The reign of Nicholas II. Emperor Nicholas II Presentation on the topic of the reign of Nicholas 2
(1868 – 1918)(1894 – 1917)
Features of the political system
At the beginning of the twentieth century. Russia was an absolute monarchy (in Europe everything
constitutional). The Emperor directed the work of the Council of Ministers
(since 1857 the body coordinating the activities of ministers); to him
were subordinated to the Senate (court), Synod (from 1721 of the Russian Orthodox Church), and ministries (1802).
The highest legislative body under the emperor was
State Council (1810 – 1906). Those. no separation of powers
representative bodies, unified government.
Alexander's eldest son
III and Maria Feodorovna;
the last Emperor.
After February
revolution was with
family under arrest in
Tobolsk, and in July 1918
was shot in
Yekaterinburg. In 2000
canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Conflicting assessments
personality and activity.
High degree of bureaucratization. Reliance on the army, police,
gendarmerie (although there are fewer police officers per capita than in some
European countries)
Since the end of the 19th century. illegal political parties are formed
(especially on the national outskirts). Acted legally
non-political associations whose activities were monitored
police.
His educators and teachers were outstanding representatives of the Russian national
science and culture: the teacher of law and fundamentals of theology was the chief prosecutor of His Holiness
Synod K.P. Pobedonostsev and Professor E.E. Zamyslovsky, course of economics and finance
read by academician I.Kh. Bunge, historical disciplines were taught by academicians S.M. Soloviev and V.O.
Klyuchevsky, geography and statistics were read by the Chief of the General Staff, General N.N.
Obruchev, course of the Academy of the General Staff - prominent military theorists M.I.
Dragomirov, G.A. Leer and A.F. Roediger. Tragedy on the Khodynka Field in Moscow - May 1896
Mass crush on the outskirts of Moscow during the celebrations
the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, in which
1389 people were killed and more than 900 were injured,
began due to fears that there were not enough gifts for everyone
enough.
The imperial family donated to the victims
90 thousand rubles, the imperial couple together with the Governor General Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
visited hospitals where the wounded were admitted to
Khodynka field; the emperor appointed personal
pensions for the families of the dead and injured.
Mass grave
died on May 18, 1896
Vagankovskoe cemetery
Moscow. Economic policy
The reign of Nicholas II was a period of economic growth:
by 1913 the country reaches its highest point of economic growth (in subsequent
decades will not be able to surpass the indicators of economic development of 1913)
5th place in the world in industrial growth and Russia has constantly increased this
share due to accelerated development rates
1st place in the world in terms of production concentration (share of large modern
enterprises)
If this continued, then in less than 10-12 years she would be
already a world leader
Successfully developed:
Agriculture
Metallurgy
Oil industry
Forestry industry
Chemical industry
Electrical engineering
Mechanical engineering (from 1909 to 1913 production of internal combustion engines
increased by 283.5%)
Aircraft industry (the most powerful aircraft in the world are “Vityaz” and “Ilya Muromets” by I.I.
Sikorsky)
Minister of Finance with
1892 to 1903
Developed the main
agrarian situation
reforms (1903 – 1904),
implemented
Stolypin
Economic policy of Witte
Goals:
Accelerating the industrialization of the country
Creation of a market economy
Integration of the Russian economy into the world economy Economic policy
Economic policy of Witte
Economic policy:
Acceleration of railway construction
Active government intervention in financial and economic
life of the country (patronage of industry, issuance of cash
loans)
Attracting foreign capital
Financial reform
Financial reform:
indirect taxes increased (1895 introduction of a state monopoly on
trade in alcoholic beverages, increased treasury revenues in 1914
government sales of alcohol were closed), but taxes were
empires were significantly lower than in other countries
1891 – new customs tariff (policy of protectionism,
customs duties were increased, heavy development was encouraged
industry, resulting in an almost complete cessation of metal imports)
Minister of Finance with
1892 to 1903
Developed the main
agrarian situation
reforms (1903 – 1904),
implemented
Stolypin
1897 – gold backing of the ruble, increasing convertibility and
solvency of the ruble (Russia's gold reserves are more than 100%
covered paper money, whereas Germany and Austria-Hungary,
gold plating was only about 50%) Ministers
internal affairs
Goremykin
1895 – 1899
Sipyagin
1900 – 1902
Plehve
1902 – 1904
Killed by the Social Revolutionaries
National politics
The process of modernization of the country required uniformity in
administrative, legal and social structure of all territories
Russia, the introduction of a single language and educational standards.
In Finland (limitations of autonomy) a manifesto was published in 1899,
which gave the emperor the right to make laws for Finland without
consent of its Sejm (sejm restrictions); in 1901 national military
units were disbanded, and the Finns had to serve in the Russian
army. Office work in government agencies in Finland
should have been conducted only in Russian. The Diet of Finland refused
approve these laws, and Finnish officials boycotted them. In 1903, the Governor General
Finland was given emergency powers. This significantly aggravated the political
the situation in the region. Finnish territory turned into a base for revolutionary groups, where
terrorists were preparing their assassinations, and revolutionaries and liberals were holding congresses and
conferences.
In 1903, unrest occurred among the Armenian population (decree on the transfer
the property of the Armenian-Gregorian Church is under the authority of the authorities, because part of the income, according to
police, was used to support Armenian national revolutionary organizations;
The Armenian population perceived this decree as an attack on national values and
religious traditions).
Restoration of the Pale of Settlement for Jews (you can only live in
western provinces), restrictions on the number of Jews in educational
establishments. Jewish youth actively joined the ranks of revolutionary
organizations and often held leadership positions in them. At the same time in the country
There was a significant increase in the economic influence of Jewish capital. All
Svyatopolk-Mirsky
1904 – 1905
this caused increased anti-Semitic sentiments, often leading to
pogroms (the first major pogrom against Jews occurred in April 1903 in
Chisinau, then was in Gomel). Worker Policy
expansion of factory legislation: in 1897 a law was passed on
limiting the working day to 11.5 hours;
Bulygin
January–October 1905
the rights of the factory inspection, designed to monitor violations, have been expanded
laws by entrepreneurs, to extinguish possible causes of strikes;
in 1903, a law was passed on compensation for workers by factory owners,
injured at work; workers were allowed to choose
factory elders who monitored the entrepreneur’s compliance with the conditions
hiring
Stolypin
1906 – 1911
S.V. Zubatov
The Politics of “Police Socialism”: Creating Legal Workers
organizations under police surveillance and guide the labor movement
exclusively to the struggle for economic interests (“Zubatovism”),
improving the situation of workers in a timely manner. The goal was to distract
the proletariat from the anti-government struggle. For a while part
workers became interested in the idea of cooperation with the authorities and began to participate in
"Zubatov" organizations, named after their initiator, chief
Moscow security department S.V. Zubatov, but this caused
resistance from factory owners who decided that the police were setting them on
workers (under their pressure the “trade unions” were dissolved), and the distrust of the
workers who are tired of waiting for promised reforms; social democrats
realized the danger posed by the Zubatov movement and began to fight
him: the Zubatov movement received the definition of “provocation”, as a result
and the masses of workers recoiled from the new Society. After the assassination of Plehve in 1904, the new Minister of Internal Affairs
Affairs was appointed Svyatopolk-Mirsky, a liberal.
P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky
At the end of 1904, in a note to the emperor, he proposed a plan
state reorganization:
include in the State Council elected representatives from zemstvos and
doom,
expand the circle of voters and expand zemstvos to
the entire territory of Russia.
It was supposed to gradually equalize the rights of peasants with
other classes and improve the position of the Old Believers and
foreigners.
Nicholas II in December 1904 issued a decree on emergency
transformations.
At the end of 1904, the political struggle in the country intensified.
The policy proclaimed by the government of P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky
trust in society led to increased activity of the opposition
(the liberal Liberation Union offered G. Gapon
heading the “Meeting of Russian Factory Workers”
St. Petersburg" to come up with a petition of political content). Revolution 1905 – 1907
Revolution 1905 – 1907
The revolution lasted 2.5 years (from January 9, 1905 to June 3, 1907).She went through 3 stages in her development. Goals of the revolution
overthrow of autocracy and establishment of a democratic republic;
elimination of class inequality;
introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, parties and associations;
the destruction of landownership and the distribution of land to peasants;
reduction of the working day to 8 hours;
recognition of the right of workers to strike and the creation of trade unions;
establishing equality of the peoples of Russia.
Participated in the revolution:
most of the medium and small
bourgeoisie,
intelligentsia,
workers,
peasants,
soldiers,
sailors,
employees.
Therefore, it was nationwide, according to
goals and composition of participants had
bourgeois-democratic
character. The prologue to the revolution was the events in St. Petersburg:
general strike (due to unfair dismissal of 4 workers began
strike of workers of the Putilov plant on January 3, January 7 and 8 strike
spread to all enterprises of the city and became universal) and
G. Gapon and I. A. Fullon in
“Meetings of Russian factory workers in St. Petersburg”
Striking workers
gate of the Putilov plant.
January 1905.
Bloody Sunday: On January 9, workers walking to
to the Tsar with a petition (it was drawn up by participants in the “Meeting of Russian Factory Workers” under the leadership of G. Gapon).
The petition contained a request from workers to improve their material
provisions and political demands - convening of the Constituent Assembly
based on universal, equal and secret suffrage, introduction
democratic freedoms, the responsibility of ministers to the people.
As the columns approached military outposts, the officers demanded that
the workers stopped, but they continued to move forward. To
prevent a crowd of 150 thousand from entering the city center of Zimny
palace, the troops were forced to fire rifle salvos. In reply
workers began to take up arms and build barricades. Overclocking
unarmed march of workers made a shocking impression on
society. The traditional faith of the working masses in the Tsar was shaken, and
the influence of revolutionary parties began to grow. Number of party members
The ranks quickly filled up. The slogan “Down with
autocracy!". Soon after the events of January 9, Minister Svyatopolk-Mirsky was
dismissed and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which General was appointed on January 10
D. F. Trepov. The bogeyman of the revolution. Drawing by B. Kustodiev First stage: from January 9 to the end of September 1905
January-February strikes and protests in response to Bloody Sunday
under the slogan “Down with autocracy!”; a wave of strikes swept across the country (including in
railway, student, etc.), peasant movement. The leader was killed by the Socialist-Revolutionaries. book Sergey Aleksandrovich.
On February 18, Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with
instructions on the preparation of a law on an elected representative body: legislative
Duma.
spring-summer demonstrations of workers in Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz, Riga and Baku;
April – III Congress of the RSDLP: course towards an armed uprising.
Decree on religious tolerance.
May – strike of Ivanovo-Voznesensk weavers, creation of a new body in Ivanovo-Voznesensk
authorities (Council of authorized deputies (spring - summer 1905), with the aim of leading the strike and
negotiations with the authorities and factory owners, as well as organizing propaganda of Marxism and
revolutionary ideas;
The formation of the All-Russian Peasant Union, which came out with political
requirements. Movement of peasants and agricultural workers in 1/5 of the counties of central
Russia, Georgia and Latvia;
uprising of sailors on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky" (during a spontaneous
the armed uprising that began due to poor quality food, the sailors captured the ship in their
hands, having killed some of the officers, took the ship to Odessa, after 11 days they surrendered to the Romanians
troops).
On August 6, the Manifesto of Nicholas II established the State Duma (Bulyginskaya) as
legislative body and published the Regulations on elections with secret ballot (neither
universal, neither direct nor equal). The organization of elections to the State Duma was entrusted to the minister
internal affairs Bulygin. Second stage: October – December 1905
the highest rise of the revolution
October – the beginning of the All-Russian political strike (more than 2 million participants), during
month, the strike movement swept Moscow, St. Petersburg and other industrial centers of the empire.
On October 17, 1905, Nicholas II signed the Highest Manifesto “On the Improvement
public order": the introduction of certain political freedoms and the convening of legislative
State Duma on the basis of the new electoral law. The Manifesto served as an impetus for
the formation of two influential political parties.
October 19 reform of the highest executive power: introduction of the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers in
headed by Witte.
Under the influence of peasant uprisings, a manifesto was signed to reduce redemption payments.
payments and their complete abolition from January 1907.
uprising of sailors in Sevastopol and on the cruiser "Ochakov", led by Lieutenant P.P.
Schmidt. The uprising was suppressed, Schmidt and three sailors were shot, more than 300 people were convicted
or exiled to hard labor and settlements.
Liberals, frightened by the scale of the movement, recoiled from the revolution. They welcomed the publication
Manifesto and the new electoral law. They decided that they had succeeded in weakening the autocracy
and, taking advantage of the promised freedoms, began to create their own political parties.
October - November: formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies in St. Petersburg (Khrustalev-Nosar chairman,
then Trotsky), and in Moscow.
December: armed uprising in Moscow (speech of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. Uprising
was supported by a general strike of workers).
A new electoral law was issued for elections to the First State Duma, developed by
S.Yu. Witte. Elections to it were not general (in
they were not attended by farm laborers, women,
soldiers, sailors, students and workers,
employed in small enterprises).
Each class had its own
norms of representation: vote 1
landowner was equal to 3 votes
bourgeoisie, 15 peasant votes and 25
workers' voices.
The election outcome was determined
ratio of the number of electors.
The government still counted on
monarchical commitment and Duma
illusions of the peasants, so for them there was
a relatively high standard is set
representative offices.
The elections were not direct: for
peasants - four-degree, for workers
- three-degree, for nobles and bourgeoisie
- two-stage.
An age limit was introduced (25 years) and for
townspeople high property
qualification to ensure in elections
advantage of the big bourgeoisie. Third stage: January 1906 to June 3, 1907
decline and retreat of the revolution
January 1906 – cancellation of redemption payments
February 1906 – Manifesto on the transformation of the State Council into the upper house
parliament
April – July 1906 – I State Duma (dissolution on July 9)
April 1906 – publication of the “Basic Laws of the Russian Empire”
July 1906 – uprising of soldiers and sailors in Reval, Kronstadt
August 1906 - assassination attempt on Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin (the Socialist Revolutionaries blew up the dacha); introduction
military courts
November 1906 – the beginning of Stolypin’s agrarian reform
February – June 3, 1907 – II State Duma
June 3, 1907 - manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State Duma, a new electoral law;
Police arrested members of the Social Democratic faction in the State Duma for
accused of preparing a military conspiracy. Published simultaneously with the manifesto
the new electoral law gave an advantage in new elections to representatives
nobility and big bourgeoisie. I State Duma (72 days - from April to July 1906)
Chairman - Muromtsev (cadet). The leading role is played by liberals (34% of Cadets, 14% of Octobrists, 23%
Trudoviks, close to the Social Revolutionaries and expressing the interests of the peasantry; Social Democrats were represented
Mensheviks (about 4% of seats); the Black Hundreds did not enter the Duma; The Bolsheviks boycotted the elections).
Contemporaries called the First State Duma “the Duma of people’s hopes for a peaceful path.”
However, its legislative rights were curtailed even before convocation. The advisory State Council was
transformed into an upper legislative chamber. New “Basic Laws of the Russian Empire”,
published before the opening of the Duma, reserved for the tsar the right to issue decrees without her approval, which
contradicted the promises of the October 17 Manifesto. However, some limitation of autocracy
was achieved, since the State Duma received the right of legislative initiative and had to
approve the state budget.
The Duma proposed a program for the democratization of Russia: the introduction of ministerial responsibility to
Duma; guarantee of all civil liberties; establishment of universal free education; carrying out
agrarian reform; meeting the demands of national minorities; abolition of the death penalty and
full political amnesty. The government did not accept this program, which strengthened it
confrontation with the Duma.
The main issue in the Duma was the agrarian question. Two bills were discussed: cadets (at the expense of
peasants) and Trudoviks (alienation of all privately owned lands free of charge, leaving them to the owners
only the “labor standard”).
The government, supported by conservative landowners, rejected all projects. After 72
The day after the opening of the Duma, the tsar dissolved it, declaring that it did not calm the people, but inflamed passions. II State Duma (February – June 1907)
Chairman - Golovin (cadet), leading role of the left forces (Trudoviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and Social Democrats
formed a “left” bloc with 222 seats (43%); Cadets (19% of seats), 10% Black Hundreds, 15%
Octobrists and bourgeois-nationalist deputies).
The central question is agrarian, various projects: the Social Democrats demanded full
confiscation of landowners' land and the creation of local committees for its distribution among peasants.
Projects of forced alienation of landowners' land frightened the government. Was
The decision was made to disperse the Duma. It lasted 102 days. Pretext for dissolution
deputies of the Social Democratic faction were accused of preparing
coup d'etat.
On June 3, 1907, simultaneously with the Manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State Duma,
a new electoral law has been published. Making a law by will alone
government was a direct violation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, since in
In it, the king promised that “no new law can follow without the approval of
State Duma".
June 3 is considered the last day of the revolution of 1905-1907. Reasons for incompleteness
revolution:
Revolutionary disunity
strength
Refusal of the liberal parties
struggle, transition to parliamentary
activity.
Preservation of the army and navy as a whole
as a pillar of autocracy.
Beginning of agrarian reform
Stolypin.
The main result was
that the supreme power was
forced to make a change
socio-political system
Russia. It has developed new
government agencies,
indicating the beginning
development of parliamentarism.
During the revolution, were created
prerequisites for conducting
agrarian reform that
contributed to further
development of bourgeois relations in
village. The socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed:
democratic freedoms were introduced,
censorship abolished
allowed to organize trade unions and legal political
parties.
The bourgeoisie received a wide opportunity to participate in political life
countries.
The financial and legal situation of workers has improved. In a number of industries
industry wages increased and decreased
working hours.
The peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments.
The end of the revolution led to the establishment of a temporary internal political
stabilization in Russia. THIRD JUNE POLITICAL SYSTEM (1907-1914)
After the revolution in Russia, a new system of political organization of the state arose,
called the “June Third Monarchy.”
The internal policy of the government during this period was determined by objective
post-revolutionary conditions:
it was aimed at suppressing the anti-government movement
(the onset of reaction in all areas of public life; the impact
administrative and ideological measures: police and bureaucratic
the apparatus was helped by the press and the church).
The implementation of the counter-revolutionary line was based on the “Regulations on
enhanced and emergency security" (local authorities received the right
search the premises of any institutions and organizations, arrest their members;
many organizations of peasants, students, democratic
intelligentsia, some trade unions were closed, the publication of a number of
democratic newspapers and magazines).
The electoral law of June 3 changed the procedure for Duma elections
(workers lost half of the electors, and peasants more than half; the number
deputies from national regions (Caucasus, Poland) decreased threefold,
8 million residents of the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia were deprived of the right to vote).
The ideological offensive was reflected most clearly in a collection of articles about
Russian intelligentsia "Vekhi" (1909), in which the authors defended the uselessness,
the harmfulness of revolutionary actions. The Church called for Christian humility
and cooperation with the government. Representatives of Black Hundred organizations walked
even further, demanding death for all revolutionaries, cessation of activities
Duma.
revolution
testified to
necessity
reforms
for expansion
social support
supreme power
(maneuvering between
different social
by force, by accepting
and implementation of new
laws)
The largest
internal political
the reform was
Stolypinskaya P. A. Stolypin
Since 1906 Chairman of the Council
ministers. Supporter
united and strong
States: his words,
facing the left
to the Duma deputies: “...to you
great upheavals are needed
we need a great Russia!”
Combined a policy of repression
against revolutionary
movements (“Stolypin
tie") with reforms,
aimed at development
capitalism and strengthening
states
Killed by the Social Revolutionaries in 1911
Stolypin's reforms
agrarian reform (1906 – 1911)
local government reform (creation
classless volost institutions)
education reform (construction of schools on
village and the transition to compulsory primary
education)
measures to improve workers' lives
(insurance, reduction of working hours,
introduction of hiring rules, etc.) Stolypin agrarian reform
The agrarian question occupied a central place in domestic politics: the struggle of the peasants
(November 1905) forced the government to cancel redemption payments by half from 1906, and from 1907
fully
But this was not enough: the peasants demanded land, so the government was forced
was to return to the idea of abandoning the communal and transitioning to private peasant
land ownership (it was expressed back in 1902 by Witte, but then the government refused to implement it, and
Stolypin insisted on carrying out the reform and therefore it was called “Stolypin”)
Stolypin agrarian reform
Goal of the reform:
preserve landownership
accelerate the bourgeois evolution of agriculture
relieve social tension in the village and create a strong social support for the government there
face of the rural bourgeoisie
1) The decree of November 9, 1906 allowed the peasant to leave the community,
and the law of June 14, 1910 made exit mandatory
2) The peasant could demand the consolidation of allotment plots into a single cut (in the village) and even
move to a separate farm (outside the village)
3) A fund was created from part of the state and imperial lands for the sale of them to peasants
4) To purchase these and landowners’ lands, the Peasant Bank gave cash loans
5) Given the “land hunger” in the center of Russia, the government encouraged the resettlement of peasants for
Ural: settlers were given loans to settle in a new place, state warehouses were created
agricultural machines, provided agronomic consultations, medical and
veterinary care The meaning and results of the Stolypin agrarian reform
Contributed to the rise of the country's economy:
agriculture has become sustainable
the purchasing power of the population and foreign exchange earnings associated with
export of grain
The reform accelerated social stratification:
formation of the rural bourgeoisie and proletariat
The government did not find a strong social support in the village, since it did not satisfy
peasants' needs for land
Social goals were not achieved:
Only 20-35% of peasants left the community in different regions, since the majority
preserved collectivist psychology and traditions
Only 10% of householders started farming
Kulaks left the community more often than the poor; they bought land from landowners and
impoverished fellow villagers, started a profitable commercial economy
The poor went to the cities or became agricultural workers (farmers)
20% of peasants who received loans from the Peasant Bank went bankrupt
About 16% of the displaced were unable to settle in a new place and returned to the central
regions of the country and joined the ranks of the proletarians
The development of cooperation is intensifying (cooperatives supplied peasants with machines, fertilizers,
clothes; cooperatives appeared in the field of production: butter-making, pig-breeding,
cheese, etc.) III State Duma (5 years from November 1907 to June 1912)
Chairman – Khomyakov (until 1910, Octobrist), Guchkov (1910, Octobrist), Rodzianko (Octobrist),
none of the factions received a majority: 32% of “right” deputies; 33% of the Octobrists were
center; 12% of the Cadets, 3% of the Trudoviks, 4.2% of the Social Democrats and 6% of the national parties took the “left” position.
wing. The voting results depended on where the “center” would swing. If to the “right”, then it formed
the “right-Octobrist” majority that supported the government. If to the “left”, then it was created
“Cadet-Octobrist” majority, ready for liberal-democratic reforms. So
the mechanism of the parliamentary Octobrist pendulum took shape (when the Duma adopted
reactionary law, the Octobrists voted together with the monarchists, when was it brought up for discussion
reform project, they voted together with left-wing deputies)
In the post-revolutionary conditions, the government faced the three former ones in a new way.
issue: worker, national and agrarian.
The Duma discussed the main 4 bills on the length of the working day, on insurance and
pensions for workers.
In 1912, a law on state insurance against accidents and illness was adopted. Total
More than 2000 laws have been adopted. Support for the Stolypin reform, rearmament of the fleet, etc. Lena execution of workers (April 1912)
In April 1912, during a strike at the mines of the Lena Gold Mining Partnership
"Lenzoloto", located in the Irkutsk province along the Lena River, government troops opened
fire on workers
The reasons for the strike, according to one version, were extremely difficult working and living conditions
Attempts by Irkutsk Governor F.A. Bantysh to resolve the conflict between the administration
mines and strikers did not give a positive result
By order of the gendarme captain N.V. Treshchenkov, 11 activists were arrested, which is why
several thousand workers went to ask for the release of those arrested, but by order
Treshchenkov's soldiers opened fire on them
There are no official data on the number of victims of the shooting of the demonstration (various sources
called from 83 to 270 killed and from 100 to 250 wounded)
The Lena execution marked the beginning of the rise of the revolutionary movement of 1912 - 1914:
in 1912 1 million people went on strike
in 1914 more than 2 million people
armed uprisings were being prepared in the Baltic and Black Sea fleets, which would raise
failed
in the summer of 1912, the sappers of the Tashkent garrison rebelled, 14 rebels were IV State Duma (5 years from November 1912 to October 1917)
Chairman - Rodzianko (Octobrist). Its party composition has remained almost unchanged
two majorities remained (right-Octobrist and Octobrist-Cadet). A new one has taken shape
liberal Progressive Party, which in its program advocated a constitutional-monarchical
system, expansion of the rights of the Duma and the responsibility of ministers to it. Progressives occupied
an intermediate position between the Octobrists and the Cadets, they tried to achieve the consolidation of the liberals.
Russia's entry into the First World War in 1914 caused a great patriotic upsurge. For a while
Over time, opposition protests subsided, almost all parties (except the Bolsheviks) supported
government. However, defeats at the front, deterioration of the financial situation of workers, strikes
workers, the inability of the government to stabilize the situation in the country - all this caused a new
revitalization of the opposition movement. In 1915, some of the deputies of the State Duma and
The State Council formed the Progressive Bloc. It included Octobrists, Progressives,
Cadets, representatives of nationalist parties. They demanded the creation of a government
possessing the trust of society and responsible before the Duma. Foreign policy
International situation at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.
the struggle of the great powers for the redivision of the world
increasing tendency towards direct annexation of various territories and their transformation into colonies
The German Empire, created in 1870 and skipping the stage of the initial division of the world
between capitalist states, sought to make up for lost time: sharply
its contradictions with Great Britain and France intensified
The United States and Japan began to act more actively on the world stage, wanting to expand
spheres of its economic and political influence
The Russian Empire had transformed by the end of the 19th century. into a powerful Eurasian power,
possessed significant international authority
Selecting allies and determining foreign policy priorities
part of the ruling circles took expansionist positions and advocated further
territorial acquisitions (A.M. Bezobrazov, A.P. Izvolsky, S.D. Sazonov)
part of the ruling elite (S.Yu. Witte, P.A. Stolypin) understood the danger of armed
conflicts for the internal modernization of the country, so they insisted on resolving
contradictions through peaceful diplomatic means: Russia took initiatives in
issues of disarmament, war and peace (Hague Conference 1899)
Foreign policy
Hague Conference 1899It was convened on the initiative of Nicholas II, and was attended by representatives of 26
countries of Europe, Asia, America
The task of its participants was to develop measures to limit weapons and ensure
lasting peace
Projects put forward by Russia:
1) suspension of armaments
2) prohibition of cruel methods of fighting (use of new especially strong explosives
substances, asphyxiating gases, explosive bullets, throwing destructive projectiles from aircraft
vehicles and the actions of submarine destroyers)
3) establishment of an arbitration court to resolve disputes between powers
The work of the conference can be considered a failure, since it was limited only
prohibition of explosive bullets, asphyxiating gases and the throwing of projectiles from the air
The conference did not have any concrete results in limiting arms, but
led to the conclusion of three conventions:
on the peaceful resolution of international disputes
on the laws and customs of land war
on the application of the Geneva Convention relative to the wounded and sick in naval warfare
Rejection on the merits of the main points for which the conference was convened,
took place as a result of protests from the German Commissioner; his arguments clearly showed
that Germany is pursuing goals directly opposite to the desire to stop or even
ease the wars in Europe Main directions of foreign policy
The main direction remained the Middle East: the Black Sea Straits and the Balkans
(Balkan peoples, both gaining independence and remaining under the rule of the Ottoman Empire,
continued to see Russia as their patron and ally, but the strengthening of friendly relations with
they encountered opposition from many European countries)
In the European direction, traditional allied relations with the Central European powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) were increasingly cooling (they could not
prevent repeated “relative” meetings of the Russian and German emperors). Russia strengthened
alliance with France, concluded in 1891-1893, and was forced to move closer to England.
This was facilitated by the new balance of power in Europe (in 1904 France and Great Britain,
Having settled controversial issues in Africa, they signed an agreement (from the French “entente cordiale” -
cordial agreement, entente), which created the basis for their international political and military
cooperation; Russia joined the Anglo-French alliance. However, in some conflict situations
beginning of the 20th century France and England were in no hurry to support Russia. This forced her to seek agreement with
by the German government).
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Russia has intensified the Far Eastern direction of its foreign
politicians. At the end of the 19th century. The Far East has become a place of attraction for the interests of all great powers. Weak and
backward China was subjected to imperialist aggression from many countries. Their zones of influence (colonies)
acquired by England, Germany, France. The United States proclaimed the doctrine of “open doors and equal
opportunities,” which in practice led to the economic enslavement of China. Japan took away from
him Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores Islands. She claimed a leading role in the Pacific region and
under the slogan of creating “Greater Asia”, she was preparing an invasion of Manchuria, the northeastern province
China. Japan's assertion near Russia's borders threatened the security of the eastern regions
empires. Far East
1895 – The Russian-Chinese Bank was established.
1896 – negotiations with China: a conclusion was made between Russia and China
defensive alliance against Japan, construction of the China-East began
railway (CER) through Manchuria.
1898 – agreement with China: Russia received a lease of the Liaodong Peninsula
military base Port Arthur for 25 years. Russian naval presence in the bay
Qinhuangdao allowed her to pursue an active policy both in China and in Korea
peninsula.
1900 Russian troops were brought into Manchuria (during the Sino-Japanese War in
1895 Japan conquered Korea, part of Manchuria with Liaodong, but under European pressure
powers abandoned it, as a result Russia received it).
1903 Russian-Japanese negotiations on the fate of Manchuria and Korea reached a dead end,
since both sides sought complete dominance in China (Japan was supported
England, which entered into an alliance with her in 1902).
1904 The Russo-Japanese War began. According to the plans of the Russian ministers (Plehve,
Bezobrazov) it was supposed to distract the masses from participating in
anti-government protests. Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 1905)
Reasons: confrontation between Russia and Japan in the Far East
Lease of the Liaodong Peninsula and construction of Port Arthur
CER and economic expansion to Manchuria
The struggle for spheres of influence in China and Korea
War as a means of distracting people from the revolutionary movement
(Bezobrazov and his entourage - “a small victorious war”)
the use of the latest weapons: long-range artillery,
battleships, destroyers
Balance of power
Russia
huge military potential (hoped for a quick victory);
military resources in the Far East turned out to be significantly weak
Content. Childhood. Childhood. Youth. Youth. Service steps. Service steps. Changes in the life of Nicholas II. Changes in the life of Nicholas II. Wedding of Nicholas II. Wedding of Nicholas II. Coronation. Coronation. The beginning of family life. The beginning of family life. Birth of Tsarevich Alexei. Birth of Tsarevich Alexei. The appearance of Rasputin in royal life. The appearance of Rasputin in royal life.
Nikolai was lively, inquisitive, and distinguished by good manners from an early age. He, like others, was naughty, but always unquestioningly obeyed his father and mother. From an early age, Maria Feodorovna taught Nikolai to strictly fulfill his duties, and under her constant supervision, his son grew up to be a neat, even pedantic person. Nikolai was lively, inquisitive, and distinguished by good manners from an early age. He, like others, was naughty, but always unquestioningly obeyed his father and mother. From an early age, Maria Feodorovna taught Nikolai to strictly fulfill his duties, and under her constant supervision, his son grew up to be a neat, even pedantic person. Heir Nikolai Alexandrovich with his brother George
Youth. Nikolai Alexandrovich grew up in the atmosphere of a patriarchal Russian family, which, due to historical circumstances, occupied an exceptional place in public life. He could afford little of what his peers had the right to. It was forbidden to behave noisily, it was forbidden to attract attention to oneself with games and children's fuss, and uncontrolled fun was not allowed. Nicholas spent his entire childhood in the imperial residences, among courtiers, servants and mentors. And it was impossible to run to the pond when you wanted, and it was impossible to communicate with whomever you wanted. Only people of a certain origin could become his friends. Nikolai Alexandrovich grew up in the atmosphere of a patriarchal Russian family, which, due to historical circumstances, occupied an exceptional place in public life. He could afford little of what his peers had the right to. It was forbidden to behave noisily, it was forbidden to attract attention to oneself with games and children's fuss, and uncontrolled fun was not allowed. Nicholas spent his entire childhood in the imperial residences, among courtiers, servants and mentors. And it was impossible to run to the pond when you wanted, and it was impossible to communicate with whomever you wanted. Only people of a certain origin could become his friends.
Since childhood, the last Russian Tsar had a great interest in military affairs. It was in the Romanovs' blood. He strictly observed the traditions of the officer environment and military regulations, which he also demanded of others. Any commander who stained an officer's uniform with unworthy behavior ceased to exist for him. Reviews, parades, and exercises never tired Nikolai Alexandrovich, and he bravely endured the inconveniences of the army during training camps or maneuvers. The Russian army was for him the personification of the greatness and power of the empire. Since childhood, the last Russian Tsar had a great interest in military affairs. It was in the Romanovs' blood. He strictly observed the traditions of the officer environment and military regulations, which he also demanded of others. Any commander who stained an officer's uniform with unworthy behavior ceased to exist for him. Reviews, parades, and exercises never tired Nikolai Alexandrovich, and he bravely endured the inconveniences of the army during training camps or maneuvers. The Russian army was for him the personification of the greatness and power of the empire.
Service steps. In December 1875, Nikolai Alexandrovich received his first military rank - ensign, and in 1880 - second lieutenant. In 1884 The Grand Duke enters active military service and takes the military oath in the Great Church of the Winter Palace. The heir to the Russian throne received the highest awards of foreign states, which served as an expression of respect for Russia. In December 1875, Nikolai Alexandrovich received his first military rank - ensign, and in 1880 - second lieutenant. In 1884 The Grand Duke enters active military service and takes the military oath in the Great Church of the Winter Palace. The heir to the Russian throne received the highest awards of foreign states, which served as an expression of respect for Russia.
Changes in the life of Nicholas II In January 1894 Nikolai's father caught a cold and became seriously ill. October 20, 1894 Emperor Alexander III died, and within an hour and a half after the death of his father, in the small Livadia church, the imperial retinue and other officials swore allegiance to the new Emperor Nicholas II. He just turned 26 in May. In January 1894 Nikolai's father caught a cold and became seriously ill. October 20, 1894 Emperor Alexander III died, and within an hour and a half after the death of his father, in the small Livadia church, the imperial retinue and other officials swore allegiance to the new Emperor Nicholas II. He just turned 26 in May.
Wedding of Nicholas II. November 14, 1894 In the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands in the Winter Palace, a week after the funeral, when the Orthodox tradition allowed for strict mourning to be relaxed, Emperor Nicholas II Alexandrovich and the blessed Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna, who became empress that day, were married. November 14, 1894 In the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands in the Winter Palace, a week after the funeral, when the Orthodox tradition allowed for strict mourning to be relaxed, Emperor Nicholas II Alexandrovich and the blessed Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna, who became empress that day, were married.
Coronation. One of the main events in the life of the tsar, the coronation, took place on May 14, 1896 in the Assumption Cathedral. The coronation was always a great national event, taking place a year or two after accession to the throne. Ceremonial celebrations invariably took place in the heart of Russia - Moscow. One of the main events in the life of the tsar, the coronation, took place on May 14, 1896 in the Assumption Cathedral. The coronation was always a great national event, taking place a year or two after accession to the throne. Ceremonial celebrations invariably took place in the heart of Russia - Moscow.
The beginning of family life. At the end of 1895 it became known that the Empress was pregnant. Joy overwhelmed the husband; he tried to treat his beloved with even more care, who sometimes felt unwell. The situation was complicated by Alexandra Fedorovna’s serious illness – hemophilia. The disease was transmitted through the female line, but only to men. For a person with hemophilia, any bruise, scratch, cough, tooth extraction or any other situation involving bleeding could be fatal. At the end of 1895 it became known that the Empress was pregnant. Joy overwhelmed the husband; he tried to treat his beloved with even more care, who sometimes felt unwell. The situation was complicated by Alexandra Fedorovna’s serious illness – hemophilia. The disease was transmitted through the female line, but only to men. For a person with hemophilia, any bruise, scratch, cough, tooth extraction or any other situation involving bleeding could be fatal.
Alexandra Fedorovna became the mother of four daughters. On November 3, 1894, in Tsarskoe Selo, a girl was born into the imperial family, who was named Olga. After Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia were born. The girls were born strong and healthy. The queen devoted a lot of time to their education and upbringing. Alexandra Fedorovna became the mother of four daughters. On November 3, 1894, in Tsarskoe Selo, a girl was born into the imperial family, who was named Olga. After Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia were born. The girls were born strong and healthy. The queen devoted a lot of time to their education and upbringing.
Birth of Tsarevich Alexei. In the summer of 1904 in Peterhof, at the very height of the Russian-Japanese War and after almost 10 years of marriage, the queen gave birth to a son. This joy was caused not only by the natural feeling of the father upon receiving the news of the birth of his son. An heir to the throne has been born, a person to whom control of the empire should pass. Less than six weeks had passed before it became clear that the boy had a terrible disease - hemophilia, against which medicine was powerless. In the summer of 1904 in Peterhof, at the very height of the Russian-Japanese War and after almost 10 years of marriage, the queen gave birth to a son. This joy was caused not only by the natural feeling of the father upon receiving the news of the birth of his son. An heir to the throne has been born, a person to whom control of the empire should pass. Less than six weeks had passed before it became clear that the boy had a terrible disease - hemophilia, against which medicine was powerless.
My son Alexei was constantly haunted by the threat of some kind of danger: either a scratch or a bruise, and then for days and weeks he had to be treated, apply compresses, lotions, and apply creams. And the little one was in great pain, he cried, and his mother cradled him in her arms. When the Tsar and Tsarina were alone, they talked little about politics. It was either about his son, or about various events in the family, or about some trifles. He, as in the first years, read something to her in the evenings. She always listened silently and was happy. But such nice, warm hours came less and less often. My son Alexei was constantly haunted by the threat of some kind of danger: either a scratch or a bruise, and then for days and weeks he had to be treated, apply compresses, lotions, and apply creams. And the little one was in great pain, he cried, and his mother cradled him in her arms. When the Tsar and Tsarina were alone, they talked little about politics. It was either about his son, or about various events in the family, or about some trifles. He, as in the first years, read something to her in the evenings. She always listened silently and was happy. But such nice, warm hours came less and less often.
The appearance of Rasputin in royal life. Grigory Rasputin, a controversial and mysterious personality, played a certain role in the life of the royal family. For the first time, conversations about Rasputin arose in the capital's high society in the years. The “fatal chain” that connected, as it turned out, forever, the family of the last monarch and Gregory was the illness of Tsarevich Alexei. At the end of 1907, Rasputin, finding himself next to the sick heir, “made a prayer,” and the baby’s situation improved. The soothsayer-healer stimulated recovery not only in personal presence, but also influenced by telephone, and some such episodes were described by those present. Grigory Rasputin, a controversial and mysterious personality, played a certain role in the life of the royal family. For the first time, conversations about Rasputin arose in the capital's high society in the years. The “fatal chain” that connected, as it turned out, forever, the family of the last monarch and Gregory was the illness of Tsarevich Alexei. At the end of 1907, Rasputin, finding himself next to the sick heir, “made a prayer,” and the baby’s situation improved. The soothsayer-healer stimulated recovery not only in personal presence, but also influenced by telephone, and some such episodes were described by those present.
Murder of Rasputin. On December 17 of the same year, Grigory Rasputin was killed. The murder plan was developed and carried out by Prince Felix Feliksovich Yusupov. He involved the favorite of Nicholas II, his cousin Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich, in its implementation. On December 17 of the same year, Grigory Rasputin was killed. The murder plan was developed and carried out by Prince Felix Feliksovich Yusupov. He involved the favorite of Nicholas II, his cousin Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich, in its implementation. Felix Feliksovich Yusupov
The last years of the life of the royal family. Returning to Tsarskoye Selo on December 19, 1916, the emperor stayed here for more than two months. Nicholas II celebrated his last New Year as Emperor in a quiet home environment. Returning to Tsarskoye Selo on December 19, 1916, the emperor stayed here for more than two months. Nicholas II celebrated his last New Year as Emperor in a quiet home environment.
Seizure of power. On March 2, 1917, having signed a manifesto abdicating the throne in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, Nicholas II went to Mogilev to say goodbye to the army. There were no incidents on the road; outwardly Nikolai Alexandrovich was completely calm. Upon arrival in Mogilev, he was informed that his brother Mikhail had renounced his rights to the throne (in the end, power passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks). On March 2, 1917, having signed a manifesto abdicating the throne in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, Nicholas II went to Mogilev to say goodbye to the army. There were no incidents on the road; outwardly Nikolai Alexandrovich was completely calm. Upon arrival in Mogilev, he was informed that his brother Mikhail had renounced his rights to the throne (in the end, power passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks). Bolshevik leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
Conclusion and last day of the royal family. The Tsarskoye Selo imprisonment ended on July 31. The day before departure, July 30, was Alexei’s birthday. He was 13 years old. The Tsarskoye Selo imprisonment ended on July 31. The day before departure, July 30, was Alexei’s birthday. He was 13 years old. The last day of the royal family is July 3, 1918. They were woken up in the middle of the night, forced to quickly dress, taken to the basement - storage room, and there they were shot. The last day of the royal family is July 3, 1918. They were woken up in the middle of the night, forced to quickly dress, taken to the basement - storage room, and there they were shot.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, son of Emperor Alexander III, was born on May 6, 1868. in St. Petersburg. He grew up as a rather active boy, even mischievous.
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Nicholas II the last Russian Tsar History teacher Kostyuchenko G. G.
Heir to the throne. Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, son of Emperor Alexander III, was born on May 6, 1868. in St. Petersburg. He grew up as a rather active boy, even mischievous. The heir received his education at home: he was given lectures on the course at the gymnasium, and then at the Faculty of Law and the Reshetov Academy.
The Tsarevich spent more than a year (with interruptions) in the army. He later rose to the rank of colonel. Nikolai remained in this military rank until the end of his life, because... after the death of his father, no one could assign him the rank of general. At the end of his education, the father sent the heir on a trip abroad to eastern countries. Nikolai visited Greece, Egypt, India, China and Japan, and experienced many vivid and new impressions during the trip.
The beginning of the reign of Nicholas II On October 20, 1894, Emperor Alexander III died of a serious illness. 26-year-old Nicholas ascended the throne. The heir, however, did not seek to take the throne; rather, he did not want it. The charm of Nicholas II largely lay in the fact that he tried to find a special approach to each interlocutor, taking into account his class, profession, personal qualities, etc. In contrast to his father, he almost never addressed anyone except his relatives as “you.” Under any circumstances, even the most formidable ones, he usually maintained vital self-control and outward calm.
On January 17, 1895, Nicholas II made one of his first political speeches. The interest in this event was enormous: what would the young sovereign say to the public? On May 14, 1896, the solemn coronation of Nicholas took place in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow.
Birth of the heir Alexei. On July 30, 1904, the tsarina’s son Alexei was born. It soon became clear, however, that he was terminally ill. Through her great-grandmother, Queen Victoria of England, the hereditary disease hemophilia, a non-blood clotting disorder, was passed on. Even with minor bruises, the boy began to experience internal bleeding, which threatened his life. Therefore, Alexei was not allowed to run around or play outdoor games like other children - it was too dangerous for him. Moreover, he turned out to be the last child in the family...
During the years of the first revolution. Lost Russian-Japanese War of 1904 – 1905. became the cause of serious social tension in Russia. Nicholas II no longer lived in the Winter Palace; he moved to Tsarskoye Selo. However, the emperor, of course, knew about the impending procession and wanted to go out to the workers to accept their appeal. But the king’s relatives opposed this, calling such a step madness. They convinced him that there might be a terrorist in the crowd who would shoot him when he came out to the workers. In the end, the tsar agreed with them and remained in Tsarskoye Selo on the day of the demonstration. The workers' procession was shot by troops... Nikolai wrote in his diary. it became clear that the path of military dictatorship was no longer possible. The representatives of the military force themselves did not believe in the reliability of the troops. They convinced the tsar to grant freedom in the manifesto and promise to convene the State Duma.
Manifesto October 17. On October 17, the head of the Stolypin military district, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, appeared to the sovereign. Minister of the Court Baron Vladimir Frederike. The Manifesto of October 17, 1905 is a document that reflected a turning point in the history of Russia, the largest step along the path of a constitutional revolution and the creation of a rule of law state. In the name of peace and well-being of the country, the monarchical power renounced the sought-after prerogatives, sanctified by centuries of history and Divine permission. Under the pressure of events, Nicholas II accepted new realities.
The October Manifesto, as expected by S. Yu. Witte, brought a certain confusion into the ranks of the opposition, whose moderate liberal representatives came to the conclusion that the fight against the authorities had been won. Although they did not become supporters of the government, for some time they ceased to act in concert with radicals of all stripes who sought only destruction.
The Manifesto of October 17, although it led to rejoicing in some salon-liberal circles, did not extinguish the revolutionary fire, which reached its greatest extent in November - December 1905. Strikes, demonstrations, pogroms of estates, terrorist attacks on officials, uprisings in the army and in the fleet in these first weeks of the “spring of freedom” only multiplied.
World War I. In the summer of 1914, a major war was felt in Europe. The Russian emperor did not want war. After the bitter lesson of the Russian-Japanese company, he was well aware that any armed conflict would certainly bring suffering, hardship, and death. On July 20, the day Russia declared war, the sovereign and his wife visited St. Petersburg. Here he found himself a major participant in the exciting scenes of national upsurge. On the streets, Nicholas II was greeted by immense crowds of people under tricolor banners and his portraits in their hands. He made a speech, which he ended with solemn promises that he would not make peace until he expelled the last enemy from Russian soil.
The Tsar's cousin, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (grandson of Nicholas I), who had long been involved in military affairs, was placed at the head of the army. This Romanov was well known among the troops and enjoyed well-deserved authority among officers, which determined his appointment to the post of Commander-in-Chief of all Russian armed forces. Germany, having declared war on Russia, occupied Luxembourg the next day and on July 21 declared war on France. Already in 1914, Japan and Egypt took the side of the Entente, and Bulgaria and Turkey took the side of the Central Powers. In total, 33 states took part in the war.
". The situation within the country also worsened. Under the influence of defeats at the front, the Duma began to fight for a government responsible to it. All this prompted Nicholas II to become the head of the army, replacing Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. He explained his decision by saying that at a difficult moment to lead the troops should be the supreme leader of the nation. On August 23, 1916, Nicholas II arrived at Headquarters in Mogilev and assumed supreme command. During one of the conversations already in January 1917, Nicholas II clasped his head with both hands and said bitterly: “Am I really twenty-two years old?” I tried to make everything better, and for 22 years I was wrong"!?
Abdication of the throne. On the last day of February, the sovereign departed for Mogilev, and from Mogilev to Tsarskoe Selo, but on the way information was received that the route was occupied by the rebels and the royal train turned to Pskov, where the headquarters of the Northern Front was located. The emperor arrived there on the evening of March 1. The last hours and minutes of the reign of Nicholas II have passed. Having familiarized himself with the opinion of the military, the king decided to renounce the crown. It became clear that it would not be possible to calm Petrograd by force. Having already decided to abdicate the throne, Nicholas II continued to hesitate: who should he hand over to his son or brother?
In the evening of the same day, Duma deputies arrived in Pskov. The Emperor received us in his carriage. In the book “Days,” V. Shulgin conveyed the words of Nicholas II this way: “His voice sounded calm, simple and precise. – I decided to abdicate the throne... Until three o’clock today I thought that I could abdicate in favor of my son Alexei..., but by this time I had changed my mind in favor of my brother Mikhail... I hope you will understand my father’s feelings. Nikolai handed over to the deputies the renunciation manifesto, printed on the letter. The document bore the date and time: March 2, 15:05."
After renunciation. Nicholas II signed the abdication of the throne and headed to Mogilev, to Headquarters. On March 8, he gave a farewell order to the armies. Upon leaving Mogilev, the former sovereign saw an amazing sight. All along his way to the station, silent crowds of people knelt before their former emperor. He was deeply moved and moved by this scene. He still had no doubt that the bulk of the Russian people were for the sovereign.
Nicholas II returned to Tsarskoye Selo under guard, where he found himself under house arrest. Arriving there, he met with his wife and children for the first time after all the turbulent events. The former sovereign remained polite and even friendly towards everyone, including his jailers.
Tobolsk link. From March 9 to August 14, 1917, Nicholas II and his family lived under arrest in the Alexander Palace of Tsarskoe Selo. The security of the royal family was headed by Commissar of the Provisional Government Vasily Pankratov, who served 14 years in the Shlisselburg fortress. The security regime here was lighter than in Tsarskoye Selo. The family leads a calm, measured life. In April 1918, a decision was received from the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the fourth convocation to transfer the Romanovs to Moscow for the purpose of trying them.
Execution of the Romanov family. So on this fateful day, July 16, 1918, the Romanovs and servants went to bed, as usual, at 10:30 p.m. At 23:30 two special representatives from the Ural Council appeared at the mansion. They handed the decision of the executive committee to the commander of the guard Ermakov and the commander of the house Yurovsky and proposed to immediately begin to carry out the sentence. The awakened family members and staff were told that due to the advance of white troops, the mansion might be under fire, and therefore, for safety reasons, they needed to move to the basement.
After everyone had entered and closed the door, Yurovsky stepped forward, took a sheet of paper from his pocket and read out the order. As soon as the last words were spoken, shots rang out. At one o'clock in the morning on July 17, it was all over. 8 days after the murder of the royal family, Yekaterinburg fell under the onslaught of white troops. Yurovsky lined up the arrested in two rows, in the first - the entire imperial family, in the second - their servants. The Empress and the Heir were sitting on chairs. The Emperor stood first in the front row. One of the servants stood at the back of his head. Yurovsky stood in front of the Tsar, holding his right hand in his trouser pocket, and in his left hand a small piece of paper on which he read out the verdict. Before he had time to finish reading the last words, the king loudly asked: “What, I didn’t understand?” Yurovsky read it a second time; at the last word, he immediately grabbed a revolver from his pocket and fired at point-blank range.
Already in our time - in recent years, researchers have found the remains of the burial of the royal family and, using modern scientific methods, have confirmed that the remains of the last reigning Romanov family are actually buried in Koptikovsky. July 17, the day after the assassination of the Tsar, in Anapaevsk. Other members of the Romanov family were also brutally murdered. Thus, Lenin brutally dealt with all members of the Romanov dynasty who remained in Russia for patriotic reasons. On September 20, 1920, the City Council of Yekaterinburg made a decision to allocate the site on which the Ipatiev house stood for the construction of a temple in memory of the brutally murdered royal Romanov family.
Domestic policy in Plan: 1. Nicholas II: historical portrait. 2. Political transformations: pros and cons. 3. The policy of Nicholas II in the national outskirts. 4. Chronicle of events..
Objectives: 1. To introduce students to the political system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. 2. Bring students to an understanding of the main contradiction of the political system: between the existing power of the emperor and the beginning of the formation of civil society. 3. Continue to develop the skills to work with historical documents, present “cross-cutting” issues of the topic, analyze, and generalize.
Emperor Nicholas II. On October 20, 1894, Emperor Alexander III died. His son Nicholas II ascended the throne. Nicholas II never presented his views in the form of any concepts. He was considered a weak ruler, influenced first by his mother and then by his wife Alexandra Fedorovna. It was also said that the last word always went to the last adviser with whom he spoke. In fact, the last word remained with those who shared the views of the emperor. At the same time, defining their own positions,
Nikolai was guided by only one criterion: what would his father do in such a situation? People who knew the emperor closely believed that if he had been born in an ordinary environment, he would have lived a life full of harmony. Everyone unanimously noted that Nikolai was an ideal family man, well-mannered, restrained in showing emotions. At the same time, he was characterized by “Byzantine cunning,” insincerity and stubbornness. Contemporaries accused him of being a “man of average scale”, burdened by state affairs and the events that filled his reign.
The struggle between conservative and liberal forces In the immediate circle of the emperor, there were different points of view on the prospects for the development of Russia. S. Yu. Witte considered economic transformations to be a priority, and among them were reforms in the field of industrial production and finance. He believed that the industrialization of the country was not only an economic, but also a political task, since its implementation would allow, on the one hand, to accumulate funds for carrying out urgent social reforms and engage in agriculture, and on the other hand, to gradually oust the nobility from the political scene, replacing its representatives of big capital, who will adjust the political structure of the country.
1. Encouragement of industrial progress - Minister of Finance of the city - monopoly on the sale of wine and vodka products. "Drunk Money" 4. Increase in indirect taxes and duties on imports of industrial goods. 5. “Great tasks require great sacrifices” - financial reform. Gold money circulation accelerated capital inflow. Sergei Yulievich Witte - Trans-Siberian Railway - Witte proposes agrarian restructuring: liquidation of the community, elimination of mutual responsibility, equalization of the rights of peasants with other classes. 9. Witte: Russia will repeat the path of Western Europe. But there are many opponents 10. The community is the basis of the old regime: tax collection, control. 11.V.K. Pleve, Ministry of Internal Affairs: Russia has a special path. Social conflicts - repressions - Witte resigned
Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve V.K. Pleve. He believed that Russia has its own history and its own social system. Plehve agreed with the need to carry out reforms in local government, but proposed to carry them out gradually and under the control of the tsarist government. Plehve in his activities focused on the system of maintaining public order. At the beginning of the century, the Okhrana expanded its network and covered the entire country.
The son of a school teacher from the German nobility. Orthodox. He had 300 acres of estate acquired from his wife in the Kaluga province. From 1851 he lived with his family in Warsaw, studied at the Warsaw Gymnasium, participated in maintaining order on the street during the Polish uprising, then studied at the Kaluga Nikolaev Gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He continued his education at the Imperial Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. In 1867 he graduated from the university with a candidate of laws degree. (According to other sources, St. Petersburg University). Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve 1867 was appointed to serve as a candidate for judicial positions under the prosecutor of the Moscow District Court with the rank of collegiate secretary and over the next 14 years served in the Ministry of Justice. Alternately, he held the positions of comrade (deputy) prosecutor at the Vladimir and Tula district courts, prosecutor in Vologda, and comrade prosecutor of the judicial chamber in Warsaw, appointed prosecutor of the St. Petersburg judicial chamber. Alexander II noticed Plehve and pointed to him. M. T. Loris-Melikov was appointed acting prosecutor in the Special Presence of the Senate to conduct cases of state crimes and the atrocity of March 1 (the murder of Alexander II).
He served as director of the State Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; carried out energetic and successful actions to defeat the Narodnaya Volya organization, he developed a system of provocative actions that did not know such proportions in Russia, for the first time introduced the idea of double agency, etc. In May 1881 he took part in the work of the Commission on drawing up the Regulations on state security appointed senator; was present in the 1st Department of the Senate and took the post of comrade (deputy) Minister of the Interior. In 1894 he was appointed Secretary of State and Chief Administrator of the Codification Unit under the State Council. On August 17, 1899, he was appointed to fill the post of Minister of State and Secretary of State of the Grand Duchy of Finland, retaining the position of Secretary of State; served as chairman of the Commission to discuss issues of changing the establishment of the Finnish Senate. He pursued the policy of Russification of Finland. With his active participation, a new Charter on military service in Finland was drawn up, a manifesto was issued on the introduction of the Russian language in the office work of the Senate and administrative institutions of the region, the influence of the Governor-General on the resolution of matters carried out in the local Senate was strengthened on April 4, after the murder of D.S. Sipyagin, appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and chief of the Corps of Gendarmes. In this position, he consistently pursued a tough policy towards opposition movements.
"Zubatovshchina." Following the policy pursued by P.K. Plehve, the head of the Moscow security department S.V. Zubatov tried to snatch the workers from the growing revolutionary movement. With the support of Moscow Governor General V.K. Sergei Alexandrovich, legal trade unions were created in Moscow. Their members were provided with benefits, Sunday schools and medical institutions were organized for them. The leaders of “police socialism” did not prohibit workers from participating in economic strikes. After a wave of strikes, the government received complaints from factory owners and the trade unions were dissolved. And in 1904 Plehve was killed by the Socialist Revolutionaries.
P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky The situation in the country continued to worsen under the influence of the economic crisis and defeats in the Russo-Japanese War. The authorities were sharply criticized by zemstvo liberals, and student protests began to grow. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky, known for his liberal views, became the new Minister of Internal Affairs. In a note to the Tsar, he proposed a plan for state reorganization: to include elected representatives from zemstvos and dumas into the State Council, to expand the circle of voters, to spread zemstvos throughout the entire territory of Russia, to gradually equalize the rights of peasants with other classes, to improve the position of Old Believers and foreigners. Nicholas issued a decree on speedy reforms, but things did not come to real measures.
National policy. In the field of national politics, Nicholas began an attack on the national regions. In The rights of the Finnish Sejm were limited, Finns began to serve in the Russian army on general terms, office work (as in Poland) had to be conducted in Russian. The persecution of Jews continued and Jewish youth, seeing no prospects for themselves, joined the ranks of revolutionary organizations. At the same time, the influence of Jewish capital in the country increased. In the early 20th century, a wave of Jewish pogroms swept across the country.
In 1903, there were unrest in Armenia after the authorities took away property from the Armenian church. Tsarism often provoked clashes in Transcaucasia on ethnic grounds. The policy towards Muslims was more flexible. They had Sharia courts and the election of lower administration. In Belarus and Ukraine, the authorities carried out forced Russification, which provoked resistance from local liberals.
Gg. – 180 strikes. – 850 strikes. – 905 strikes. - St. Petersburg industrial war law reducing the working day to 11.5 hours, but reducing the number of holidays. End of the 19th century – economic demands: shorter working hours, improved working conditions, increased wages, insurance. Strengthening the strike movement. A political crisis is brewing. Mayevka - celebration of the international day of workers' solidarity - "Obukhov defense". 3.5 thousand workers of the Obukhov plant - in a fight with the city’s soldiers - strike in Rostov-on-Don 1903 - shooting of a workers’ deputation in Zlatoust. Summer 1903 – general political strike in the south of the country. Tiflis, Batum, Odessa, Kyiv, Kharkov and other cities, Baku - repetition of the strike.
“Factory workers” do not lose touch with the village: parents, relatives, land. They also spread protests among the peasants. – 82 peasant protests. – 670 peasant uprisings – open uprising in Left Bank Ukraine (Poltava, Kharkov). The growth of peasant uprisings
Dispersal of the demonstration of St. Petersburg students in 1899 - a general student strike. Since 1900, the student movement has been openly political. In legal intellectual organizations there is an oppositional spirit. L.N. Tolstoy, V.G. Korolenko, Maxim Gorky (A.M. Peshkov). Student unrest of 1900 - student P. Karpovich mortally wounds the Minister of Public Education N.P. Bogolepov. Finland – mass demonstrations against restrictions on autonomy. Transcaucasia - unrest due to the decree on the transfer of property of the Armenian church to the authorities.
1. Read § 3 of textbook 1 or § 3 of textbook Prepare an oral, detailed answer to the question: What domestic policy did Nicholas II pursue at the beginning of the 20th century? 1. Complete the tasks from the workbook. Homework:
Slide 2
Emperor Nicholas II
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov was born on May 6, 1868, on the day of St. John the Long-Suffering, and therefore considered himself doomed to failure and torment. And there were reasons for such a belief.
In 1891, in Japan, an attempt was made on his life.
The coronation of Nicholas II in May 1896 went down in history because of the tragedy that happened on that day.
His long-awaited only son suffered from an incurable serious illness.
Slide 3
Many hoped that the new emperor would complete the reforms conceived by his grandfather, Alexander II, and hoped that he would undertake the reconstruction of the political system.
The main idea of a liberal-minded society was the introduction of “people's representatives” into government bodies.
But on January 17, 1895, in his first public speech, Nicholas declared that he would protect the foundations of autocracy as firmly and steadily as her “unforgettable late parent” did.
Slide 4
Struggle in the highest echelons of power
In the emperor's inner circle, there were different points of view on the prospects for Russia's development.
- 1893-1903 - Minister of Finance.
- 1895 – monopoly on the sale of wine and vodka products. "Drunk Money"
- Increasing indirect taxes and duties on imports of industrial goods.
- 1897 – financial reform. Gold money circulation is an accelerated influx of capital.
“The same thing is now happening in Russia that happened in its time in the West: it is moving to a capitalist system... This is an immutable global law.”
Slide 5
The main political opponent of S.Yu. Witte was addressed by the Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Plehve, who had a reputation as a strong defender of “Russian foundations.”
Plehve was convinced that Russia “has its own separate history and special system.” Without denying the need for reforms in the country, he considered it impossible for these reforms to be carried out too quickly, under pressure “from immature youth, students... and notorious revolutionaries.”
On July 15, 1904, the socialist revolutionary Yegor Sazonov killed the Minister of Internal Affairs Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve.
Slide 6
Growing influence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Only 125 officials served in the police department, but it was only the headquarters of an entire army of policemen, spies, and secret agents. There were gendarmerie departments in all provinces, districts, and railways.
Only a hereditary nobleman who had successfully graduated from a military or cadet school and served in combat service for at least six years could become a gendarme.
There were other requirements: not to have debts, not to profess Catholicism, it was necessary to pass preliminary tests at the headquarters of the gendarme corps, attend four-month courses in St. Petersburg and successfully pass the final exam.
Slide 7
V. K. Plehve considered the opening of letters to be one of the effective methods of investigation.
To intercept letters, there were technical means that made it possible to quietly open and copy a message, forge any seal, develop sympathetic ink, decipher secret writing, etc.
The Minister of the Interior was aware of the private correspondence of foreign diplomatic representatives. Only two people in the empire - the tsar and the minister of internal affairs - could be calm about their correspondence.
Slide 8
"Zubatov's socialism"
Zubatovism is a policy pursued by the tsarist government at the beginning of the twentieth century, the essence of which was the desire to bring the labor movement under control.
Creation of legal workers' organizations built on professional grounds.
- Law “On the establishment of headmen in factory enterprises” (June 1903).
- “Mutual Aid Society for Mechanical Workers” (1901).
The meaning of the policy: to distract workers from the political struggle by organizing their struggle for economic rights, shorter working hours, reduced fines, increased wages, etc.
Slide 9
The short “spring” of P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky
In his first public speech in September 1904, the new minister spoke about trust between the government and society as a decisive condition for state policy.
In November 1904, Svyatopolk-Mirsky handed the Tsar a note. He offered:
- include a certain number of elected representatives from zemstvos and city dumas into the State Council;
- it was necessary to significantly expand the circle of voters in zemstvo and city government bodies;
- intended to spread zemstvos throughout the empire;
- create conditions for the rapprochement of peasants in property rights with other classes;
- expand the rights of Old Believers;
- issue a law on the rights of the Jewish population.
Slide 10
National politics
Nicholas II continued his father's course on the national issue. The process of modernization of the country required uniformity in the administrative, legal and social structure of all territories of Russia, the introduction of a single language and educational standards.
In 1899, a manifesto was issued that gave the emperor the right to make laws for Finland without the consent of its Diet.
In 1901, the national military units were disbanded, and the Finns had to serve in the Russian army.
Record keeping in Finnish government agencies was to be conducted only in Russian. The Finnish Diet refused to approve these laws, and Finnish officials boycotted them.
In 1903, the Governor General of Finland was given emergency powers. This significantly aggravated the political situation in the region.
Slide 11
The Jewish population living in the so-called Pale of Settlement (the western provinces of Russia) also experienced national oppression.
Only Jews who accepted the Orthodox faith, had a higher education, or merchants of the first guild and their clerks were allowed to live in other places.
Significant growth in the economic influence of Jewish capital.
This caused an increase in anti-Semitic and anti-Jewish sentiment, often leading to pogroms.
The first major Jewish pogrom took place in April 1903 in Chisinau. During the attack, about 500 people were injured, 700 residential buildings and 600 shops were destroyed. At the end of August 1903, bloody events took place in Gomel.
Slide 12
There was also unrest in the Caucasus. In 1903, unrest occurred among the Armenian population. They were provoked by a decree transferring the property of the Armenian Gregorian Church to the authorities.
During the inventory of church and monastery property, clashes began, often ending in bloody massacres.
The government of Nicholas II continued the policy of settling the national outskirts with the Russian population.
By the beginning of the 20th century. Russians lived here mainly in cities and made up a significant part of the industrial workers. The Russian population predominated in the cities of Belarus, Left Bank Ukraine, and New Russia (Black Sea region).
Slide 13
Domestic policy
The domestic policy of Nicholas II was a direct continuation of the previous reign and did not meet the sentiments of the majority of Russian society, which expected decisive reforms from the new tsar.
Slide 14
Homework
- Complete the tasks in the workbook.
