Stress: types and functions. Phonetics: stress. types of accents. the role of stress in the phonetic design of speech What is stress in Russian
Feature and meaning
A huge and special role in Russian phraseology is played by stresses, which indicate not only the changing intonation in what is said, emphasizing the main and secondary, but also completely change the meaning of what is said, as well as what is written down or printed later - both in a separate word and in a whole sentence .
Basic stress problems
Types of stress
How stress appears in the speech stream depends largely on the language. In some languages, stressed syllables have a higher or lower tone than unstressed ones - this is the so-called tone, or musical stress. In other languages, they may be pitched higher or lower than surrounding syllables (tone deviation), depending on the type of sentence. There is also dynamic (noisy, forceful) stress, qualitative (qualitative) stress (lack of vowel reduction) and quantitative stress (quantitative - an increase in the length of the sound, known in music theory as agogics). An accent can have several of these characteristics at the same time. In addition, stress can be implemented to varying degrees on different words in the same sentence; in some cases, the difference between the acoustic signals of stressed and unstressed syllables may be minimal.
Stresses play a very important role in the Russian language, indicating a change in intonation in what is said and changing the meaning of spoken words. Stress can emphasize the main and secondary things in speech. Its absence shows inexpressiveness of speech and unemotional feelings. These conditions, in turn, are indirect symptoms of psychological diseases or deviations in the speech apparatus, delays in its development. Therefore, it is very important to know what stress is, its types, and also be able to use it correctly in Russian. This definition refers to the branch of phonetics, which deals with the study of sounds in language and speech.
Definition
What is an accent? This is the sound and intonation highlighting of a specific speech component. Based on this, they are as follows:
- Logical stress - highlighting words in syntagma.
- Syntagmatic - highlighting syntagma in a phrase.
- Word stress is the emphasis of a syllable in a word.
It is the latter type that we have to deal with all the time. phrases implies the correct placement of stress in individual words.
Types of accents
Stresses are divided according to the method of isolating a syllable from a bar or word:
- Power (dynamic) stress - the emphasis of a syllable occurs using the force of exhalation.
- Tonic - the emphasis of a syllable occurs through the movement of the tone of the voice.
- Quantitative - a syllable is emphasized using a long sound.
- Quality - a change is taking place
Usually stresses are not absolutely pure; one type is usually accompanied by another. However, one of them is predominant.
In English, Czech, Russian and other languages, dynamic stress is usually found. In turn, tonic stress is more common in Chinese, Lithuanian and some other languages.
Dynamic stress can be weak or strong. Strong dynamic is common in Russian. To pronounce a stressed syllable, a force is used that is pushed by a stream of air from the lungs. Unstressed syllables change and weaken because there is no longer enough exhalation force for them. When the sound of unstressed syllables changes, this process is called reduction.
Place of stress
It is very important to be able to correctly place stress in any word, since it can be placed in different places. On this basis they distinguish:
- Fixed - it is located on a specific syllable.
- Free, which is otherwise called multi-place. It can fall on any syllable in a word, since it is not associated with any specific place in the word. This stress is used, for example, in Russian and English.
In turn, free stress is divided into two more subtypes:
- Free permanent. It should be noted that such stress always falls on the same syllable in different forms of a particular word. Most Russian words, as a rule, have a constant stress.
- Free movable. It is known that such stress falls on different syllables in different forms of one word. For example: write-shu and write-shish.
Free mobile stress in the Russian language is a phonological means and performs a semantic-discriminating function. For example: castle and castle.
As a rule, each word in Russian has one stress. Sometimes some independent and also function words do not have their own stress and are adjacent to some neighboring word as enclitics and proclitics.
Some particles include enclitics: tell me. Sometimes they can include some independent words: take by the hair.
Proclitics include particles, conjunctions, and monosyllabic prepositions. Certain monosyllabic prepositions in combination with some nouns can pull the stress onto themselves, while the next word becomes unstressed. For example: by the hand, without a trace.
Three-syllable and two-syllable function words can be weakly stressed or unstressed. Words that are formed by adding more than two stems are called polysyllabic. As a rule, along with one stress, they can also have a secondary one. The stressed syllable of the last stem of such a word always receives the main stress, and the secondary stress falls at its beginning. For example: radio broadcast. Compound words that are small in volume do not have side stress: gardener.
Consistent use of word stress
In the given grammatical forms, linguistic dictionaries, in non-monosyllabic headings, in texts for foreigners studying the Russian language, as well as in non-monosyllabic heading words of various reference books and dictionaries, the consistent use of the accent mark is used. This allows you to learn and read words correctly.
Selective use of word stress
The accent mark is also selectively used in ordinary texts. It is correctly used in the following cases:
- Used to prevent incorrect word recognition. For example: I’ll find out the roads later.
- It is used to set the correct stress in words that are poorly known: yukola, Fermi.
- Used to prevent mispronunciation of the word: grenadier.
Correct or incorrect placement of stress in words can significantly distort the meaning of what is said, along with incorrect use of punctuation marks.
INTRODUCTION
Stress or accent (Latin) - the selection of individual elements in the flow of speech sounds, carried out either by increasing muscular tension and the pressure of the exhaled air stream (Expiratory stress, also called force, tonic or dynamic), or by changing the pitch of the vocal tone (Musical stress , also called melodic stress or tone). In both cases, it is necessary to consider separately the phenomena of stress in a syllable, word and whole sentence. [Internet source, 7]
The languages of the world differ both in the rhythmic patterns allowed in words and in the functions performed by stress in them. An example of a language with an exceptional variety of accentual (i.e., stressed) possibilities is Russian. Since the stress can fall on any syllable of a word, it can perform a semantic distinguishing function, contrasting pairs like: p'li - pil, zbmok - zamuk, etc. Russian stress is not only variable, but also mobile: it can shift when the grammatical form of a word changes (vodb - voodoo, styny -). English has more limited accent capabilities. As in Russian, the stress in it is varied, which implies the possibility of contrasting pairs like: ўsubject “subject” - subject “to subjugate”, ўdesert “desert” - deўsert “to desert”; English stress can also change during suffixal word formation: ўsensitive - sensitivity. However, the inflectional capabilities of the English language are small, and stress does not change during inflection. [Internet source, 7]
The purpose of this work is to study the distribution of different types of stress among the languages of the world. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to complete a number of tasks:
Study the main types of stress and their functions, define a phonetic word.
To study the phenomenon of stress in the Russian language.
Study the distribution of dynamic, quantitative and tone types of stress.
Consider the distribution of free and bound types of stress in the languages of the world.
The object of study is stress in different languages.
The subject of the study is the types of stress in different languages of the world.
DEFINITION OF STRESS
Accent: types and functions
stress word speech accent
Stress or accent (Latin) is the selection of individual elements in the flow of speech sounds, carried out either by increasing muscular tension and the pressure of the exhaled air stream (expiratory stress, also called force, tonic or dynamic), or by changing the pitch of the voice tone (musical, also called melodic or tone). In both cases, it is necessary to consider separately the phenomena of stress in a syllable, word and whole sentence. [Internet source, 6]
I. Syllable stress. As observations of the development of languages attested in ancient written monuments show, in many cases the system of expiratory stress replaces the earlier system of musical stress. For example, in ancient Greek and ancient Indian languages the stress was melodic, whereas in modern Greek and modern Indian languages it is expiratory. Hence the statement repeatedly expressed by a number of scientists about the more archaic nature of musical stress. However, the question of the relationship between musical and expiratory types requires additional research. [Internet source, 6]
II. Emphasis on a word. In monosyllabic languages, such as Chinese, syllable stress naturally coincides with word stress; The situation is different in polysyllabic languages. Here it becomes one of the signs of a separate word, either by pointing its very place to the end of the word, or by arranging in a certain sequence (by tone or strength) all the syllables of the word in relation to the stressed syllable. In the first case, it is customary to talk about languages with a constant place of stress, in the second - about languages with free or movable stress. However, the term “free” or “movable” stress here only means that in these languages it can occur on any syllable of a word; the very place of emphasis is always obligatory and cannot be changed; Moreover, stress often differentiates consonant grammatical forms and pairs of words - cf. “rukim” (R. unit) - “rumki” (I. pl.), “bemga” (R. unit) - “begam” (I. pl.). [Internet source, 6]
One of the consequences of the weakening of unstressed syllables in languages with strong expiratory stress is a change in the quality and quantity of their vowels - the so-called vowel reduction. It can be observed, for example, in the Russian language. Here the vowels of the syllable preceding the pre-stressed syllable and the syllable following the stressed syllable are especially strongly reduced; weaker are the vowels of syllables further away from the stressed, and even weaker are the vowels of the pre-stressed syllable, cf. eg “frying pans”, “turned over”. Vowel reduction is not necessary, however, in languages with expiratory stress; in many languages it is absent, as in the languages French and Georgian, where reduction of unstressed syllables is completely unacceptable. [Internet source, 6]
III. Sentence emphasis. The distribution of musical and power stresses in the speech as a whole does not depend on the nature of the stress in the syllable and word; on the contrary, it is languages with an expiratory type of stress that especially widely use changes in vocal tone to convey the semantic nuances of an utterance - for the so-called intonation. On the other hand, increased emphasis on one of the words of a sentence (the so-called logical or phrasal stress) often determines the meaning of the entire message; So in the sentence “his father gave him a book”, the logical stress, falling on each word, gives approximately the following shades to the statement - “his father (not a stranger) gave him a book”, “his father gave (did not give) him a book”, “his father gave him (not to the other) a book”, “his father gave him a book (not a toy)”, etc. Sometimes even shifts in verbal stress associated with the semantics of the message are possible; such are, for example, shifts in stress caused by emphasis, the desire to emphasize the opposition present in a statement, a newly introduced concept, etc.; Wed for example, shifts in stress in statements such as: “fifteen, not sixteen,” “subjective, not objective,” etc. [Internet source, 6]
STRESS, stress, cf. 1. Emphasis (a syllable in a word, a word in a sentence) by using stronger voice or raising the tone. The stress falls on something (such and such a sound, syllable, etc.). Syllable, sound under stress, without stress. Expiratory stress. Musical… Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Modern encyclopedia
- (accent) ..1) highlighting a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means. It is carried out in various ways: by the force of exhalation (force, or expiratory, emphasis in Russian, English, French, Polish, Hungarian, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Accent- (accent), 1) highlighting a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means. It is carried out in various ways: by the force of exhalation (force, or expiratory, emphasis in Russian, English, French and other languages);... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Emphasis, emphasis; poking, bumping, greasing, hooting, hiccup, knocking, tonema, poking, hooting, poking, poking, spanking, excreting, grunting, grunting, grunting, badge, kicking, slapping, dumbfounding Dictionary of Russian synonyms. emphasis... ... Synonym dictionary
emphasis- Accent, Emphasis A superscript sign indicating the pronunciation features of a word, in particular the stressed syllable. In the Russian language, acute is used as an accent mark [one of the upper accents is “sharp” stress] ... Font terminology
- (lat. Ictus = blow, U.). This grammatical term refers to different shades of strength and musical pitch observed in speech. Depending on whether we consider these shades within a single syllable, or within a whole word, or, finally... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
See the language of V.V. Vinogradov. History of words, 2010 ... History of words
Accent- STRESS. Strengthening the voice or raising the tone on one syllable compared to other syllables of the same word or whole phrase. See Exhalation... Dictionary of literary terms
STRESS- STRESS. 1. Isolating a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means: in Russian, English, French, Polish and a number of other languages - by the force of exhalation; in Lithuanian, Chinese, Japanese and other languages - by changing the height... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
Books
- Stress in borrowed words in modern Russian, Superanskaya A.V.. This book contains a study devoted to stress in borrowed words that make up a significant proportion of modern Russian vocabulary. Shows the changes that have occurred since...
Features of stress in Russian
(continuation)
Separate conversation O ra require unstressed words. Function words and particles, as a rule, do not have stress in the Russian language. Some of them are monosyllabic prepositions and conjunctions, b yva They use pre-stress words, so-called proclitics. They will accept yk They are pronounced in pronunciation of the independent words that follow them and have stress: on the water, by the road, from the forest, along the ut I.Others are monosyllabic particles, being ut These are enclitics, that is, post-stress words. They are adjacent in pronunciation to the preceding word, having eat I've got a hit: someone came, tell me, I promised, you opened the door, will they come? neither.In these combinations of particles then, ka, after all, then, whether become enclitics.
Sometimes the excuse takes a hit. on yourself b I, then the significant word that follows it turns out to be unstressed. Most often they pull the blow on themselves. pre d logs ON, FOR, UNDER, BY, FROM, WITHOUT.
ON - on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the ear, on
A winter, for a year, for a house, for a floor.
But such a transfer of a stressed vowel is not always correct. oi coming off. We are speaking go to the pier(but not nA they say), climb the hill(but not on the hill), decree
on the door(but not on the door), run aground(but not stranded).
Shifting the emphasis to the preposition, according to the norms of orthoepy, possibly en when the combination of a noun with a preposition is part of a stable phrase O company or when it appears in a circumstantial meaning and has an adverbial character. In the same case ae when it is important to highlight a noun as the object to which the action is directed, and when it is a noun But e acts as a complement, a blow. does not switch to an excuse. For example:
take A's word for it, but: pay attention
ima reference to the word "transformation";
lower the ship into the water, but: because of the glare of the sun it is painful to look at the water;
this man is dishonest, but: dirty there was bandage applied;
put the load on her shoulders, but: he put his palms on her shoulders;
move the hat to the nose, but: put the juggler l on nOS cardboard cylinder;
The old man was hard on his ear, but the mother looked at the boy's ear.
We'll say take sin on your soul. This is the foundation first turn, and blow. enshrined in it. But you can't say: so many products per country
shu population.We are speaking fall like snow on the goal
ov y. This is also a phraseological unit in which the emphasis is traditionally placed on the preposition. But you can't say: he threw the game
fe tti on the heads of friends.
Often the emphasis in Russian is transferred si refers to the preposition NA when combined with numerals: na two, na three, na five, na ten, na hundred, na two, na three. But if there are two numerals next to each other with the meaning of approximate, such movement is a blow. Not about comes from: leave for two or three days, for five or six months, for two or three days. Pronunciation n
A two-three, na three-five
- incorrect. The preposition remains unstressed even in that case cha e, when two numerals are connected by the conjunction OR: for two or three days, for five or six months, for two or
t roe days.
The accent is not transferred in Russian yk e to a preposition even when there is a clarification at the first numeral. Compare: leave for two months - leave for two months
VA months and ten days; business trip for a year - business trip for a year and three months; meet cha scheduled for three o'clock - the meeting is scheduled for three hours and thirty minutes.
Finally, it should be said that sometimes The text suggests the need to save the blow. on a significant word, and not transfer it to the right units log. In a conversation about the work of the famous Russian composer, we talked about the suite for two Russian no topics (not nA two). The presenter specifically highlighted the word two to draw attention to this it orii.
BEHIND - for the leg, for the hand, for the winter, for the soul, for the mountains od , for a night, for a day, for two, for three, for five, for seven, for forty.
But the same restrictions apply here:
hide your hands behind your back - hide
that grab your mother's back;
grab hands - grab hands and n ABOUT gi;
you can get there in two hours - behind two hours and forty minutes.
ON - by the forest, by the field, by the floor, by but sou, two, three, one hundred, two, three.
The blow cannot be taken. on a preposition when combining eg o with numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten... fourty and complex numbers tel nal eleven, twelve, five hundred, six hundred, etc.: for five hours, for six days, for nine rubles
le oh, forty kopecks.
The emphasis is not transferred to the description in the above cases:
TWO-THREE plates, five-six each
t Human;
for two or three days, two or tr And the day;
two or three days, three from to fishing another day;
about two centners, but two and three tens you x quintal.
UNDER - Under the feet, under the arms, under the mountain, p
One nose, in the evening.
IZ - I from home, from the forest, from sight, from
os u.
WITHOUT - without news, without a year
de la, to no avail.
FROM- hour From hour, year From year, From
ro du.
Some two-syllable prepositions are always a are unstressed. These are FROM BECAUSE, FROM UNDER and prepositions with the fluent O: PODO, NECESSARY, OBO, OTO, ISO - because of le sa , from under the table, under me, about me, from everyone, from everyone.
Weak words- these are the words that That Although some have stress in the phrase, it is weaker than that of independent words. I call this emphasis t p obverse. Many adverbial prepositions are weakly stressed words, such as AFTER, CIRCLE, PAST, AROUND, OPPOSITE, AROSS, KOKO LO and others. The fact that these words receive only a weakened impact is clearly felt when compared with fr basics in which these words, used as adverbs, become carriers of normal hit.:
the mother stood behind the children - the river ost
al behind;
the train was rushing through my field - the car about ex ala mimo;
he waved after the bus - what people-That shouted after;
we will come after an hour - we will come To to you after;
there was a spring near the house - it’s enough to go to okrug yes Around.
Side accent (or second penny oe) is designated by the sign “gravis”, in contrast to the main blow., designated by the sign “acute”. Side kick. usually has the preposition THROUGH: etc search well through the thicket, through the thickets, through the fog. Always carries a collateral blow. etc. e dlog EXCEPT: everyone gathered except him; don’t take anything boring with you except books; except for birch trees, there were and l ips.Some cities are weakly impacted lag single forms and introductory words IT WAS, IT HAD BEEN, IT HAD BEEN: I would like to take up reading; seed We also ate Well, in the evenings we talked together; So he was planning to leave?
However, you should not get carried away with side effects and accents. If the speaker's speech is kept at a moderate pace, the pronunciation of unstressed words is second. P with strong stress, and weakly stressed words with normal stress. will create excessive accentuation, to O which only makes speech more difficult to perceive and disturbs listeners.
Words with side stress attracted to fuck e special attention. For the most part, every independent word is her t just one hit. But there are words with a large number of syllables and complex in composition, which also have a secondary very good noe blow. This is mainly:
words formed by compounding there are two basics: all-metal, cranial-marrow, indefinite leave;
words with some pre f Xs of foreign language origin: A
anti-clerical, ultra-reactionary, dust jacket, re-militarization;
compound words: ze msnarYad
, R and YesSovet, oh blit, ene rgosbyt, partyconference
.
If a word has two stresses, then the main stress will be t is located closer to the end of the word, and closer to the beginning is the collateral. Also has knowledge chen ie and the distance of the main blow. from the beginning of the word: man, horseman, spending time with me denie, hl about poop cleaning .
Widely used compound words, if they are not faces usually do not have side stress: vacuum cleaner, drain, garden, water supply, black ozЁ m, grateful, far-sighted, land surveyor, centuries-old . No collateral damage. pronounced and so common with lo wow, how EARTHQUAKE, AGRICULTURAL and others.
Side stresses appear more often in kn words similar in stylistic coloring: ( damn your crime, books of the state guardhouse) and in special words wow: ( electr o NnovAcuumny, galva noacoustics, radio reportAzh, film script, photo correspondent, shahtopodyo mn ik).
It happens when forming a complex word by compounding the main blow. moves closer to the center of the word and ends up on the wrong syllable That ry falls in a word used independently. So, we say:
a fighter - but a hammerman, swa
fuck Oets;
WAVE - but short wave, d whether newwave;
factory - but elegant Ods cue;
Forest - but Malole sn y;
Imported - but long-distance Oz ny;
wired - electrically;
seller - but the book is a state seller;
raftable - but timber raftable;
creator - but poetry T inOrets;
ear - but oh ear;
colored - but monochromatic.
Compound adjectives and compound adjectives cyclic numerals, in the first part of which there are 3, 4, from 11 to 20, as well as 30, 40, 50, 60... 100, are often pronounced with two accents (by barrel noe - on the numeral): one eleven meter, fifteen
And Liter, seven-ten-kilometer, nine-century, one-hundred-thousandth.
With two side kicks. on the lane V oh part and with the main emphasis on the second part, complex words are pronounced four xso pipes, electric machinery, and
volume o togOnschik
.
Always have a side effect. complex layers va , written with a hyphen: Kontr-admiral, kayu t-company, pla sch-tent, i ht-club.
Side stress may fall on some when st. awki: OVER-, AFTER-, INTER-. But here, too, the degree of use of the word plays a role. For example them er, with a side kick. words are spoken according to sleubOrochny, according to post-operative, according to slerodo th. But it is missing from words day after tomorrow, afternoon, afterword. And in words with the prefixes MEZH- To SUPER-side blow. always put: INTERNATIONAL, INTERINDUSTRY, INTERPLANETARY; sve R xdeep, super mobile, super speed .
Side stress is necessary for rights or Correctly pronounce the corresponding vowels in the word. If you say the word xo zmag without a secondary blow., then oh But will sound like this: hazmaq. The listener may not guess the meaning of this lo va. Hence, collateral damage. performs an important semantic function. In addition, it also plays a significant role And listical role. The appearance of a secondary blow. where it is not necessary, evidence TV talks about vernacular style, for example: O hostel, at seven o'clock, nine o'clock. In addition to the unacceptable vernacular surroundings ac ki, such excessive stress makes speech tedious and difficult to sp riy.
Visual and expressive capabilities accents are widely used find comfort in journalistic and artistic works. The author gives persons as much he has a vivid description, showing the originality of his blow. and pronunciation. Social ts ional, professional affiliation of the character and the degree of his education. But, in a stylistically neutral speech, an indentation n not from literary norms is unacceptable. Normative verbal stress contributes to correct perception and action TV the meaning of the sounding word.
