Our speech consists of sentences. Speech consists of sentences. Collocation and simple sentence
Speech. Text. Offer. Word.
Text consists of sentences and offers - from words.
Text_____________________________________________________________
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Offer - a word or several words expressing a complete
thought.
Offer_______________________________________________________
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Each sentence is pronounced with some purpose.
A sentence in which something is reported (narrated) is called
narrative.
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answers the question who? Or what?
The predicate means what is said about the subject. It answers
questions: what does it do? What did you do? What will it do? What did you do? What will he do?
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The offer includes main members and minor ones. Main members -
subject and predicate. Minor members explain the subject,
predicate or minor member
In order to find words that are related to each other in meaning, put
one word question
to another .___________________________________________________________
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Similar words.
Words that have something in common in meaning and the same root
are called
cognate.__________________________________________________________
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Sounds and letters.
Sounds we pronounce and hear. Letter we write and we see. Sound in writing
indicated by a letter. Letters b b sounds are not indicated.
There are six vowel sounds: a, and, o, y, s, e.
There are ten vowel letters: a, i, o, y, s, e, e, e, yu, i.
Vowel letters e, e, yu, i denote two sounds at the beginning of a word, after vowels,
after ъ,ь.
Letters e, yo, yu, i after consonants indicate the softness of the consonant sound and
vowel.
When pronouncing a vowel sound air flows freely , can be heard
syllables.
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Hyphenation:
The word transfer by syllables, words of the same syllable are not transferred. One
letter can't be left on a line or transfer to another.
Letters b, j when hyphenating words cannot be separated from the letter in front.
When hyphenating words with double consonants one consonant remains on
line, and another
is transferred.______________________________________________________________
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Soft sign
At the end of a word, the softness of the consonant sound is indicated by b.
Stressed and unstressed vowels.
Unstressed vowels at the root of a word need to be checked. For check
change the word like this so that the unstressed vowel becomes
percussion.__________________________________________________________
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Collocation
The phrase- two words related in meaning. IN
phrases one word depends on another . Subject and predicate Not
form
phrase.__________________________________________________________
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Composition of the word.
Root - this is a common (identical) part of words with the same root. Root in
words of the same root are written the same.___________________________
Ending- This is the variable part of the word. The ending serves to connect words in
proposal. _____________________________________________________
Cognates are formed using prefixes and suffixes.
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Console- this is the part of the word that comes before the root and serves to
formation of new words.__________________________________________
Suffix- this is the part of the word that comes after the root and serves to
formation of new words._________________________________________
Spelling words with voiceless and voiced consonants at the root.
Paired voiced: b b' c c' d g' d d' f h h'
Paired deaf: p p‘ f f‘ k k‘ t t’ w s s’
Unpaired voiced: l l' m m' n n' r r'
Unpaired deaf: x x’ c h’ sch’
Paired voiced consonant at the end of a word replaced at
pronunciation in pairs by deaf people. Words with paired consonants at the end
need to be checked. To check, change the word like this: so that after a consonant
there was a vowel.__________________________________________________________
Paired consonants at the end of a word or before other consonants need to
check. In these cases, the sound and letter may not match. Test
Words are words that have a vowel after a consonant.
To find out which letter represents a consonant sound, need to change
word or choose a single-root word in which after the consonant
there is a vowel.________________________________________________________________
Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word.
Tested unstressed vowels can be in the prefix, in the root, in
suffix, at the end . Before writing a vowel in an unstressed
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Verbs vary by numbers. A singular verb means
action of one object. If the verb denotes the action of two or more
objects, then it is in the plural
number.________________________________________________________________
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The verb changes tenses.
Verbs in present tense answer questions: what am I doing? What
are you doing? What is he doing? What are we doing? What you are doing? What are they doing?
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Verbs in past time to answer questions: what did you do? What did you do?
What they were doing? What did you do? Verbs in the past tense can be distinguished by
suffix –l- Past tense verbs in singular
change by gender: masculine - what did you do? Feminine - what did you do?
Middle gender - what did it do? The gender of the verb in a sentence depends on the gender
the name of the noun with which it is associated
meaning.__________________________________________________________________________
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Verbs in future tense answer the questions what will it do? What will happen
do? What will they do? What will happen
do?____________________________________________________________
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Verb in indefinite form answers the question what to do? Or what
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Not gives the verb a negative meaning. Not written with verbs
apart_________________________________________________________
How words change
Nouns, adjectives and verbs change
by numbers (singular, plural).
A singular noun refers to one thing. Name
a singular adjective denotes a characteristic of one thing.
A singular verb denotes the action of one thing.
What is speech needed for?
With the help of speech we express our thoughts and feelings. We turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, orders.
Speech helps us understand each other, know a lot and live together.
Task 1 (oral).
Look at the pictures.
What is speech needed for? Use the pictures to answer.
|| Communication can be oral and written
Task 2 (oral).
Read it.
Oral speech- this is the speech that we pronounce and hear. This is spoken speech. In the old days, the mouth was called a mustache. Therefore, the speech that is spoken is called oral. What kind of speech is called oral speech?
PP
Task 3(orally).
Read it.
Written speech is speech that is written. People use letters or other signs to write.
It didn't take long for people to come up with letters. In ancient times they wrote with drawings. Now such a letter can be seen on road signs.
Where else?
What kind of speech is called written?
When do we use spoken and written language?
In oral speech, one sentence is separated from another by a short stop - a pause.
What about in writing? What rules for writing sentences do you know?
PP
Set
e 4(orally).
How many offers are there?
Alyosha was looking for mushrooms in the forest, suddenly leaves rustled in the bushes, the boy got scared and it was a hedgehog.
Read, pausing after each sentence. How would you format these sentences in writing?
There is always a sign at the end of a sentence to indicate that the sentence has ended. This is znAk r e p i n a n i a.
Task 5.
How many offers are there?
It’s so nice in the summer on the river (. ! ?) the guys swim and play (. ! ?) can you swim (. ! ?)
Write down each sentence. Place the appropriate sign at the end.
The sounds and letters in the word are arranged in a strict order. If you violate this order, the word will change its meaning or lose it altogether.
What does our speech consist of? What does the proposal consist of? What does each word mean? PP
[Task 6.]
Read the words.
Write new words in RT.
PP
Everything has a name -
Both the beast and the object.
There are a lot of things around,
And there are no nameless ones!
And all that the eye can see is
Above us and below us, -
And all that is in our memory is
Signified by words.
Words in a sentence are connected within the meaning of. >
To get a sentence from words, words need to be changed.
[Task 7.]
Read the word cards.
Make sentences from cards without unnecessary words. Write down the sentences in RT.
How to write a sentence outline?
For example, like this?
A rainbow spread over the river.
We denote each word as follows: ______
We denote the capital letter in the first word as follows: I
We get this diagram:|_ _ _ _
Primitive people themselves had to come up with words to designate this or that object. This is how speech appeared, which allowed a person to escape from the world of loneliness and ignorance. Later, writing was created, and humanity was able to transmit its knowledge. A lot of time has passed since the creation of the first word. To answer the question of what our speech consists of, we need to list many components.
Introduction
The main component of language is the word. Words are used to build sentences with which you can conduct a conversation and write essays. There are two types of speech - oral and written. Each of them has its own means of expression. As a person grows up, his speech “grows,” that is, in the learning process, everyone learns more new words, which allows him to make his speech more vivid and rich.
At a time when writing had not yet been invented, people composed beautiful legends, stories, stories, songs and retold them to each other. Thus, even today, a cultural heritage has been preserved, which is commonly called oral folk art. Back then, in educational institutions, children were taught to write only what was important in everyday life. And even though a lot of time has passed since then and it is difficult to briefly describe what our speech consists of, its basic principles and components have remained the same.
Word
One of the components of speech is the word. This is the smallest lexical unit that denotes a specific object or action. Words can be used separately or in a linguistic lexical bundle. Simply put, words are made into sentences. This is one of the most important and has a number of properties:
- The word has the main emphasis.
- Carries a certain meaning.
- Expresses reality in the form of lexical meaning.
- It is an independent unit that a person reproduces and does not invent independently.
- Fits freely in a sentence and can be used as a separate statement.
- Consists of morphemes (the smallest units of language that are not broken by any elements).
- They have a solid structure.
- They are combined with each other according to established grammatical laws.
- They transmit certain knowledge and exist in material form.
Offer
A person can use different words in a conversational text, but if they are used separately, without any thematic connection, then no one will be able to fully convey the necessary information. For example, you can say: “Wednesday, sea, train, family.” It will be just a set of words that denote different segments of human life. But if we link them together by adding several prepositions and a verb, we get: “On Wednesday the family went by train to the sea.” That is, you get a full-fledged information message. Such messages are called sentences, which are grammatically organized combinations of words.
Collocation and simple sentence
Sentences can be simple or complex. Before proceeding to their characteristics, you need to pay attention to such a concept as a phrase. This is a combination of several grammatically related words that are components of a sentence.
However, phrases are not:
- Subject and predicate.
- Homogeneous members of the sentence.
- Phraseologisms.
Often phrases are confused with simple sentences. Simple sentences differ from complex ones by the presence of only one grammatical basis (subject and predicate). Complex sentences have several grammatical bases. Simply put, complex sentences are made up of several simple ones. Actually, this is all that our speech consists of, in terms of structure.
Style
Speech consists of sentences. But that is not all. Depending on the context, sentences change their sound and the way they convey information. Thus, sentences with the same meaning can be reproduced using different methods. Such methods are called speech styles. Simply put, these are speech means that arose in the process of development. They are used in various areas of communication. The main speech styles are:
- Scientific style- used to transmit messages of scientific content. The authors of this style are scientists or specialists in a certain field.
- Officially-business style- used in business communication, in an official setting. Documents are drawn up using this style. The style is also characterized by speech cliches.
- Journalistic style- found in the media (articles, reports, essays, interviews, etc.). The style is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary and emotional reproduction.
- Conversational style - serves for the exchange of information in an informal setting. Speech is lively and expressive.
- Art style - found in fiction. Its main feature is to express simple things through a variety of linguistic means.
We can say that words and styles of speech constitute the basic apparatus of communication. But for a full-fledged information exchange of messages, you need to know about the rules and culture of speech. And it would be nice to mention the means of speech as the main element that makes communication colorful.
Expressiveness of language
By means of linguistic expressiveness we mean those tools that make speech, be it a conversation or a written work, bright, colorful, lexically and emotionally expressive. Such tools are stylistic figures and tropes.
Paths are speech patterns that allow you to use words and phrases in a figurative sense. They are formed by combining two or more phenomena that are at least somewhat close, and a sign of one phenomenon can be described by another, creating a more vivid idea of it. Thus, new phrases with different meanings appear in speech. For example, the poet said “a lonely sail is white,” instead of “a ship is sailing.”
The trails can be simple or difficult. Simple ones include:
- Comparison- comparison of objects or phenomena, expressed through the use of conjunctions “as”, “as if”, etc.
- Epithet- definitions that give greater imagery and emotionality.
There are more difficult trails:
- Metaphor- replacement of one word with another, similar in properties (“dead silence”).
- Metonymy - names change according to contiguity.
- Synecdoche - use part of an object as a name and vice versa.
- Allegory - a way to express certain concepts through artistic images, for example scales represent justice.
- Irony - ridicule. The word is used in such a way that it takes on the opposite meaning.
- Hyperbole - poetic exaggeration.
- Litota - a gross understatement.
- Periphrase - replacing words or phrases to avoid repetition.
As for stylistic figures, these are word turns fixed in stylistics.
A culture of speech
In spoken text, means of linguistic expressiveness are not used so often, but even here there are rules. The way a person communicates can determine his character. Speech can repel the interlocutor or attract his sympathy. In addition to a beautiful style, a person must be able to listen and not interrupt his interlocutor.
Speech etiquette is much more complex than it might seem. The basic rules of speech are as follows:
- Brevity - it is better not to confuse the interlocutor with an excess of words that do not carry useful information.
- Purpose - before starting a conversation, you need to determine for what purpose it is being done.
- Diversity - the same story can be told to different people, but an individual approach must be taken into account.
- You can't respond to rudeness with rudeness.
- It is better to maintain your speech habits; a person who adopts a manner of speaking loses his “I”.
Conclusion
The article answers the question: “What does our speech consist of?” The main components of communication are words and sentences with the help of which people exchange information messages. In addition, speech, whether written or oral, should be rich and vivid. That is why special speech means are used, giving the dry information background emotional content. And the third component of speech is its culture. True, this is a purely subjective factor that has an individual manifestation.
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Books
- Game set Soft magnetic alphabet "Letters and sounds". All adults know that speech consists of sentences, and sentences of words. That a word can be divided into sounds and that sounds are vowels and consonants. And consonants, in turn, are divided into... Buy for 1260 rubles
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