Usch conjugation. Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech. Suffixes of active participles in the past tense form
Spelling: spelling participle suffixes(formation of active participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present and past tense).
Formation of active present participles
Active present participles are formed from the stem of imperfect present tense verbs using suffixes -ushch (-yushch) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffixes -ashch (-box) from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: play - the one who plays, writes - the one who writes, shaves - the one who shaves, builds - the one who builds, shouts - the one who screams, sees - the one who sees.
Formation of active past participles
Active past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form using suffixes -vsh- (-sh-). Suffix -vsh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel: read - read, laugh - laughed . In this case, the suffix of the indefinite form is preserved before -vsh- just like in the past tense of the verb before -l: see - saw - having seen, melt - melted - melted.
Suffix -sh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a consonant, as, for example, in all verbs ending in -whose. In this case, there is an alternation h/g, k. By using -sh- participles are formed from verbs ending -ti(in this case, alternations are also possible).
Formation of present passive participles
Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem of transitive imperfective verbs using suffixes -eat- (-om-) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: lead - led, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored . You need to remember the participle with the suffix -them-- movable (in the meaning of “impelled”: “driven by a feeling of remorse”; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is not formed from the verb move (I conjugation), and from an obsolete verb "move" .
Many transitive verbs have passive present participles Not are formed (for example, take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink and etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, controlled .
Passive present participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -eat-, -im-(fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable). Such adjectives can be formed from intransitive verbs (dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, incessant, unfading, incombustible) and from perfective verbs (beg - inexorable). Most of them are not used without the prefix Not-(imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, innumerable, inexhaustible). Features that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant and do not occur over time (unlike features indicated by participles).
Formation of passive past participles
Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the indefinite form of transitive verbs using suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).
Using a suffix -nn- -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix - nn-(sow - sown, knead - mixed).
Using a suffix -enn- (yonn-) Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- is cut off ( seal - sealed, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Participle suffixes -enn- (-yonn-) also used to form participles from verbs with a consonant as a stem (verbs with -whose: captivate - captivated, save - saved ; verbs with endings -ti: bring - brought, weave - intertwined ).
Table “Spelling of participle suffixes”
Determine the verb conjugation.
In participles formed
from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -ushch (-yushch): knowing, reading.
from verbs of the 2nd conjugation - -ashch (-box): loving, seeing
Pay attention: Active present participles are formed from the stems of present tense verbs:
know no,know ut– 1st conjugation, stem know + suffix -yush →knowledgeablelove it,love yat – 2nd conjugation, stem love + suffix -box →loving.
2. Suffixes -ем (-ом), -им in passive participles of the present tense: raised, visible
Determine the verb conjugation.
In participles formed from verbs
1st conjugation, write the suffix -em -om: lifted, driven,
2nd conjugation - -im: beloved, visible
Pay attention: Passive present participles are formed from the stems of transitive present tense verbs:
raise no,raise ut- 1st conjugation, stem raise + suffix -em → liftable,love it,love yat - 2nd conjugation, stem love + suffix - -im → Darling.
Step 3. Selecting vowels in past participle suffixes.
Past participle suffixes
1. Vowels before the suffixes -вш, -ш in active past participles: saw, heard, walked
In active past participles before the suffixes -вш, -ш write the same vowel that is written at the base of the infinitive form of the verb: viewe past←looke oh, I hearA heard←heardA t.
2. Distinguishing the vowels of the suffix of the verb stem -а (я) before the suffix -NN and the suffix -ENN in the passive past participles: lost, seen
Determine the final vowel at the base of the infinitive form of the verb.
If passive participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of verbs
with the suffix -a- -я-, before the participle suffix -nn- write the letters and I): lost ← lose,
with suffixes -i- or -e- , in the suffix -enn- write the letter e:filled ← fill.
Complete tasks
Assignment from the demo version of FIPI 2015:
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
transform...my
dissolute
take a look...
broken
washed...washed
Performance:
1. Put the verbs in the personal form into the indefinite form: stare...look at it - stare at it.
2. Determine the conjugation: stare - verb 2 sp. It is a derived verb from the verb look, So this is an exception.
3. Knowing the conjugation, determine the unstressed vowels in the personal form: inspectionAnd sew. The letter I is missing.
4. Identify the vowels in the suffixes of participles: reformed, dissolved, broken and washed.
1) transform...my, washed...my- suffer. prib. present vr., therefore, it is necessary: to know the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed: transform...my- from convert(1st reference), washed...washed- from wash(1st reference), write a vowele : transformed, washed.
2) dissolute, broken...- suffer. prib. past vr., therefore, it is necessary to know the indefinite form of the verb from which it is formed, and the suffix of this form: dissolute - from dissolve, broken...from breaking. Since in passive past participles formed from the indefinite form of a verb with the suffix and, the suffix enne is written, then write a vowele : loose, broken .
To choose the correct participle suffix, you need to know the conditions for their spelling!
1. The spelling of the suffixes of the active present participles -УШ-, -УШЧ-, -АШ-, -ЯШ- depends on the CONJUGATION of the original verb.
2. The spelling of the suffixes of the present passive participles -IM-, -EM- depends on the CONJUGATION of the original verb.
Exception: MOVABLE
3. The spelling of the vowel letter before the suffix -ВШ- in active past participles is subject to a special rule.
Before the suffix -ВШ- of active past participles, the same vowel is written as before Ть in the initial form of the original verb.
see E t - see E heard, heard A t - hear A gone
Note: in order to correctly write the vowel letter before the suffix -ВШ-, the conjugation of the original verb does not need to be determined.
The spelling of the vowel letter before НН in passive past participles depends on whether the INITIAL FORM of the original verb ends in - АТ, -ЯТ or - ИТ, -ЭТ.
Note:
The spelling of vowels before one N in short passive participles follows the same rule as the spelling of a vowel before NN in full passive participles:
heard A t - hear A nny - heard A on the.
Algorithm for completing the task
1) Find out in which part of the word the vowel is missing:
· at the end
· in the suffix.
2) If the vowel letter is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form to establish the conjugation of the verb:
· in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation the vowels E, U, Yu (EdU) are written;
· in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation the vowels I, A, Z are written (donkey IA).
3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:
· missing vowel in participle suffixes - USH-, -YUSH-, -ASH-, -YASH-, -IM-, -EM-.
· a vowel is missing before the suffix of the participles -ВШ- and -НН-.
4) Spelling of participle suffixes -USCH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH-, -IM-, -EAT- depends on the tense of the original verb:
· in participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, the suffixes -USH-, -YUSH-, -EM- are written;
· in participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation, the suffixes are written -АШ-, -ЯШ-, -ИМ-;
5) The spelling of the vowel letter before the suffixes of the participles -ВШ- and -НН- depends on whether the initial form of the original verb ends in -АТ, -ЯТ or -Ити, -ЭТ:
· if the original verb ends in -AT or -YAT in the initial form, then the vowel letter A, I is preserved before НН in the passive past participles;
· if the original verb ends in -ITE or -ET in the initial form, then only E is written before NN;
before the suffix -VSH- the same vowel is retained, as before the end -TH in initial form.
TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK
Exercise № 1.
bed..sh / checked..dispelled / heard..my / rescue..
Answer:___________________.
Exercise № 2.
acceptable / drag..sh / invisible / jump..sh / significant
Answer:___________________.
Exercise № 3. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank?
burnt out / lingered / dozed..sh / top..sh / audible..my /
Answer:___________________.
Exercise № 4. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap?
delayed / looked..sh / pros..sh / foreseen / fulfilled..sh
Answer:___________________.
Exercise № 5. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap?
hover..sh / linger..sh / fight..sh / twirl..sh / invisible..my
Answer:___________________.
Exercise № 6. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap?
get used to / respond.. stick / stick..sh / download..sh / controversial
Answer:___________________.
Task No. 7. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap?
fighting / taking a photo / moving / falling / hoping
Answer:___________________.
Task No. 8. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank?
present..sh / corral..sh / sealed..sh / completed..sh / see you..sh
Answer:___________________.
Task No. 9. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank?
endure..sh / ventilate..sh / heal..sh / integral..my / tormented..my
Answer:___________________.
Task No. 10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank?
wander..sh / learn..sh / grind..sh / see you..sh / disappear..sh
Answer:___________________.
1. The following suffixes are written in the present participles:
A) -ush-, -yush-, if the participle is formed from a verb of the first conjugation, for example: going (go, go), drawing (draw, draw), laughing (laugh, laugh);
b) -ash-, -box-, if the participle is formed from a verb of the second conjugation, for example: screaming (shout, shout), flying (fly, fly), being built (build, are being built).
2. Suffixes are written in the passive participles of the present tense:
A) -eat-, if the participle is formed from a verb of the first conjugation, for example: executed (perform, perform), drawn (draw, draw);
b) -them-, if the participle is formed from a verb of the second conjugation, for example: stored (keep, store), heard (hear, hear).
Note. In book speech, a few passive present participles with the suffix are used -om-, formed from verbs of the first conjugation, for example: lead - lead - driven.
3. In passive past participles before NN is written A or I, if in the indefinite form of the verb before -th costs A or I, for example: detain - detained, fire - fired at. If in the indefinite form of the verb before -t costs And or e, in passive past participles before NN is written e, for example: view - viewed, shoot - shot.
(About spelling NN And n in passive past participles see § 53.)
308. Write down, indicating the suffix in each participle and indicating in brackets the indefinite form, conjugation and 3rd person plural form of the verb from which this participle is formed.
Sample. Bubbling flow. - Klokoch ushch th (bubble, I sp., bubble) stream. Colorful material. - Kras box yes(to paint, II sp., to paint) material.
A man breathing heavily, a worker grinding flour, workers sawing wood, children splashing in the water, a boy pecking a box, the number on the list, a crew fighting a storm, bravely a fighting regiment, a housewife busy...at the stove, a spreading steppe, a building under construction, a young man chopping wood, a hiding child, a fluttering fish, a student preparing...for tests, a dozing old man, a whistle heard from afar, creeping fog, a barking dog, scurrying grapes.
309. Write it off. Explain the spelling of participle suffixes.
1) The nature of the thirsty steppes gave birth to it on the day of wrath. (P.) 2) A squall buried itself in the shifting surface of the ocean, dousing the bridge in lashing splashes. (New.-Pr.) 3) The moon and stars disappeared before the brilliance of this wonderful, fresh, joyful morning. (Stan.) 4) Looking at the cheerful companion, at his rosy, healthy face, even strangers involuntarily smile. (S.-M.) 5) Everything inside me was trembling with bubbling laughter. 6) The puddles sparkled from the melting snow. (N.O.) 7) In the (half) light, the blackened dead land around is far away visible. (Boon.) 8) Meeting the sharp gaze of small eyes, she timidly moved her eyebrows. (M.G.) 9) Pechorin is a decisive man, hungry for worries and storms. (White) 10) The poet, for whom everything shared...my editor was news, listened carefully to Mikhail Alexandrovich. (Bulg.)
310. From infinitive verbs, form the 3rd person plural form of the present tense and passive participles of the present tense. Indicate the suffixes in them. Make up phrases with participles formed from the highlighted verbs.
To love, to excite, respect, worry, hear, edit, control, hate, support, encourage, depict, lead, see, interrupt, forget, recommend, change.
311. From indefinite verbs, form and write the masculine singular past tense and the passive past participle. Indicate the suffixes in them. Make up phrases with participles formed from the highlighted verbs.
Sample. Light it up - light it up, light it up yonn oh, lit fire.
Lower, illuminate, dedicate, offend, consider, shoot, shoot, extinguish, mix, knead, hang, hang, buy, throw, crown, promise, hit, shoot, shoot, start, cut, make fun of, sow, glue, to hang, to weigh, to console.
312. Write it off. For each highlighted participle, in parentheses, indicate the indefinite form of the verb from which it is formed.
1) The dough is good involved..but. He was implicated into an unpleasant story. 2) The walls of the room were covered with light wallpaper. 3) Lost..lost the book was found. 4) Notable The errors were quickly corrected in time. 5) On occupied In early spring, the first shoots appeared in the fields. 6) There was work ended..at in a timely manner. 7) Linen was fast dried out...but by the wind. 8) Lecture audition..on with deep attention.
313. Copy it by inserting the necessary participles and matching them with the nouns. Indicate orally which participles are active and which are passive.
1) The school drama club, ... an artist of the city theater, is preparing a new production. - The artist, ... of the school drama club, carefully explains the role to each participant in the performance (director, led). 2) Students... did a lot of work to expand the school garden, wrote about their experience in the school wall newspaper. - A lot of work ... by schoolchildren was described in detail in the wall newspaper (done, done). 3) The girl, ... a new book, told her friends about her impression of it. - The new book, ... by a girl, was written brightly and excitingly (read, read). 4) A new device, ... by an engineer, is of great value. - The engineer, ... a new device, received a prize (invented, invented). 5) The wind, ... the clouds, did not subside for a minute. - The clouds, ... by the wind, quickly rushed across the sky (chasing, driven).
314. Write it off. Underline the passive participles with one line, and the active ones with two lines. Indicate the verbally indefinite form of the verb from which the participle is formed, and explain the spelling of the participle suffixes.
1) The birch leaves rustle slightly, barely swaying...washed by the wind. 2) The glow at distant heights was reflected with a trembling blush. (L.) 3) On thoughts that breathe with power, like beads, words descend. (L.) 4) I love the smoke of burnt stubble, a wagon train sleeping in the steppe at night, and a couple of white birches on a hill in the middle of a yellow field. (L.) 5) The mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon. (L.) 6) And suddenly there was a cave in front of the knight; there is light in the cave. He goes straight to her under the dormant arches. (P.) 7) After the black dungeon, the light reflected by the snow seems unusually bright, hurting the eyes. (S.-M.) 8) The mined coal flows in a continuous stream, falling like a thundering waterfall into the holds of a ship moored to the pier. (S.-M.) 9) From time to time a signalman waving a flag appeared on the road ahead. (A.N.T.) 10) Suddenly the tramp of a galloping horse was heard. (T.)
315. Write it off. Underline the participles with one line, and the words they refer to with two lines. Make a morphological analysis of the participles from the first three sentences. Find paths in the text and determine their types.
In the white desert
We go out onto the ice, already covered (explored) with snow, and step ashore. Sliding along the (crumbling) stones, I rise to a high embankment (stretching) along the (open, bare) shore. Adjusting the gun behind my back, fastening my jacket tightly, fighting the (tight, blowing) wind in my face, I walk along the shore. I look at the stones that have fallen in a heap from the shore into the sea. A ray of sunshine, breaking through, illuminates the edge (black, hanging) of the cloud. I rise..raise my nockle, peer into the (undulating) depths of the dead desert. A yellowish spot is moving into the (white, sparkling) field. Alien (surrounding) to the world, rushing into the snowy haze.. “Sedov”.
Day and night, night and day, a boat runs between the shore and the ship, (loaded) for stability with boxes with rifle mounts. The owners of the (under construction) station take turns... taking turns at the helm. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
1. Conjugation of present and future verbs
To determine the conjugation of a verb, we put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?)
— Verbs recover, become disgusted, become disgusted change according to the first conjugation (you will recover, they will recover, you will become disgusted, they will become disgusted, they will become disgusted).
— the verbs want and run (and all derivatives from them) are differently conjugated.
Want in units unstressed endings 1 sp. (want, wants), and in plural. – endings 2 spr (want, want, want)
For example: run - run, run, run, run, run, run
2) If the verb is past tense, then we put before the suffix “L” the letter that was in the indefinite form of the verb before -т
We put the verb in the indefinite form. (What to do?) rasta I That means, before “L” we write the letter “I”
3. Present and past participles (rule)
To avoid misspelling the vowel in passive past participles, be careful when defining the infinitive. Often found:
Hang out the carpets A we're in the yard ( hang up) – place groceries in the store e us ( hang up)
Obvesh A given by tapes ( hang around) – wrap around e given by the seller ( give short weight)
Knead A information in the crime ( mix) – knead e dough ( knead)
Execution I these partisans ( shoot) – shot e given by hunters ( shoot)
Shot I new gun ( shoot) - shot e ny hare ( shoot)
Pump out A water from the tank ( deflate) – pump out e barrel removed from the basement ( roll out)
Suffixes play a very important role in the Russian language. With their help, not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is simply necessary to know what suffixes are and what they are used for.
A suffix is a morpheme that comes behind a root. Sometimes there are cases when a suffix follows the ending. In this case, it is called “postfix”. First of all, this concerns the morpheme -sya-/-s-: wash themselves (ending -yut, postfix -sya-), get ready, show off and others.
The main function of a suffix is the formation of new words, but there are cases when this morpheme plays a formative role. There are many suffixes in the language that have expressive and emotional connotations.
This morpheme is so numerous that it begins to be studied at school in the elementary grades. What are the suffixes in the Russian language? Grade 2 takes place in the middle of the year.
Using this morpheme it is easy to find out which part of speech is in front of us. So, thanks to the specific -ush/-yush and –ash-/-yash- we understand that this is a participle, and -v- clearly says that the word in question is a gerund. Let’s first consider these morphemes from the point of view of purpose, and then we’ll talk about belonging to any part of speech.
A word can exist without a suffix, but it is the suffix that gives the lexeme its special meaning. The opposite cases are also not uncommon, when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word “teaching” there are two of them: -tel- and -stv-, and in the word “teaching” there are three: the verbal -ova- was added to the previous two.
Let's look at what suffixes are from the point of view of their functionality.
- Shape-forming. These are those that participate in the formation of forms of the same word. Their distinctive feature is that these morphemes, along with the ending of the word, are not part of its basis. For example, the past tense form has a characteristic suffix -l-: wiped, cooked, read. In addition, some linguists consider -т- in the infinitive to also be a formative suffix. Let us recall that when studying the question of what kind of suffixes there are in the Russian language (grade 3), schoolchildren are presented with it as an ending. Also, if we interpret the participle and gerunds as verbal forms (linguists do not have a definite answer to this question), the suffixes of these words are singled out as form-building and are not included in the basis: thinking, thinking, persecuted (morphemes of the real participle -yush-, gerunds -я- and passive participle -im-). Inflectional suffixes also include comparative degree suffixes of adjectives and adverbs (stronger, deeper).
- Word-forming. These morphemes are more common: they are used when new words are created. Most often they are involved in the formation of nouns and adjectives. Moreover, with the help of this morpheme, a word of the same part of speech or another can appear. For example, the words “forest”, “forester”, “forest.” The first noun was formed using the suffix -nik-, the second word, adjective, using the suffix -n-. Sometimes verbs are also formed in a suffixal way: ponder - ponder. Here, the suffix -ыва- was used in the formation of the imperfective verb.
Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on what shade of meaning they convey. It is no secret that the root carries the main semantic load. The suffix only clarifies and makes the word more expressive. Let's look at what suffixes are from this point of view and the meanings they convey:
- Diminutive: table-table; ram-lamb; handsome - handsome; child - baby.
- Magnifying: boots, hands, fists, giants.
- Baby animals: duckling, calf, kitten, baby elephant.
- Designation of belonging to any profession: saleswoman, crane operator, barmaid; also localities: Siberian, St. Petersburg, Muscovite, southerner; Nationalities: Ukrainian, Georgian, German, Finnish.
- Subjective attitude towards an object or person: thief, little one, cunning, greedy, laughing.
In high school they begin to study morphology in detail, so for each part of speech they determine what suffixes there are in the Russian language (grade 5). Let's analyze this morpheme from this point of view. We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, by which one can unambiguously say about their morphological affiliation.
If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.
It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.
A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.
Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:
In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
- “Joyful, she reported the news.” In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
- “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.
- “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.
Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.
Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
- “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”
- “Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage” - “The girl closed her eyes before going on stage.”
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.
Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:
- adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
- pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
- numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
- “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
- “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
- “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.
A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
- Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
- Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”
Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:
- A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
- A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
- Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
- from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
- from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial phrase). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.
- The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
- The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.
If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:
- The frightened girl silently walked forward.
- The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.
You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:
- when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
- when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
- in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
- Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).
In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.
Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).
- An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).
When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- They, tired, went straight to bed.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).
A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:
- The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.
- Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.
In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.
Most school textbooks classify the word “should” as a short adjective.
(full form “ought”). At the same time, it is also said that some adjectives (including “should” are mentioned) are used only in a short form.
The word “should” (should, should) is often classified as an adjective, or more precisely, as a short adjective as a modal word. Although modal words express the need for action, and in their functions they are very close to verbs.
The same word is sometimes classified as an adverb, especially when it is used with the ending “-o” - “should”.
Let me give you an example: he owes me 50 rubles. Here the word “must” in meaning can be replaced by the verb “owed”.
Example 2: This shouldn't be a problem. Again, the word “should” is definitely not an adjective; its form resembles an adverb, but in essence it expresses an action and is not an adverb.
The word “MUST” is a short adjective. Derived from the full form adjective “Must”.
Although the issue is controversial, some consider it an adverb.
But what distinguishes it from an adverb is that this word changes in number and gender.
I now have to do written work in Russian.
I prefer to believe that the word “should” is a short adjective. Which? - due (full form), what? - must (short form).
It corresponds to the property of short adjectives: it is not declined according to cases, it has only gender and number.
Kuznetsov’s “Big Explanatory Dictionary” says that the word "must" is an adverb.
But I don’t agree with this, since an adverb is an immutable part of speech, and we can change the word “should” by number and gender.
In other dictionaries (for example, in the dictionaries of Ushakov and Ozhegov) this issue is generally avoided.
But in school textbooks the word “should” is classified as a short adjective. After all, the full form of this adjective is “ought.”
Neither participles nor verbs "should" and "must" cannot be: after all, verbs denote action, and participles have their own specific suffixes: NN, SH, ASH, USH, ENN, OM, YASCH, YONN, YUSCH, IM, VSH, T, EM. We do not see anything like this in the word “should”. In addition, participles are formed from verbs.
Therefore the word "must" really is short adjective.
