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The meaning of the Novgorod Theological Seminary in the Orthodox encyclopedia tree. Novgorod Theological Seminary The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th - early 20th centuries

Teachers and students.

In 1788, under Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg Gabriel Petrov, the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary became the main one, and in 1797 it was transformed into the Theological Academy. Senior classes were transferred there from Novgorod. The status of the Novgorod Seminary is downgraded to the level of a four-year seminary. This situation remained until 1800, when the seminary was restored to its previous size.

The Novgorod Archbishop paid great attention to the seminary at the beginning of the 19th century. Ambrose Podobedov. He gave her a telescope, and a microscope was sent from the Alexander Nevsky Academy. Under him, a medical class was opened at the seminary. In 1804, Ambrose entrusted the educational institution with “special supervision” to the Right Reverend Vicar of Novgorod Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov- a famous scientist-historian, member of the Russian Academy, champion of spiritual enlightenment in Russia. Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov sought to teach seminarians to think independently, for which he loved to organize debates. He often attended exams. At public exams, Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov read for the first time his work “Historical Conversations about the Antiquities of Veliky Novgorod,” published in 1807. Bolkhovitinov's stay in Novgorod (until 1808) turned out, despite its brevity, to be very fruitful. Here he began compiling a “dictionary of secular writers.” He worked a lot in the monastery archives, got acquainted with the library and archives of the St. Sophia Cathedral.

Bolkhovitinov donated his own funds to the formation of the seminary library and gave it his books.

Wherever this man had to work - in Pskov, Vologda, Kyiv - everywhere he was engaged in historical research and left hundreds of articles and books for his descendants.

Under Bolkhovitinov, a former graduate taught at the seminary, and from 1808 - rector - Ambrose (Ornatsky), the main compiler of the epoch-making work “History of the Russian Hierarchy” in six parts, which has not lost its scientific significance, which was published from 1807 to 1815. He dedicated his work to the founder of the Novgorod Theological Seminary, Ambrose Yushkevich. Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov also took part in compiling the first set of history.

The rector of the seminary (1823-1827) Ignatius Semenov was distinguished by his oratory. He introduced church archeology into teaching.

Anatoly Pavlinsky (1840-1852) ran the seminary for 12 years. He was a thrifty man, he did a lot to improve the lives of students and put the area in order. But the most important thing that was done on his instructions was that book catalogs were compiled in the library.

From 1860 to 1866 the position of rector at the seminary was filled by archimandrite Macarius (Mirolyubov)– scientist, expert on church antiquities, member of the Moscow Society of History and Russian Antiquities, author of a number of historical studies. He wrote and published several valuable works on Novgorod history: “Archaeological description of church antiquities of Novgorod and its environs”, “Description of the Novgorod Yuryev Monastery”, “Description of the Novgorod bishop’s house”.

In 1896–97 The Novgorod seminary was headed by a famous church figure Arseny (Stadnitsky) .

The rector of the seminary and the archimandrite of the monastery at the beginning of the twentieth century was Dmitry Sperovsky, the future bishop of Sukhumi - an honorary member of the Novgorod Society of Lovers of Antiquity, a man passionate about church history. With his direct participation, frescoes were unveiled in the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary at the St. Anthony Monastery. During his tenure, the chapel of Tikhon of Zadonsk in the Church of the Presentation was built and consecrated. He found and published in the “Proceedings of the XV Archaeological Congress” an inventory of the Anthony Monastery of 1696.

Rector of the Novgorod Theological Seminary in 1911-1913. was Archimandrite Alexy (S.V. Simansky), the future Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy I .

At the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. the range of subjects studied at the seminary was expanded. In addition to special disciplines: catechism, church and biblical history, liturgy, and theology, the program included physics, mathematics, logic, and psychology. Much attention was paid to the study of languages; the education system included five languages: Latin, Greek, French, German and Hebrew.

Of great importance was the participation of seminary teachers in the educational activities of the society among the clergy and the local population: giving public lectures, publishing materials on the history and archeology of the local region in the Diocesan and Provincial Gazette, compiling a historical and statistical description of the diocese and replenishing the collection of church antiquities.

In the 90s of the 19th century, teachers of the Novgorod Seminary participated in the work of the Novgorod Society of Lovers of Antiquities, created in 1894 by a scientist, local historian, and archaeologist V.S. Peredolsky .

In 1913, a church-archaeological society appeared in Novgorod, created by Archbishop Arseny (Stadnitsky), and among its active members were seminary teachers A.V. Gedevsky, V.N. Finikov, A.P. Tverdynsky and others.

In the 1880s, the old educational buildings built under Ambrose Yushkevich were dismantled and in their place, according to the design of the provincial architect A.I. Borshchov, a new magnificent building was built, which has survived to this day. The three-story building with a basement has an L-shaped plan. The main facade, facing Volkhov, has three small projections. The architecture is designed in the spirit of eclecticism, using motifs of the Renaissance and Old Russian architecture.

In the assembly hall of the new building on October 30, 1890, celebrations dedicated to the 150th anniversary of this educational institution took place, where the following speakers addressed the audience: Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg Isidor, rector E.I. Megorsky, teachers, graduates. They emphasized the enormous role of the seminary as one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia and the education and training of “many smart and honest workers” for church and state activities. From the walls of the Novgorod Theological Seminary in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many prominent scientists and representatives of the highest clergy came out. Bishop Alexey Dobradin of Voronezh graduated from the seminary in 1849, Bishop Tikhon of Mozhaisk - in 1877. In 1847 he graduated from the Novgorod Theological Seminary Nikolai Gavrilovich Bogoslovsky, local historian, archaeologist, researcher. One of the main affairs of N. Bogoslovsky’s life, which inscribed his name in golden letters in the history of Novgorod culture, was the creation of a public library and the Novgorod Museum in the city in 1865.

Seminary graduate of 1857, E.V. Barsov After graduating from the seminary, he entered the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. Subsequently, he taught at the Olonets Theological Seminary, and from 1870 he served in Moscow at the Rumyantsev Museum as a librarian of the Russian and Slavic departments. Barsov was engaged in ethnography, the study of ancient Russian texts, and archeology. While working in Olonets, he collected and published “Lamentations of the Northern Region” in 4 volumes. Barsov dedicated a substantial monograph in three volumes to the famous work of ancient Russian literature, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Another seminary graduate, M.I. Vladislavlev, having studied for two years at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, continued his education abroad. He defended his master's thesis and then his doctoral dissertation on problems of philosophy. He lectured on logic, history, philosophy, and ethics at St. Petersburg University, and from 1887 until his death in 1890 he was the rector of this university.

The professor at St. Petersburg University was the famous publicist, graduate of the seminary in 1857 (No. 29) V.I. Modestov. Another graduate of the Novgorod Theological Seminary was a professor and later the rector of the same university. P.V. Nikitin .

Among the graduates of the Novgorod Theological Seminary are famous educators and clergy A.V. Gedevsky, A. Vauchsky, P.I. Tikhomirov, E.E. Lebedev, P.N Spassky, P.E. Belyaev... Several generations of men of the Brilliantov family - a family with deep historical roots, whose members are famous clergy, teachers, historians - were also graduates of the Novgorod Seminary. (No. 32)I. I. Brilliantov, historian, researcher of the Ferapontov Monastery, his older brother (No. 33) A.I. After graduating from the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, Diamondov taught at the Tula Theological Seminary, and after successfully defending his doctoral dissertation, he was an ordinary professor at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. The Tertsiev family also had more than one generation of church leaders and talented teachers who graduated from the Novgorod Seminary at different times. In 1913, the Tertsiev and Brilliantov families became related. Children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren continued the pedagogical traditions of these families. The total teaching experience of the Tertsiev and Brilliantov families currently totals more than 1,500 years and is increasing every year.

In 1918 the seminary was closed, and in 1920 the St. Anthony Monastery was abolished.

The walls of the former seminary later housed the Institute of Public Education, Pedagogical College, Teachers' Institute, and Pedagogical Institutes. Currently, the Humanitarian Institute of Novgorod University is located here.

Velikiy Novgorod

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On Trade Side Novgorod, near the shore Volkhova, in the territory Antonov Monastery next to the ancient Nativity Cathedral there is a three-story building built in an eclectic style with elements of neo-Renaissance and pseudo-Russian style at the same time. Nowadays this building houses the Humanitarian Institute of NovSU named after. Yaroslav the Wise. Initially, until 1918, the Novgorod Theological Seminary was located here, for whose needs the building was built.

The Theological Seminary was first founded in Novgorod in 1740 1st Novgorod bishop Ambrose. Also in 1738 the Empress issued a decree Anna Ioannovna about the establishment of this educational institution in the city. It must be said that at that time there were theological seminaries in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and Pskov. Novgorod, which had been one of the spiritual centers of the country since ancient times, was also supposed to acquire its own seminary. According to the Empress, the future seminary should. The new Archbishop of Novgorod and Velikiye Luki, Ambrose (Yushkevich), took direct part in this, having been appointed to the Novgorod See for only six months. October 30 (November 10, new style) 1740 The seminary was opened in the Anthony Monastery, the nearest suburban Novgorod monastery, one of the largest monasteries in Novgorod, which in those years was part of the possessions of the Novgorod House of Bishops. Approx. was allocated for her maintenance. 8000 rubles (a great sum at that time, several times higher than the budget of other seminaries). At the same time, Ambrose understood well that the level of an educational institution largely depends on the state of the local scientific library. Ambrose assigned an annual sum of 300 rubles for the maintenance of the library, which again exceeded the budget of other seminary libraries. At the same time, he took books from the library of Feofan Prokopovich himself, a prominent church and political figure in Russia at that time. Ambrose arranged the seminary according to the model of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, where he himself studied and taught at one time. In 1740, 4 classes were established at the Academy: analogies, infines, grammars, syntaxes. A year later, a class in poetry appeared, and a year later, in 1742, a class in rhetoric and drawing. No other domestic seminary could boast of this and, in fact, the Novgorod seminary was not inferior to its Ukrainian prototype, only it was not formally equated with an academy.

Empresses Anna Leopoldovna, and then Elizaveta Petrovna They treated Ambrose’s initiatives well. Largely because Ambrose got along with both the Brunswicks and Elizabeth. Before the latter, he “repented” in time for his relations with the overthrown Brunswick family and denounced other adherents of the former ruler.

But at the same time, the order in the Novgorod seminary resembled not a higher educational institution, but a bursa. The slightest violation of the regime was met with severe punishment, including lashes and chains. Often people fled from there. In 1748 (that is, in the 8th year of the educational institution’s operation), as many as 96 people were already on the wanted list!). In the 1770s, the seminary began teaching history.

But in 1788-1800. it was again reorganized into a four-grade school.

Throughout the 19th century. The semi-medieval Bursak order was gradually eliminated; The attitude of teachers towards students has become more civilized.

For the 150th anniversary, it was decided to build a new large stone building for the seminary, combining classrooms and living quarters for students and teachers. IN 1890 It was built on the site of former student buildings. The author of the project is G.V. Baranovsky names the architect Dmitry Vasilievich Lyushin (cm. "Anniversary collection of information about the activities of former students of the Institute of Civil Engineers (Construction College, 1842-1892)", St. Petersburg, 1893, 400 S. (Brief biographies and portraits of graduates, as well as a list of students of the Institute for all years) (p. .21-21) ). On the website of Novgorod University the author is listed as Alexander Ivanovich Borshchov(cm. " History of education in Veliky Novgorod"). It also states that the project was approved by the provincial architect Raymond KazimirovichKrzhizhanovsky and the governor Eduard Vasilievich Lerche(1823 - 1889). The main facade was facing Volkhov. The building has survived in this form to this day. The opening ceremony took place on the second floor in the assembly hall (now the Soroka Center for Creative Intelligence).

On the first and second floors there were classrooms, management offices, an assembly hall and a library. The bedrooms were located on the third floor.

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