU dETsOECh, J BFEN CHETOHFSHUS PVTBFOP PE chMBDYChPUFPL ON YNPCHLH, B CH UMEDHAEEN ZPDH YFFY DBMSHYE. nSCH HYMB YJ CHMBDYCHPUFPLB Y CHCHRPMOYMY LFH YBDBYUH. CHCHYMY AB VETYOZPCH RTPMYCH RP OBRTBCHMEOYA L NSCHUH DETSOECHB.
ьLUREDYGYS VSCHMB PYUEOSH IPTPYP PVPTHDPCHBOB DMS YFPK GEMB, CH PUPVEOPUFY "chBKZBYU", LPFPTSCHK VSCHM PVPTKHDPCHBO UREGIBMSHOP DMSBYTFYBYUPPE. with ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN TBVPFBM RP PLEBOPZTBZHYY Y ZYDTPMPZYY. PUEOSHA NSCH CHETOKHMYUSH PE chMBDYCHPUFPL ABOUT YNPCHLH Y DMS TENPOFB, U FEN, YUFPVSH MEFPN RPTBOSHYE DCHYOHFSHUS ABOUT LEAVING Y RTPDPMTSBFSH UYUVUFENBFY. rP RTYVSCHFYY PE chMBDYCHPUFPL S RPMHYUYM FEMEZTBNNSH PF FPZP TCE chPECHPDULPZP, VSCHCHYEZP NPTULYN NYOYUFTPN, J OBYUBMSHOILB NPTULPZMFSHP ZEPO MYCHEO. MYCHEO VSCHM OBYUBMSHOILPN ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB RPUME vTHUYMPCHB Y, OEUNPFTS ABOUT UCHPE OENEGLPE RTPYUIPTSDEOYE, VSCHM UVTBYOSCHN RTPPFNYCHOENGEYL. h UFYI FEMEZTBNNBI MYCHEO Y hPECHPDULYK RTPUIMY NEOS RTYEIBFSH CH rEFTPZTBD Y RTPDPMTSBFSH NPA TBVPFKH CH NPTULPN ZEOETBMSHOPN UPTULPN ZEOETBMSHOPN UPUZPDULYK RTPUNT TEEOP VSCHMP PE YUFP VSH FP OY UFBMP RTPYCHPDYFSH LFKH RTPZTBNKH Y RTYUFKHRYFSH L RPUFTKLE OPCHCHI UHDPCH. rPUME OELPFPTPZP LPMEVBOYS, WITH DBM UCHPE UPZMBUYE ABOUT CHUCHTBEEOYE.
h 1910 ZPDH WITH POOFBCHYM LUREDYGYA Y CHETOHMUS. x NEOS PRSFSH SCHYMBUSH OBDETSDB, UFP, NPTSEF VSHFSH, HDBUFUS DAMP OBRTBCHYFSH. rPFPNKH S CHETOKHMUS CH NPTULPK ZEOETBMSHOSCHK YFBV Y VSCHM UOPCHB OBOBYUEO ABOUT FP TSE NEUFP OBCHEDSCHBAEEZP VBMFYKULINE FEBFTPN. NEOS CHUE NFP CHTENS EBNEBM NPK RPNPEOIL, J S RTYOSM DAMP RPYUFY CH RTECOEN UPUFFPSOY, FBL LBL ЪB CHTENS NPEZP RPMKHZPDPCHPZP PFYUSHFUHPUF OUP with RTYVSCHM CH REFTPZTBD YYNPK 1910 ZPDB Y PUFBCHBMUS FBN 1911 ZPD DP CHEUOSCH 1912 ZPDB. h YFBVE S ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBJPN TBVPFBM OBD DEFBMSNY UHDPUFTPYFEMSHOPK RTPZTBNSCH Y EE TEBMY'BGYEK, HUFBOPCHLPK OPCHPZP FIRB UHDPFBM CHPP zhp rP LFPK DPMTSOPUFY S OBIPDYMUS CH PYUEOSH FEUOPK UCHSYU U BDNYTBMPN ÜUEOPN Y YFBVPN LPNBODHAEZP VBMFYKULINE zMPFPN NOOFPUHUMPU LUBLUB NEW RTYIPDYMPUSH RTYOYNBFSH HYUBUFYE CH NBOECHTBI, TBUUNBFTYCHBFSH ABDBOYS DMS NYOETPCH Y F. D. fBLYN PVTBDPN, S OBIPDIMUS CH FEUOOL UPNBMSYUP. fB DPMTSOPUFSH, LPFPTBS CH UHIPRKHFOPN CHEDPNUFCHE OPUIF OBUYF OBUCHBOYE LCHBTFYTNEKUFETB, PE ZhMPFE OPUIF OBUCHBOYE ZhMBZ-LBRIFBOB RP PRETBIFYCHOUPK YUHIPBUK fBLYN ZhMBZ-LBRYFBOPN RP PRTBFYCHOPK YUBUFY CH YFBVE BDNYTBMB ьUUEOB VSCHM bMSHFZHBFET, U LPFPTSCHN S OBIPDYMUS RPUFPPSOOP CH UCHPDFE OB TBP zh h 1912 ZPDH BDNEYTBM UUEO ЪBSCHYM NOE, UFP PO IPFEM VSH, UFPVSH S RPUFHRIM CH DEKUFCHHAEYK zhMPF. NEOS UBNPZP PYUEOSH FSZPFYMP RTEVSCHBOYE ABOUT VETEZKH, WITH YUKHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS HUFBMSCHN,
TH NOE IPFEMPUSH PFDPIOHFSH CH PVSCHYUOPK UVTPECHPK UMKHTSVE, ZDE CHUE TSE VSCHMP MEZUE. with LFP PFLTPCHEOOOP CHCHULBBM; ABSCHYM, UFP ZMBCHOKHA ABDBYUH S CHSCHRPMOYM, UFP DAMP UDEMBOP Y UFP FERETSH POOFBEFUS FPMSHLP UMEDIFSH FEYOYUEULY, YUPPVSH DEMBTSEOUMEPE. rPUMEDOEE, UFP S UDEMBM, LFP VSCHMP HYUBUFE CH TBTVBVPFLE DEFBMEK OPCHPZP FIRB PZTPNOSCHI LTEKUETPCH - FIRB "LINEVHTO", OP POI PRPDBMY. h 1912 ZPDH WITH HYEM Y NPTULPZP ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB J RPUFHRIM CH NYOOHA DYCHYYYA LPNBODYTPN LULBDTEOOOPZP NYOPOPUGB "hUUHTYEG". with LPNBODPCHBM "HUUHTYKGEN" ZPD, ABFEN VSCHM CH MAYVBCHE, ZDE VSCMB VBB NYOOPK DYCHYYY. YUETEZ ZPD BDNEYTBM ьUUEO RTYZMBUYM NEOS VSCHFSH ZhMBZ-LBRIFBOPN RP PRETBFYCHOPK YUBUFY X OEZP CH YFBVE. rTY BDNEYTBME YUUEO, LPFPTSCHK DETTSBM UCHPK ZhMBZ ABOUT VTOEOPUOPN LTEKETE "TATYL", UPUFSM CH EZP TBURPTSTSEOY PDYO YY MKHYUYTEPO UPUGUGULBD. ON UPUFFPSM OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOP CH TBURPTSTSEOY BDNYTBMB ÜUEOB, LPFPTSCHK ABOUT OEN IPDYM RPUFPSOOP RP vBMFYKULPNKH NPTA. s, VKHDKHYUY ZhMBZ-LBRIFBOPN CH YFBVE yUUEOB, CH FP TCE CHTENS VSCHM LPNBODYTPN "rPZTBOYUOYLB". bDNYTBM yUUEO CHUE FP CHTENS VSCHM FP X NEOS ABOUT "rPZTBOYUOYUOIL", FP ABOUT "TATE". h LFPK DPMTSOPUFY LPNBODYTB "rPZTBOYUOILB" WITH PUFBCHBMUS ZPD, CH DPMTSOPUFY TSE ZhMBZ-LBRIFBOB PUFBCHBMUS Y OB CHOKOE.
h LFPN ZPDKH CHUE RTYOBLY CHPEOOOP-RPMYFYUEULPK BFNPUZHETSCH YUTEACHSCHYUBKOP UZHUFYMYUSH. dms CHUEEI VSCHMB SUBS VMY'PUFSH PPYOSCH. бДНЙТБМБ ЬУУЕОО YUTECHCHCHYUBKOP ЪБВПФЙМБ HUYMEOOBS RPDZPFPFCHLB UP UFPTPOSCH CHPKUL. PO CHUA DHYKH CHLMBDSCHBM DMS RPDZPFPCHLJ zMPFB L CHCHRPMOEOYA RTPZTBNSCH CHEOOSHI DEKUFCHYK, LPFPTBS UHEUFCHPCHBMB ABOUT UMHYUBUCHB UHEUFCHPCHBMB ABOUT UMHYUBUCHB UMBETN. aboutB "rPZTBOYUOYLE" WITH POOFBCHBMUS ZPD. BFEN YUTECHSCHYUBKOP UETSHEOSCHE J ZTPOSCHE RTYOBLY, LPFPTSCHE CHPOYLMY CHEUOPK 1914 ZPDB PFOPUYFEMSHOP CHPKOSCH, BUFBCHYMY BDNYTBMB UUEOB RTYLBBFSH HOE UDBFSH "rPZTBOYYuOYL" J RETEKFY B EZP OERPUTEDUFCHEOOSCHK YFBV ON "tATYL".
oEUNPFTY ABOUT FP, UFP U CHEUOSCH DP OBYUBMB CHOKOSCH YMB RPDZPFPCHLB zMPFB L CHOKOE, VMBZPDBTS DESFESHOPUFY chPECHPDULPZP NSCH L CHOE OSCHP VSCHMY CHMU ьFB RTPZTBNNB, OBYUYOBS U UKHDPUFTPYFEMSHOPK, U LPFPTPK VSCHMP UCHSBOP CHUE PUFBMSHOPE, VSCMB BDETTSBOB chPECHPDULINE OB DCHB ZPDB. SFP LBUBEFUS DTHZYI RTYUYO ABDETTSLY CH CHCHRPMOOOY LFPK RTPZTBNNSCH, FP Y RPNYNP MADEK FBLYI RTYYUYO VSCHMP NOPZP. rTYYuYOPK FPZP VSCHMB RTETSDE CHUEZP UBNBS PTZBOYBGYS NPTULPZP NYOYUFETUFCHB J ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN EZP FEIOYYUEULYI PFDEMPCH, Wu YEE UFTBYOPK LBOGEMSTEYOPK J CHPMPLYFPK B UOPYEOYSI have BCHPDBNY, I HFCHETTSDEOYEN YUETFETSEK, I TBTEYEOYEN CHUECHPNPTSOSCHI CHPRTPUPCH, UCHSBOOSCHI have UHDPUFTPEOYEN. CHUE LFP UVTBYOP PFTBTSBMPUSH ABOUT DEMA. fBLYN PVTBPN, PDOPK Y RTYUYO SCHMSMUS FBLCE WATPLTBFYNN, VSCHCHYK CH'FYI HYUTETSDEOISI. ьFP VSCHMP HTSBUOPE NEUFP, U LPFPTSCHN ZEOETBMSHOSCHK YFBV RSCHFBMS CHEUFY VPTSHVKH, OP FEEFOP.
bMELUEECHULIK. rPNYNP FYI PVUFPSFEMSHUFFCH, METSBEYI CH YMYYOE WATPLTBFYUEULPN IBTBLFETE HYUTETSDEOIK NPTULPZP CHEDPNUFCHB, Y RPNYNPJP Ф, РФ CHCHRPMOEOIS LFPK RTPZTBNNSCH?
lPMYBL. LPOEYUOP, FBLYE TBZPCHPTSCH VSCHMY, OP JBLFYUEULY LFP FTKHDOP VSCHMP DPLBBBFSH. h NPTULPK UTEDE LBBMPUSH RPDP'TYFEMSHOSCHN, PV LFPN ZPCHPTYMY, OP ZhBLFYUEULY DPLBBFSH LFP VSCHMP OECHP'NPTSOP. pV ФFPN YMY TBZPCHPTSCH CH LBAF-LPNRBOYSI, OP PZHYGIBMSHOP ULBBFSH PV FPN S ЪBFTHDOSAUSH. l FPNKH TSE OBDP YNEFSH CHYDKH, UFP ЬFP PVEEUUCHPKUFPCHP CHPPTHTSEOPPK UYMSCH, CH FPN YUYUME Y UVTPECHPZP zMPFB, - PVCHYOSFSH FSHM PE CHUEIEF ZTEIVSCHEBUTPUTPUTPU rETUPOBMSHOP LFY TBZPCHPTSCH OY L LPNKH OE RTYKHTPYUYCHBMYUSH. fBLYN PVTBPN, RETYPD 1914 ZPDB, I OBYUBMB CHEUOSCH, B VBMFYKULPN zhMPFE RTPYEM HUYMEOOPK TBVPFE W, W ULPTEKYEN HFCHETTSDEOYY RTPZTBNN UFTEMSHVSCH, RPDZPFPCHLY NYOOSCHI HYUEOYK Q FD, FBL LBL CHPKOB LBBMBUSH Chueh VPMEE J VPMEE RTYVMYTSBAEEKUS. RETED UBNSCHN OBYUBMPN CHOKOSCH S VSCHM ABOUT PFTSDE RPDCHPDOPZP RMBCHBOYS CH vBMFYKULPN zhMPFE. vHDKHYUY JMBZ-LBRIFBOPN, WITH EDIM YUBUFP YOURELFYTPCHBFSH RP UCHPEK DPMTSOPUFY CH vBMFYKULPN RPTFH. BFEN NEOS UPCHETYEOOP UTPYUOP RPFTEVPCHBM UUEO tEChEMSh B (FP VSCHMP RTYNETOP 16 YAMS RFP) zde Software BSCHYM, YUFP TBTSCHCH have zETNBOYEK J bChUFTYEK RPYUFY OENYOHEN, J YUFP ECPAT ZPFPCHYFSHUS A CHSCHRPMOEOYA FPZP RMBOB, LPFPTSCHK NShch CHSCHTBVPFBMY. ьFPF RMBO VBYTPCHBMUS ABOUT FPN, YUFPVSCH CH OBYVPMEE KHLPK YUBUFY zhYOULPZP YBMYCHB, NETSDKH RBTLBMBKHDPN Y OBTZEOPN, CHSCHUFBSCHIPEIPESH UYMSHIPUM
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Smart and disposed to do good, nervous, stubborn and changeable, very distrustful of people. Disliked by the courtiers who feared him: "he will indifferently eliminate the person whom he recently caressed" (Rasputin's characteristic Imperial family friend).
Vyrubova The Empress's best friend- a friend of the queen, her confidant during many years of an unhappy life. For Vyrubova and the tsar had a great habit and a caring attitude towards her (often, nevertheless, he was annoyed for a short time by her simplicity of mind); phonograph of words and suggestions and completely devoted to Rasputin, obedient and obedient. There is no state thought of its own, it mechanically conveyed what I heard.
Rasputin is the connection between power and the world. A trusted interpreter of ongoing movements, a connoisseur of people. Great influence on the king, huge - on the queen. According to the queen, he taught her to believe and pray to God; put on bows, instilled in her calmness and sleep. Anyone else, approaching the king, would have met the queen's will on his way; Rasputin, on the other hand, had not only her support, but obedience, the worship of Vyrubova and the love of the tsar's children. He called the king dad. The queen is a mother. He spoke to everyone in "you". The care and attention to him on the part of the queen was special: his shirts were embroidered by her, silk, the cross on his neck was gold on a gold chain and the clasp was "H", with the letter of the sovereign. Rasputin's conversation with the Tsar and Tsarina was firm and confident. I myself have never seen them together, but I received advice from Vyrubova and the tsarina to speak with the tsar definitely, calmly and more firmly: "That's how Grigory Efimovich spoke." My belief is that Rasputin had hypnotic power. His mind was shrewd, completely uneducated, and in the company of people he knew little about he behaved like an abnormal person. In the presence of acquaintances, this did not manifest itself in him. He loved wine and was undoubtedly an erotomaniac. Was he a whip? I don't know, but there was sectarianism in him. I heard that the synod has a case about him, which was closed several years ago.
Voeikov - was constantly with the tsar and knew how to choose both the time of the report of affairs, and its successful forms. Before he was close to the tsarina, Rasputin and Vyrubova, then he moved away. After Rasputin's death, a noticeable rapprochement with Vyrubova took place again. He was loved by the heir, with whom he worked. An intelligent, ambitious, strong-willed person with a commercial natural gift.
A special feature is isolation in the royal family and a great mystical mood. Rasputin, Vyrubova and partly Voeikov entered the family circle.
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Keywords
Timeline - century
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Bibliographic description:
Emelyanov Yu.N. Poet Alexander Blok and the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry in 1917 // Research on the source study of the history of Russia (until 1917). On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I.Buganov: collection of articles / otv. ed. N.M. Rogozhin. M., 2012.S. 344-365.
Article text
Yu.N. Emelyanov
THE POET ALEXANDER BLOK AND THE EMERGENCY INVESTIGATIVE COMMISSION 1917
The poet and revolution are the eternal theme of world culture and history. Suffice it to recall André Chénier, the author of the Marseillaise, the revolutionary anthem of France, and Alexander Blok, the author of the poem The Twelve, the poem of Doom and Resurrection. The first one finished his life path on the guillotine. The second, in the whirlwind of revolutionary days, strove to hear the still faint rumbles of the approaching new storm.
The events and people of 1917 are moving further and further away from us. We, nevertheless, after almost 90 years, again and again turn to the testimonies of that time, we read them more carefully, we look more objectively at the faces of those who were the creator or witness of these events. Revealing new materials makes it possible to take a fresh look at old ones, which, in turn, forms a more sober, not prejudiced opinion. It took years of suffering and hardship to realize this.
In this regard, the publications of the 1920s, which appeared on the pages of the émigré edition “Archive of the Russian Revolution” (hereinafter - APP), are of great importance in this regard. From 1921 to 1937, 22 volumes were published in Berlin. In 1991 - 1993 all volumes were reprinted in Russia. The publisher of the APP was Iosif Vladimirovich Gessen (1866 - 1943), a well-known lawyer, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, member of the second State Duma. In 1919 he emigrated to Germany, where he founded and headed the publishing house "Slovo" in Berlin; together with V.D. Nabokov (the father of the famous writer), edited the Rul newspaper. Hesse was the author of the memoirs "In Two Centuries", which were included in the APP (v. XXII) and "The Years of Exile: A Life Report" (Paris. 1979).
A huge live material was deposited on the pages of the collections. Each volume of the APP presented the readers with another sensational zest. Thus, its first issue was opened with a long article by V.D. Nabokov on the activities of the Provisional Government. Soon, the attention of readers, both in Soviet Russia and abroad, was attracted by the article by A.A. Bloc "The Last Days of the Old Regime". The publishers of this material in Berlin noted the second nature of its publication, which, in turn, was not noticed by the reviewers in exile. This work of Blok was originally published in Soviet Russia by the famous historian and publisher P.E. Dandy. Two years later, a second edition was published here under the title "The Last Days of the Imperial Power". This text of the book does not include the characteristics of individuals, which are vivid, mostly psychological sketches.
The 1921 edition contained six appendices: 1) a letter from the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich to Nicholas II dated December 25, 1916 - February 4, 1917; 2) a note drawn up in a circle by A.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and transferred to Nicholas II by Prince N.D. Golitsyn in November 1916; 3) an explanatory note on the previous note drawn up in the circle of Rimsky-Korsakov; 4) a letter to N.A. Maklakov, imprisoned in the fortress, to Nicholas II in the second half of December 1916; 5) a meeting of the members of the Progressive Bloc with A.D. Protopopov, arranged at M.V. Rodzianko on October 19, 1916, and 6) the last most submissive report of M.V. Rodzianko dated February 10, 1917. When this work was included in the collected works of Blok (L., 1936, T. 8. P. 151 - 228), these appendices were omitted, although they are of great interest for understanding the situation in the capital in the days before February 1917 of the year.
A new publication of Blok's work was undertaken in 1978 by the Paris publishing house "Libraire de Sialsky", which, in turn, served as the basis for a third edition in 1991 in Minsk, again without any comments, like the previous second edition. It is completely incomprehensible why domestic publications were neglected in Minsk.
What caused this interest in Blok's article then, and how can it be explained today?
The basis of these two above-named publications are the thoughts and observations of Blok during his work in the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry of the Provisional Government. A number of publications are devoted to the national historiography of the commission's activities, Blok's participation in it and the poet's historical views.
From 1916 to February 1917, Blok, with the assistance of his friend V.A. Sorgenfreya was enrolled on July 7, 1916 as a timekeeper in the 13th engineering and construction squad of the Union of Zemstvos and Cities, created at the beginning of the war by liberal circles of industrialists and landowners to help the front, which eliminated the soldiery and ensured, in essence, an official position. The squad was in the Pinsk swamp zone, where reserve positions for the troops of the Western Front were located. In January 1917, an officer came to the squad with an audit, it turns out to be none other than A.N. Tolstoy. He was perplexed that a well-known poet was showing him office books. When asked by the writer about other occupations, the poet answered shortly: "No, I am not doing anything."
Blok left the squadron on March 17, 1917 on a month's leave and on March 19 arrived in Petrograd. The capital was seething with revolutionary passions: Nicholas II abdicated the throne, the monarchy fell, and the formation of the Provisional Government was announced. Blok enthusiastically succumbed to the general mood, exultation, which was reflected in his letter to his mother: “... Everything that has happened makes me happy. What has happened that no one else can appreciate, because history has not yet known such a scale. " Three days later, in the next letter to his mother, he again shares his impressions: “Never one of us could think that we would witness such simple miracles that were performed every day ... Unusual majestic freedom ... Walking around the city as in a dream ... A picture of a coup for me more or less clear: something supernatural, delightful. " But soon the degree of enthusiasm gives way to serious reflections. Sending another letter to his mother, the poet writes: “I do not have a clear view of what is happening, while by the will of fate I have been made a witness of a great era. By the will of fate (not by my weak strength) I am an artist, i.e. witness...". But Blok also sees the reverse side of events, when police stations and institutions of political investigation are being smashed in the capital, when the documents of the fund of the Petrograd gendarme administration were almost completely destroyed. Shocked by what he saw, he wrote to his mother: "The Lithuanian castle and the district court were burnt to the ground, the whole beauty of their facades, licked by fire, is striking, all the abomination that disgraced them from the inside burned out."
For him, one thing is clear - he must immediately go about his business, and fate gave him such an opportunity.
On March 4, the Provisional Government announced the creation of an "Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the illegal actions of former ministers, chief executive officers and other senior officials of both civilian and military and naval departments." This decision was published in the "Bulletin of the Provisional Government" on March 5. A.F. Kerensky, then the Minister of Justice, speaking before the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, justifying his entry into the Provisional Government, said: "In my hands were the representatives of the old government, and I did not dare to let them out of my hands ..." and accepted " an offer made to me to join the Provisional Government as Minister of Justice. " Having shown the initiative in this matter, Kerensky considered the commission to be his brainchild, which is confirmed by the testimony of N.P. Karabchevsky, a well-known St. Petersburg lawyer. The work of the commission itself began somewhat later. A few days later, a well-known lawyer, Moscow lawyer, Nikolai Konstantinovich Muravyov (1870 - 1936) was appointed its chairman, with the rights of a deputy minister of justice. Karabchevsky recalls that Kerensky once noticed that the choice of the candidacy was determined by him personally and the reason for this was the fact that if at one time Muravyov-Vilensky mercilessly dealt with the Polish uprising of 1863, now “our Muravyov will catch awe ".
The composition of the commission members was also determined: Senator S.V. Ivanov, Major General, Military Prosecutor V.A. Apushkin, prosecutor S.V. Zavadsky (who was soon replaced by Kharkiv prosecutor B.N.Smitsky), prosecutor of the Moscow District Court L.P. Olyshev, prosecutor of the Vilna court chamber A.F. Romanov, Doctor of Philosophy, member of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party V.M. Zenzinov, historians S.F. Oldenburg, E.V. Tarle and P.E. Shchegolev, lawyer D.D. Grimm, from the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, lawyer, social democrat ND Sokolov (author of the "sad" memory of "Order No. 1"), as well as F.I. Rodichev, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, lawyer, deputy of the 1st - 4th State Dumas, minister of the Provisional Government. Colonel S.A. Korenev also calls L.M. Karakhan, adding - "then still a Menshevik", later a well-known Soviet diplomat, a Bolshevik. In addition, special commissions were created, such as the Naval and Military Commissions. It functioned as an auxiliary body under the chairmanship of P.E. Shchegolev Commission to review the activities of the Police Department.
On May 7, Blok enthusiastically accepted the offer to be the editor of the verbatim records of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry. The fact is that at the beginning F.A. Chervinsky, who on June 2 resigned from the commission, after which Muravyov and invited Blok to deal with these materials. The bloc, hoping, thus, to join the secrets of the fallen regime, to try to find and uncover the tragic turns in the history of the great country, accepted this proposal. The case turned out, at first, lively, interesting, had to be present during interrogations. The work was considered secret and was not subject to publicity. Interrogations were carried out in the hall of the Winter Palace or in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in the old Commandant's house, where the Decembrists were once interrogated.
The commission was to consider the activities of the former tsarist dignitaries who belonged to the first three classes according to the "Table of Ranks". These powers did not extend to the king and his family. In total, 700 cases were opened, 88 interrogations were conducted, some persons were interrogated several times. Of the 59 interrogated there were 20 ministers, including 4 former prime ministers (I.L. Goremykin, V.N.Kokovtsov, B.V. Shtyurmer and the last chairman of the Council of Ministers N.D. Golitsyn). An interesting detail. It was known that there were two protocols of interrogation of Kokovtsov. Shchegolev managed to publish only the first, and the second was lost, but discovered half a century later in the funds of the TsGAOR and was soon published by AL. Sidorovs. Many ministers, although they were arrested, were kept under investigation and interrogated, but were gradually released. The same ministers who tried to cooperate with the investigation, they were not arrested at all. The court was also given testimony by 10 comrade ministers and senators, 11 officials of the police and gendarme organs, 10 public figures - from the Black Hundreds Markov-II, to the Social-Democrat N.Ye. Chkheidze, two ministers of the Provisional Government (A.I. Guchkov and P.N. Milyukov), two generals - N.I. Ivanov (sent in February by the Headquarters to suppress the revolution in Petrograd) and the former commander of the Petrograd military district S.S. Khabalov.
But the commission, according to the regulations, not only did not have the courage to interrogate Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, but even the search of the tsar and tsarina was resolutely protested by the majority of the commission members. In interrogations, dignitaries of reference to the tsar were often met, but interrogators and interrogators also tried to present Nicholas II as a passive "bearer of power" who was under constant pressure from all sides and did not show his own role. In a word, “the king has nothing to do with it,” his entourage is to blame.
Undoubtedly, the decisive factor in bringing the tsar and tsarina to the inquiry was Milyukov's notorious speech in the Duma on November 1, 1916, with the statement: "Stupidity or treason?" Suspicion of treason fell on the royal family. Was it really? In this regard, it is appropriate to cite the testimony of I.A. Ilyin. In his essay "Meetings and Conversations," he refers to a conversation in 1917 with P.B. Struve and his own question to him: "and what, the Commission of Inquiry ... found in the affairs of the royal family something suspicious or accusatory in the sense of high treason?" Asking this question, Ilyin already knew from the members and employees of this commission that “the investigation refuted all the slander and rumors spreading in this direction.” Stepun answered unequivocally: “No, nothing, absolutely nothing; complete rehabilitation! " Ilyin asks the following question - and on what basis then did Miliukov in the Duma cast down the accusation of treason to the Tsar and Tsarina? To which Struve reacted, while, according to Ilyin, “slightly hesitated”: “You see ... He also had no grounds ... But at the same time, the central committee of the Constitutional-Democratic Party believed that in currently against the royal family politically insinuating". And, as Ilyin concludes: "Out of indignation, I could not continue this conversation."
The hierarchs of the higher clergy were not involved either, and above all, Metropolitan Pitirim, who was part of Rasputin's entourage. In addition, among the interrogated were the palace commandant V.N. Voeikov, maid of honor A.A. Vyrubova, a well-known provocateur O.K. Lakhtin , Prince M.M. Andronnikov, journalist I.F. Manasevich-Manuilov and many others. dr.
For some reason, Soviet publications do not mention the testimony of V.I. Lenin on May 26 at the Extraordinary Commission on the case of the provocateur R.V. Malinovsky, although there are direct indications of this fact in the literature.
All the interrogated tried to portray the matter in such a way that they did not interfere in "politics". When the chairman of the commission of inquiry asked what they meant by “politics,” they answered that politics is the business of the emperor, the empress and ... Rasputin.
As a result of interrogations, a picture of the functioning of the government apparatus, its domestic and foreign policy for 12 years (since 1905), the methods of action of the "dark forces" that surrounded the throne, the behavior of the leaders of the bourgeois parties, the secrets of the security department, the "holy of holies" of the Russian autocracy. As a result, as Blok put it, "a sad freak show was opened ...".
It should be noted right away that many researchers use the characteristics of the poet for this or that person, deposited in his letters or notebooks. These characteristics, as a rule, are often very harsh, which is the result of his first direct impressions, when Blok tried to record everything that was happening in front of his eyes. A completely different picture appears in the essay "The Last Days of the Old Regime". Here the poet is more restrained in his emotional impulse, which is more in line with his desire to give a "political essay", which is written in a "protocol-business tone" and is sustained in a strictly objective style. The author "refrains from personal characteristics", a feature noted by K.V. Mochulsky, a well-known literary critic and poet of the Russian Diaspora. Many months of work in the Extraordinary Commission convinced Blok that one should not exaggerate the personal significance of each of the interrogated. He rejects everything that is anecdotal, "everything that is tabloid-alluring."
The first chapter of the Report or essay "The Last Days of the Old Regime" is entitled "The State of Power", which outlines such topics as "The Disease of the State Body of Russia", "Tsar, Empress, Vyrubova, Rasputin", "Great Dukes", "Dvor", " Mugs; Badmaev, Andronnikov and Manasevich-Manuilov, "Right", "Government; Council of Ministers; Sturmer, Trepov and Golitsyn "," The attitude of the government to the Duma "," Gr. Ignatiev and Pokrovsky "," Belyaev "," N. Maklakov and Beletsky "," Protopopov ".
The author states that the state organism of Russia is "afflicted with a disease" that cannot be cured by conventional means. Russia will inevitably face a shock, the first period of which passed "relatively painlessly" (meaning the February Revolution).
The immediate impetus to the development of the crisis of the system, according to Blok, was the first World War, which shattered the state organism, exposing all its "decrepitude", and most importantly, deprived it of its "last creative strength." Further, Blok gives characteristics to the actors of this cumbersome system of state power, headed by Emperor Nicholas II.
Nicholas II and his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, who, as you know, were not involved in interrogations, but appear in Blok's essay in his understanding of the causes of the Russian catastrophe, and the direct involvement of these persons in it. As he notes, Nicholas II is a “stubborn” man and at the same time “weak-willed, nervous”, “twitchy” and “cautious”, and therefore “distrustful of people”, in fact, “is not his own master”. The characteristic is psychologically very capacious, which makes it possible to explain many of the causes of the disease of the entire Russian state organism.
As for the Russian empress, Blok believes that Alexandra Feodorovna, Princess of Hesse, is a “proud woman” who did not like Russia and the Russian people, whom many found “smart and brilliant”, in fact, having a “more solid character” than her husband, has long been able to direct the "will of the king." Wholly under the influence of Rasputin, who called her Catherine II, she "really ruled Russia." These are all indirect characteristics, by no means based on a person's personal perception, but only the result of inner convictions.
It should be noted that this was a widespread opinion and even found its embodiment in the play by A.N. Tolstoy and P.E. Schegolev (Blok's ally on the Extraordinary Commission), "The Empress's Conspiracy." The authors saw the essence of the conspiracy in Rasputin's desire to inspire Alexandra Fedorovna with the idea of becoming Catherine II and removing her husband from the throne.
The king, queen, court and the entire government circle knew and saw that the state ship was inexorably sinking, but their "lack of will, blindness and hysteria" did what no "dark forces" combined could have done. Some leaders tried to fix something. So, the grand dukes, who were in opposition to the tsar, in their repeated letters to him (in particular, the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich) drew the attention of Nicholas II to the fact that his policy runs counter to the desire of the people and that it is necessary to give freedom to "social forces ". But the tsar did not heed all these calls, for he listened to other mentors and, above all, Rasputin, who, influencing Nicholas II, was able to gradually eliminate the grand ducal influence on the royal family. The tsar remained deaf to all these calls, for he, in essence, no longer possessed the initiative.
A different picture appears before the reader when it comes to Blok's personal impressions.
The first in this row is the lady-in-waiting A.A. Vyrubova, who obviously could not tell the commission anything important. At the first acquaintance with her, which took place in the cell of the Peter and Paul Fortress, Blok saw a "gorgeous lady of 33 years old" who "stood by the bed, propping her wide (disfigured) shoulder with a crutch ..." that Vyrubova had "all the data to be a Russian beauty, but everything has long been and irreparably distorted, worn out by something." Later, Blok will return to this topic and, summing up his impressions, will say that “There is not a single word of truth in Vyrubova's testimony, although she herself lied only where it is impossible to recognize (Rasputin is not in the world), or where it is needed for her beloved familiar family. How terrible the very existence of such women is: they are as disgusting as they are charming; but translating this into the language of the future, into the honest language of a democracy girded by the storm, it must be said: how can charm unite with disgust? Vyrubova was just disgusting. " There is also a more impartial comment about her: "this blissful slut and a fool."
And the same Vyrubova in "The Last Days ...": "a naive, devoted and unhappy friend of the empress," "obedient to Rasputin," who, in Protopopov's words, was "the phonograph of his words and suggestions." It became clear to the members of the commission that her testimony turned out to be completely insignificant in its significance.
The “elder” Grigory Rasputin could not be involved in the investigation for the simple reason that he was killed in December 1916, but the “glory” and “significance” of this figure in Russian reality was so enormous that one could not express one's opinion about him Blok simply could not, based on the large circulation of the statements of others. For some, it was a "scoundrel" who was "a link between the authorities and the world," who "managed" his affairs; for others, it was a "convenient pedal for German espionage," and so on and so forth. But, as Blok rightly notes, all these unflattering reviews for the “elder” came from those who at one time, to one degree or another, “depended on him,” “prayed for him,” and therefore looked for any opportunity to destroy him. ... The bullet of Felix Yusupov, which killed Rasputin, according to Blok's figurative expression, "hit the very heart of the reigning dynasty." This problem is thoroughly highlighted by A.L. Sidorov.
This is Blok's very first impression from the Chairman of the Council of Ministers I.L. Goremykina: “Thoroughbred, boots are rather high, soft, old man's ..., custom-made. Good old man. Big nose, big ears. He sighs heavily. Gray hair. The stick is black with a gold ring. Nice frock coat, striped trousers. " And then, as it were, through these external details to the essence of the image: “Speaks barely audibly almost always. Accidentally recalls ... The skin is bright blue in places ... Glass eyes. The constant answer: “I have forgotten the masses, I no longer have memory ...” and then suddenly: “It is very difficult to distinguish between what is legal and what is illegal. May be different interpretations". As if everything is clear - we have an obvious weakness, and suddenly that Blok, not without humor, subtly notes: “The performance ended, however, with the fact that Goremykin slyly hinted that he, as a person of the 1st class, would like to see an investigator in his apartment ". Blok needed all these observations for the final, capacious characterization of Goremykin in The Last Days, as an "experienced but finally decrepit bureaucrat."
This obvious "ramolik" was replaced by B.V. Sturmer. The first impression is the most unpleasant: "disgusting ..., a large dreary ruin, still slyly (and sillier) raises tortoiseshell glasses on his nose." The final characterization is devoid of everyday details, but the true essence of this figure is felt: "Sturmer had a very stately and cold-blooded appearance" and he himself certified his hands as "strong hands in velvet gloves." In fact, he was only a "case" in which a cunning man in the street was hiding, doing everything "on the sly", with "clerical tricks"; it was a toy in the hands of Manasevich-Manuilov, "an old man on a string," as Rasputin once put it, who happened to shout at the unconscious, obsessed with senile sclerosis and hurrying to get away with the business, the prime minister. "
The ministerial "leapfrog", more and more gaining strength, led to another change of the "guard". Sturmer gave way to the Minister of Internal Affairs A.F. Trepov, who "had the daunting task of taking a firm course the minute the storm began." But it was all in vain, “all the tricks only added fuel to the fire,” and the new minister, “not strong enough,” did not manage to change anything in 48 days of his “premiership”. Initial acquaintance also did not favor this statesman, a fighter against "German dominance". Studying with him, according to Blok, “is disgusting and interesting together. Here are the court slops, vile sensations, the life of the scum of society in all its nakedness. " As a result, and "Trepov fell, defeated by Protopopo, who managed to catch him on the offer of compensation to Rasputin (so that the latter would not interfere in state affairs").
HELL. Protopopov, who was also, like his predecessor, the Minister of Internal Affairs, declared that he was ready to save the dynasty, as well as replace the liquidated "elder". At the same time, Blok notes that Protopopov received the post of minister "with the help of an elder."
But what did he actually look like at the first meeting: “Raised shoulders, thinness, gray trimmed beard, short trousers and shoes ... He looks“ from the bottom up ”- I would say - a little childish ... and asks for questions; then he said, "it will be done." And the new testimony, when the members of the commission visited Protopopov in the cell, when he, too, “childishly”, looking “from the bottom up”, testified detachedly: “and, you know, I became convinced of what a bastard I am.” It was completely incomprehensible to Protopopov how one could accuse him of lawlessness when the laws were subordinate to him: after all, the Police Department is in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the sovereign approves all his decisions - what other laws can we talk about? Later, when Blok got acquainted with the handwritten notes transferred to him by Protopopov himself, he wrote to his mother: “Someday I’ll tell you who this talented and insignificant person reminds me terribly…”.
But, one way or another, but it was this person "unexpected for everyone and somewhat unexpected for himself" and was appointed at the beginning the Minister of Internal Affairs. This man, "with his inherent frivolity" and "megalomania", set himself plans for the salvation of Russia, which more and more often seemed to him as a "royal patrimony". From the very first steps Protopopov managed to "incite dislike and contempt of public and government circles". His personality and activities, according to Blok, “played a decisive role in accelerating the destruction of the royal power ... He brought to the very foot of the throne the whole hysterical tangle of his personal feelings and thoughts ... the case of the wobbly pins of the state game. " And “in this sense, Protopopov turned out to be fatal man". As a result, for Blok, Protopopov is an interesting personality only from the “psychological”, historical point of view, but not “politically interesting” at all.
N. D. Golitsyn, the last prime minister, who had long stood away from all sorts of affairs, was unexpectedly appointed to this high post. And this "old aristocrat" who called the people "rabble" "," not firmly familiar with the clerical work of the Council of Ministers, "could hardly cope with" Rasputin's henchmen who opposed him "and, above all, Protopopov.
The ministerial circle is complemented by the last Minister of War M.A. Belyaev, a man "with a neurasthenic spasm in his throat, crying ..." who played a big role in the February events, whom Rodzianko, according to Blok, considered a "decent man" . And next to him is the Adjutant General, Admiral K.D. Nilov, as Blok ironically notes, is an old "sea wolf", a "drunkard" who turns out to be "can be loved for being rude." Nevertheless, he was the last one who openly spoke with the tsar about Rasputin and, as a result, having received a rebuff, like everyone else, resigned himself and said only one thing: "There will be a revolution, we will all be hanged, but on which lamp, it doesn't matter."
The closest circle of the royal family is represented by Baron V.B. Fredericks, long-term (from 1897 to 1917) Minister of the Imperial Court, "old", "at times completely out of his mind", to whom, nevertheless, "the tsar had a great affection."
Fredericks was V.N. Voeikov, another iconic figure of the palace camarilla. As a major general of the suite and the palace commandant, he was the closest to the royal family, this "clever merchant", the owner of the Kuwaki mineral spring. In the words of Blok, this is a rather "insignificant ... creature." He is frankly “wretched of mind and impersonal, like his language, sometimes spiced up only with boastful and vulgar guards' words. He is so insignificant that he is completely incapable of rising to the understanding of what he is asked about and what interests the questioners. He can tell a number of anecdotes and facts that are interesting in everyday life, but he is not able to generalize anything. "
Blok quite thoroughly represented the circle of other tsarist dignitaries and, above all, those who personified the Ministry of Internal Affairs. These are, first of all, S.P. Beletsky, whom Blok met for the first time on May 12 at the Peter and Paul Fortress: this is "a clever director of the police department, recent, whose conscience has crimes, but everything seems as if it is so common, everything is erased by gray wallpaper." There is no culture in it. Why should he be different, “businesslike”. He hints and insists all the time that he is a “private”. Short fingers, yellow hands and an oily face, strong gray hair, black hair on the back of the head ... Sharp black gaze of puffy eyes. The nose is droopy. "Little man" ". Nevertheless, when "it comes to morality, about crime: his face" becomes indifferent. " Blok clearly notices the obvious “uneasy” of the person under investigation: “He knows how to stop imperceptibly in time when people stop listening to him. Sly, knows a lot ... Generally smart, werewolf (?) ... No, after all, his will is not suppressed, he told a lot of interesting things, but did not confess to anything ... Does he believe in God? No, he doesn't believe in anything. " The final conclusion: this is "an outstanding director of the police department at one time, who almost became the chief prosecutor of the synod," he was "a man of practice, helpful and searching, who knows how to" get in "everywhere."
Recently, in the fund of the Extraordinary Investigative Commission, a note by Alexander Blok dated July 6, 1917 was found, which recorded his conversation with S.P. Beletsky.
Here is Lieutenant General P.G. Kurlov, the former commander of a separate gendarme corps, and in 1909 - 1911 and 1916. - Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs, "inciting a special hatred towards himself and his past in public circles", "who once played a role in the murder of Stolypin."
The Police Leadership Gallery is complemented by K.D. Kafarov and A.I. Spiridovich. The first is a former vice director of the police department, "an oriental man with a ram profile, who trembles and cries all the time, that he will go crazy and, as Blok notes," stupid and pitiful. " The all-powerful Spiridovich, who was at one time the head of the Kiev security department, and in 1906 - 1916. the head of the emperor's personal guard, at this very minute presents a pitiful sight: "he looks like a bailiff," an "absurdly muzhik" general who "suddenly turned his back to the soldiers and, sobbing inaudibly, cried," pityingly pleads for amnesty, not considering himself in anything guilty.
A special group is represented by the circle of people associated with Rasputin, making politics behind the scenes. This is Dzhamsaran Badmaev, Buryat, "an intelligent and cunning Asian, who had political chaos in his head, but in the language of jokes, and who managed to practice" apart from Tibetan medicine "and" Buryat school ", also" concrete pipes. " He was "friends with Rasputin and Kurlov." With the help of Badmaev's circle, Protopopov was able to get the post of Minister of Internal Affairs.
In Petersburg circles, the role of the "clever and intelligent journalist" I.F. Manasevich-Manuilov, an employee of the newspaper Novoye Vremya, "who inspired and frightened the government for many years." It was in the hands of this businessman that Prime Minister Sturmer, a “toy,” as Blok put it, was.
And, finally, the "dark personality", Prince M.M. Andronnikov, a former official for special assignments under the chief prosecutor of St. Synoda, a reactionary journalist and suspicious of his "German connections". Blok gave an expressive portrait of this "Black Hundred Figaro", "the adjutant of the Lord God." This is "an abomination, a greasy face, a plump tummy, a new jacket." And Blok asks the question: how could such a person be “in connection with the minister, with Witte? There is only one explanation - "appeasing the persons who entered the sphere." "Conceiving" was carried out in all possible ways. So, for example, with the help of Beletsky, Andronnikov was able to "gracefully publish the anniversary of Goremykin." Summary description: Prince Andronnikov, "whirling around in court and government circles, bringing icons to ministers, flowers and sweets to their wives, familiar with the Tsarskoye Selo valet", describes himself as "a man, a citizen who always wanted to bring as much benefit as possible." As a result of the interrogations of the commission, it became quite clear that in their person it was dealing with ordinary crooks.
This "freak show" is completed by the so-called "ideological pillars of the regime", famous for the persecution of all kinds of "liberal sedition", zealous zealots of autocracy, and therefore considered themselves "truly Russian people." This is Markov 2nd, the leader of the "right" faction in III and IV State Dumas, known for his pogrom performances. Now he "pinches his beard and strokes his mustache," "bares his white teeth," he says in a tone "appropriate to the cheeky." He has a broad face. Kharya ". Nearby is the famous doctor A.I. Dubrovin, a Black Hundred member, chairman of the sad memory of the Union of the Russian People. Now he "sobs" and rushes to "kiss Muravyov's hand", and then "fell with a sob on the bed (the old man's vile eyes"). Also "shaking with tears" Major General V.N. Orlov, former assistant to the head of the emperor's military field office. He talks to the prosecutor for a long time, cries constantly. His speech "sometimes turns into a hoarse whisper," which is again interrupted by "sobs."
Monthly work, to which the poet gives himself completely to try "through the heat of the soul, through the coldness of the mind" to comprehend the essence of the events taking place in Russia. On May 14, Blok told his wife L.D. Blok-Mendeleeva: “I see and hear now what almost no one sees and hears, that few have to observe once in a hundred years ...”. But what he saw and heard lead Blok to the idea that in what happened there are absolutely no "mysteries", moreover, of a tragic nature. The bloc and the members of the commission were convinced that while investigating the activities of the "dark forces" in the policy of the Court party, the political idea was just a cover for organizing their personal affairs. All this is a consequence of the elementary routine, mediocrity, characteristic of the last days of the Romanov dynasty. These beliefs found their generalized representation in a diary entry dated June 16: “Empty fields, stunted undergrowth, flat is philistine. Rasputin is an abyss, and Sturmer (much honor) is a flat pasture, where the grass is swallowed by cows (sheep?) ... Only the late Witte was, if not a hero, then a hill; since his time in the government this has not been encountered anymore: nothing is “high”, everything is “flat”, and next to it is a deep crack (Rasputin), where everything has failed. "
In the second section, "The mood of society and the events on the eve of the coup," the author uses the reports of the St. Petersburg security department, which were also delivered to the assistant minister of the interior, the town governor, the Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd military district and the palace commandant. This is a very valuable source, and, according to Blok, the police department remained the only living organism that took into account the internal political situation in Russia and the degree of its danger to the crumbling state organism. But the dying authorities did not hear, and did not want to hear those reports of the security department filled with alarms, which characterize the public mood. Blok used the data of these reports in his work, thanks to close contact with K.I. Globachev, head of the Petrograd security department. Already in exile, Globachev positively assessed Blok's book "The Last Days of the Imperial Power."
The bloc dwells on the circumstances of the arrest of the Working Group of the Central Military-Industrial Committee, characterizes the mood of social and secular circles, as well as the army. Blok pays special attention to the last all-subject report of M.V. Rodzianko and the opening of the session of the legislative chambers.
The third section, entitled "The Coup", sets out the events from February 23, 1917 to March 3, before the abdication of the Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. The punctuality of the presentation of the events of those days and, above all, the route of the tsar's train from Mogilev to the capital, was noted with an undoubted merit. It should be noted right away that this timing was used in subsequent studies, and later was somewhat refined. This section is distinguished by the greatest abundance of extracts from documents.
This work seemed to him an important civil mission, a duty to the people. On May 17, 1917, he notes in his notebook: “I already see that the commission of inquiry stands between the anvil of law and the hammer of history. The situation is very revolutionary ... It follows from this that the commission, having worked out all the material that it will receive, must submit it to the representatives of the people for permission. "
On June 20, he writes: “The Commission in its definition carries the concept of emergency. Therefore, the report must be extraordinary. He must combine a business perspective with a revolutionary message. The report, using carefully checked material obtained during the work of the commission, must be imbued from beginning to end with Russian revolutionary pathos, which would reflect in itself all the anxiety, all the hopes and all the stately romanticism of our days. " Blok understood perfectly well that the material he edited was not only an indictment against tsarism, but also a source on the history of the autocratic system, for the future, for history. This is how he explained his personal participation in the activities of the Commission.
The block is given to the implementation of this task completely. In the already mentioned letter dated May 14 to his wife, the poet writes: “My brain and nerves are very tense, my business is terribly interesting, but it is really difficult and takes a lot of time and everything strength ". This work was supposed to reveal, in his firm conviction, the "secret" of the collapse of tsarism, to explain the fact how the dynasty, which ruled the country for 300 years and just celebrated this anniversary, collapsed and disintegrated in a few days. The poet "from the inside" could see "the history of this endless family of Russian Rougon-Makkars or Karamazovs", read this fascinating novel with a thousand characters and fantastic combinations in the spirit of the whole of Dostoevsky. " Explaining his interest in the work of the Commission, Blok said that he “could not convince himself in any way” that the entire old order was “one continuous mirage,” which is why he so wanted to test this mood on direct experience. "But this experience led him to an even more extreme result, that all this was not only a mirage, but some kind of shadow from a shadow, some bare and empty place." That is why, for him, the center of gravity was not in jurisdiction, but in the history and psychology of human behavior.
The transcripts of the interrogations were almost from the very beginning intended for publication, moreover, on an urgent basis, and by June their drafts had already reached about 2,000 pages. The literary editors were the writers and translators invited by the Bloc: L.Ya. Gurevich, M.P. Miklashevsky (pseud. Nevedomsky) and V.N. Prince (real fam. Ivoilov;), who died during the blockade of Leningrad.
Editing the Block did not affect the letter, meaning, or style of the readings. His participation did not go beyond the elimination of undoubted misprints, spelling and punctuation errors, the work is "emotionless, stylistically ascetic." As Blok himself testifies, he makes a minimum of corrections that are absolutely necessary and “neutral” in relation to “meaning”. Nevertheless, later, already in exile, a member of the Presidium of the Extraordinary Commission A.F. Romanov tried to discredit the transcripts of the interrogations and cast a shadow on their editing. "A future researcher must ... treat these transcripts with extreme caution ... They were not signed by anyone, they were not presented to any of the interrogated and were edited by four writers, including Blok, who later became a singer of Bolshevism." The author distorts the undoubted facts. He forgot to note that the interrogated were obliged to sign the interrogation protocol. At the same time, a legitimate question arises - if he remembered these procedural violations of those years, then why did he not indicate this in a timely manner, precisely in 1917?
But by this time Blok began to sensitively note in the atmosphere of the Commission an obvious decrease in the revolutionary tone, a gradual slide towards the style of the pre-revolutionary department: "Beletsky is turning left, the chairman is turning right (this, of course, is paradoxically said, but there is some truth)." He caught the intention of bourgeois circles to moderate the scope and depth of criticism of the old regime, a number of "useful" features of which it would like to preserve. "The revolutionary spirit was not present in our editorial commission," the poet states in despair, ... The revolution did not spend the night there. " The Investigative Commission has inherent features characteristic of the Provisional Government - indecision, ambivalence, hesitation.
With bitterness and anxiety, the bloc notes the "synchronicity" of the events in the Commission with signs of increasing social tension: "In the city, shock cadets, imperialists, bourgeois, stockists are openly raising their heads." There are quite a few facts of this state of affairs. It comes to the point that the officers of the Nikolaev Cavalry School drink to the health of Nicholas II, who has already abdicated the throne, and there is every reason to take on faith the rumors about the impending Black Hundred conspiracy. The bloc foresees a prospect in the form of Kornilovism, the banner of which proclaims: "foodstuffs, private property, a constitution not without hope for a monarchy, iron fist." And he notes with anguish: “Really? Again - in the night, in horror, in despair? Has the revolution ruined itself? " ...
Despite this state of affairs, Blok considers it necessary to continue the work he has begun. In July, he wrote to his mother: “In general, if it were not for work, I would have been completely frayed and nervous. Work is the best medicine; for all the hatefulness that is in any work, there is something salutary in it. Everything appears in a completely different light, much is washed away by work. "
In August, Blok begins work directly on the manuscript, which was considered as an introductory part of the future report of the Emergency Commission. The block considered it necessary to publish verbatim records. He argued that the materials already at the disposal of the commission did not fit into the strict framework of the legal examination itself, but turned out to be unexpectedly bright from the point of view of everyday life, psychological, literary, even from the point of view of language. These testimonies of "former people" are compounded in a brilliant, in a purely literary sense, picture of the decomposition of the old system. As it became apparent, this was material of tremendous self-revealing power.
That is why, Blok conceived not just a business report, but, above all, a political essay, which should become an accusation against the old system as a whole. Taking care of the availability of the report, Block at the same time considered it possible, without resorting to "cheap popularity", to make it a means of education, capable of raising the masses to himself.
Blok expressed his views in a note dated June 4 addressed to the chairman of the commission, Muravyov, who, in turn, forwarded all this on June 16 to S.F. Oldenburg. "Considerations for issuing verbatim records" are one of the important testimonies of the Blok's deeply democratic sentiments at this time, which later led him to the creation of "The Twelve" and "Intelligentsia and Revolution". But this path was not straightforward.
As one would expect, his ideas did not meet not only sympathy, but even understanding among lawyers, who treated the case formally, purely narrowly in practice and saw their task only in identifying violations in the activities of ministers and high dignitaries involved in the inquiry. letters of the old royal laws. According to Blok, only P.E. Shchegolev "alone stands on real ground", but he, unfortunately, "thinks only of himself." Nevertheless, all further work took place with him, which led to the publication of the Bloc's essay "The Last Days of the Old Regime" in the magazine "Byloe", edited by Shchegolev.
Responded to this post famous historian of the Russian revolutionary movement S.Ya. Streich, who wrote that “not everyone can skillfully use such deeply dramatic material as documents about the convulsions of the dying tsarism. A.A. Blok happily escaped the greatest dangers for the historian of such an eventful era - he managed to condense his sketch and chose almost only one typical to characterize the outdated system, rejected everything anecdotal, everything motley-mocking, everything tabloid-alluring. "
This feature was noticed in emigration by a reviewer who spoke under the kryptonym “ N.N.". In his response to the reprint in the "Archive of the Russian Revolution" of Blok's article from "Byloe" (which, by the way, he did not notice), the reviewer emphasized the fact that the author of this "sad story" about the circle of people who had recently surrounded Nicholas II and his "wobbly throne", was "not an ordinary sprinkler of sensational tabloid novels," but a "famous poet." The author emphasizes that the entire factual part of Blok's work is based on the testimony of former ministers involved in the inquest, and therefore "we must believe all the facts with which the late poet acquaints us, and the research itself has not only literary, but also historical interest."
04.3- [J12.19172
It was formed under the Minister of Justice as the Prosecutor General, consisting of: Chairman (with the rights of a Deputy Minister of Justice) - N.K. Muravyov; comrades of the chairman - S.V. Zavadsky (11.03 - 16.05), S.V. Ivanov (from 11.03), B.N.Smitten (18.03 - 01.10); members - V.A.Apushkin (from 18.03); D.D. Grimm (replaced S.F.
Oldenburg), V.A. Zhdanov (supervised the production of investigative actions, from 03.07 - member of the Commission), V.M. Zenzinov (18.03 - 25.05), N.S. Karinsky, BHKpox-mal (21.05 - after 29.07) , L.P. Olshev (25.04-16.05), S.F.Oldenburg (from 26.04), F.I. Rodichev (from 24.03), A.F.Romanov (11.03 - not earlier than 12.09),
ND Sokolov (from 24.03); ChSK secretaries - B.G.Boltengagen, S.A. Gurevich (from 13.03), H. I. Idelson (from 27.03), E. V. Lesnevsky, A. F. Staal, F. A. Chervinsky; member of the Legal Meeting of the ChSK - M.L. Goldstein (from 03.09); overseeing the production of investigative actions - Yu. G. Berlyand (from 24.06), N.A. Gromov, I.M. Gromoglasov (from 26.07), P.G. Kipriyanovich (from 11.03), S.S. Nikolsky (from 08.06 ), A.S. Tager (from 31.03), I.S.Shablovsky (13.05 - earlier 25.07), P.E. Shchegolev (from 22.06, as the chairman of the Special Commission to examine the activities of the former Police Department, became a member of ChSK), chief editor of stenographic reports - A. A. Blok, editor of stenographic reports V. N. Ivoilov (from 04.09), 3rd editor of the report on the activities of ChSK - E.V. Tarle; officials for special assignments - S.B.Gintsburg, N.V. Grizov (17.04-to 29.06), L.I. Levidov, P.S.Tager, E.Ya. Chernomordik (earlier 15.07), Ya.F. Entin (from
30.5), A.N. Yasinsky (21.03 - 15.09); clerks - V.N.Kosolapov (head of office work), V.S. Ogolevets (21.03 - 01.09), K.V. Polyansky (21.03 - 01.06), M.M. Repinsky (from 21.03); doctor - I.I. Manukhin (from 21.04). Investigators of the ChSK - P.A. Aleksandrov (17.05 - 15.07), A.A. Bartsal (from 11.03), I.V. Brykin (11.03-16.10), K.I.Buvaylov (from 29.03), F.I. Verenitsyn (29.03 - 03.11), A.V. Vinberg (12.04-14.07), A.I. Galinovsky (from 22.06), G.P. Girchich (20.04-30.10), G.I. Gitz (from 11.03 ), M.I. Golubkov (from 21.06), I.V. Dombrovsky (from 20.03), A.A. Zhdanov (13.07 - after
30.8), M.M. Zavadsky (from 13.05), N.T. Zemel '(26.05 - 05.06), I.M. Zolotnitsky (from 29.03), N.S. Ivanov (from 29.03), I.K. Iodlovsky (from 11.06), P.M. Kan (after 11.07), S.V. Karachevsky (03.06 - 01.09), N.A.Kolokolov (01.03-18.09), I.V. Kondratovich (11.03 - after 04.05), S.A.Korenev, P.A.Korovichenko (from 11.03), D.V. Korotkov (from 11.03), B.B. Korsak (from
13.5), M.N. Lebedev (after 20.07), V.V. Likhopoy (from 21.05), B.N. Mozhansky (from 11.03 - not earlier than 27.05), G.K. Pavlovich (24.03-31.05), S.M. Pensky (from 31.03), M.G. Perion (from 25.04-19.08), G.I.Poska (from 21.04), L.A. Puchkovsky (13.05 - 15.08), R.R. Raupakh , V.M.Rudnev (29.03 - 16.08), T.D. Rudnev (11.03 - 24.07), Yu.I. Rymsha (31.03 - 01.07), F.P.Simson, V.V.Sokolov 1 -th (from 21.04), V.V. Sokolov 2nd (from 29.03), P.G. Soloviev (from 31.05),
S.G.Soloviev (13.06 - 30.10), M.D. Sorokin (from 11.03), A.A. Spichakov-Zabotny (from 11.05), N.A. Strelbitsky (11.03 - 26.06), M.N. Fitztum (22.03 - 26.06), V.V. Tsivchinsky (from 21.07), A.N. Chubinov (from 23.06), N.N.Shveder (11.03 - after 27.05), V.O. Yuvzhik-Kompaneets (from 11.03), Ya.V. Yudin (from
18.9), V.V. Yankovsky (from 21.03).
The CSC was supposed to investigate the actions of former ministers, chief executive officers and other senior officials of both civilian and military and naval departments, as well as investigate "criminal actions" and some individuals, if these actions were found to be closely related to the actions subject to investigation in CSK, in accordance with the Regulation 03/11/1917. The tasks of the CSK included the investigation of those actions of the senior officials of the old system, which were considered criminal under the laws in force at that time (bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, connivance and concealment); investigation of the actions of the highest naval and military leaders who made orders or, conversely, did not act while the interests of protecting the state demanded something different; investigation of the activities of those persons who did not officially hold any responsible positions in the state, but who, however, taking advantage of their proximity to the former tsar and the former tsarina, exerted a strong influence on the entire state and political life of the country; investigation of the activities of those persons who were entrusted with the task of combating the revolutionary movement in Russia (officials of the Police Department, various security departments, the Separate Corps of Gendarmes).
To help the CSK on 06/15/1917, a Special Commission was established under the Ministry of Justice to examine the activities of the former Police Department and the institutions subordinate to the department (district, security departments, gendarme departments and search points) for the period from 1905 to 1917.The chairman of the commission was a member of the CSK over four members stipulated by the Regulations on the ChSK dated 03/11/1917.
The CSC included persons sent by the Minister of Justice to carry out investigative actions, as well as (from 05/27/1917) to monitor the production of preliminary investigations with the rights of prosecutors overseeing the investigation, with the exception of the right to directly offer the production of investigative actions.
In order to carry out the instructions assigned to the CSK, persons sent to carry out investigative actions were given all the rights and all the duties that belonged to investigators under the Charter of Criminal Procedure, Military Judicial and Naval Judicial Procedure, in compliance with the following rules: 1) initiation of preliminary investigation, involvement as accused, as well as the inspection and seizure of postal and telegraph correspondence with the knowledge and agreement of the commission of inquiry; 2) the persons conducting the investigations have the right to demand a personal appearance for the interrogation of all persons indicated in the footnote to Art. 65 of the Charter of Criminal Procedure.
ChSK gave instructions to persons performing investigative actions, and carried out constant monitoring of these actions. The ChSK presented the acts of the final investigation with its written opinion on the further direction of the case to the Prosecutor General for a report to the Provisional Government.
The Presidium of the ChSK, carrying out the direction of the activity of the ChSK, considered questions about the initiation, direction and termination of investigative actions, about the interrogation of persons in the cases that arose.
The Chancellery conducted the current office work and correspondence on the personnel of the ChSK.
The accounting department considered the financial issues of the CSK.
The commission for the preparation of the report on the activities of the CSK was engaged in preparing for printing a report on the results of the investigation carried out by the CSK.
The commission for the development of controversial legal issues determined the corpus delicti and the responsibility of the persons involved in the investigation. Twenty-seven investigative units were investigating “illegal actions of former ministers and other high-ranking officials”. In addition to THAT, a Special Investigation Unit was formed in the structure of the ChSK; Military department; Evidence room for storing documents and cases confirming the guilt of a person involved in the investigation as an accused.
SU. 1917. Dept. 1. No. 61, art. 362, 363; No. 132, art. 703; No. 171, art. 941.
GA RF, f. 1467 (856 d.).
1 In the Decree of the Provisional Government on the establishment of the ChSK, as well as in a number of documents it is called: The Supreme Investigative Commission for the investigation of illegal actions of former ministers, chief executives and other senior officials (GA RF, f. 1467, op. 1, d. 1, l. 1).
2 The last, unsigned journal of the CSK meeting dates from December 1917, the last order for the CSK office on dismissal from service is dated
