Introduction to stock market tourism. Birzhakov m introduction to tourism. World Tourism Day
International Tourist AcademyBirzhakov M. B., Kazakov N. P. Safety in tourism. - St. Petersburg:
"Gerda Publishing House", 2008. - 208 p.
ISBN 978-5-94125-141-4
The book is an educational and methodological manual prepared in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education.
This educational manual outlines the theoretical foundations of safe activities in tourism, shows natural, man-made and social factors that pose a threat when traveling; psychology of safe tourism; medical aspects of safety; safety of extreme tourism and sports recreation; safety of museum and exhibition activities. Basic terminology provided
(glossary), basic regulatory documents and methods of insuring tourists and financial risks in tourism.
The book was prepared based on materials from the author’s lectures by M. B. Birzhakov and
N.P. Kazakova, read by them in the period 1998–2007. in leading universities of the tourism education system of St. Petersburg in the training of tourism managers and specialists in socio-cultural services and tourism.
"Gerda Publishing House"
Russia, 191119, St. Petersburg, Zvenigorodskaya st., 24, of. 9
tel. (812) 325-48-70, (812) 320-90-72; (495) 509-48-06
www.gerdabook.ru [email protected]
Signed for publication 08/09/2007
Format 60×90 1/16. Volume 13 p.l. Times typeface.
Add. circulation 3000 copies. (1st plant 1500 copies). Order No.
Printed from ready-made transparencies at the State Enterprise of the Pskov Region “Pskov Regional Printing House”
180009, Pskov, st. Rutnaya 34
© Team of authors, 2008
© Gerda Publishing House, cover design, 2008
Birzhakov Mikhail Borisovich,
Ph.D., Head of the Nevsky Fund Publishing House,
Vice President of the International Tourism Academy
Kazakov Nikolay Petrovich,
candidate of technical sciences, full academician of the International Tourism Academy, associate professor of Leningrad State University named after. A. S. Pushkina
Scientific reviewer:
Kuznetsov Yuri Viktorovich, Doctor of Economics, Professor of St. Petersburg State University
Editor: Barsukova N. A.
Proofreader: Vinogradova N.V.
Layout: Birzhakov K. M.
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Table of contents
INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SAFE ACTIVITIES
IN TOURISM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 1.1. Classification of existing hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2. Risk as a measure of danger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.1. Risk classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 1.3. Criteria for the safety and comfort of working and living spaces. . . .12 1.4. Principles and means of ensuring safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 1.5. Tourist travel safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 1.5.1. Survival methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 1.5.2. Nutrition in conditions of autonomous existence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 1.5.3. Dangers in any hiking conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 1.5.4. Location orientation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 1.5.5. Emergency installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 1.5.6. Overnight without a tent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 1.5.7. Tourism organizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 2.1. The threat of geophysical impacts during travel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 2.2. Environmental factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 2.2.1. Water as a habitat factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 2.3. Biological factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 2.3.1. Zoogenic factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 2.2.2. Phytogenic factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 2.3.3. Microbiogenic factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
CHAPTER 3. TECHNOGENIC HAZARDS AND SAFETY
TRANSPORTATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 3.1. General characteristics of man-made accidents and disasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 3.2. Transport safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 3.2.1. Railway transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 3.2.2. Sea and river transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 3.2.3. Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 3.2.4. Automobile transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 3.2.5. Bicycle tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 3.2.6. Motorcycle tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 3.2.7. Horse tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 3.2.8. Dog sled tours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 3.2.9. Ski tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.3. Fire danger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 3.4. Chemical hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 3.5. Radiation hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 3.6. Danger of collapse of buildings and structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
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Safety in tourism
3.7. Accidents in communal life support systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
CHAPTER 4. MEDICAL ASPECTS OF SAFETY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 4.1. Tourist adaptation diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 4.2. Emergency conditions. Practical advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 4.3. Infectious and immune diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 4.4. Recommendations of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation to Russian citizens traveling abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 4.5. AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 4.6. Tourism and drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 4.6.1. Recommendations for Russian citizens traveling abroad in order to ensure their safety from the drug threat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 4.7. Food safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 4.8. Medical insurance in tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.9. International Health Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
CHAPTER 5. WATER RECREATION AND ITS SAFETY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.1. Danger on the water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 5.2. Diving safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 5.3. Spearfishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
CHAPTER 6. PERSONAL SAFETY AND SECURITY
PROPERTY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.1. Social security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 6.2. Crime factors in the destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 6.3. Organizational factors and commercial risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.3.1. Organizational inconsistencies and problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.3.2. Commercial, organizational and technical risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 6.4. Insurance in tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 6.4.1. General issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 6.4.2. Types of insurance in the field of tourism activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 6.4.3. Insurance for foreign tourists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 6.4.4. Insurance for Russian tourists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 6.4.5. Financial risk insurance system in tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
CHAPTER 7. SECURITY OF INCOMING AND OUTGOING TOURISM
. . . 147 7.1. Plan and recommended content of the conversation for tourists before going abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 7.2. Safety rules for tourists traveling abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 7.3. Safety recommendations for foreign tourists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
CHAPTER 8. ENSURING SAFETY IN DESIGN
TOUR, TOURIST SERVICES AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8.1. Design and implementation of tours with increased danger. . . . .152 8.1.1. Speleotourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 8.1.2. Fishing tourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 8.2. Safety of extreme tourism and sports recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .157
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Table of contents
CHAPTER 9. SECURITY OF MUSEUM AND EXHIBITION AREAS
ACTIVITIES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.1. Security problems of museum and exhibition activities. . . . . . . . . . . .163 9.2. Organizational and economic mechanisms for the security of museum and exhibition activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
CONCLUSION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
LITERATURE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
APPLICATIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Annex 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Tourist first aid kit: first aid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Appendix 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
About the procedure for transporting children by bus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Appendix 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Approximate content of typical insurance company programs
St. Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Appendix 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Earthquake intensity on a 12-point scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Appendix 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Beaufort scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Appendix 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
List of documents confirming safety and necessary for certification of tourist services
(in accordance with GOST R 50681 - 94, GOST R 50644 - 94). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Appendix 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Glossary of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
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INTRODUCTION
People's lives are always fraught with dangers, the scale and range of which are constantly growing. The range of dangers is very wide - from everyday dangers to terrorism. Among them, special attention is required to the dangers associated with new areas of human activity, for example, genetic engineering, astronautics, and extreme types of tourism.
Statistics show that the costs for this are becoming increasingly expensive.
Over the past 25 years alone, natural and industrial disasters have affected more than a billion people, including about 5 million deaths.
By now, it is generally accepted that with the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of the formation of market relations in Russia, tourism was one of the first areas in the economy where these relations developed most rapidly. At the same time, both tourism organizers at all levels and its participants themselves were not ready to solve security problems in this area.
The Tourism Charter, adopted at the VI session of the WTO General Assembly in 1985, requires ensuring the safety of tourists and their property through preventive and protective measures.
The responsibilities of participants in the tourism process, including ensuring security, are set out in the WTO adopted in 1999
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism.
Tourism safety refers to the personal safety of tourists, the safety of their property and the non-damage to the natural environment when traveling. This definition from the Russian Federation Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities” is not entirely accurate. Security cannot be absolute. At the same time, the level of danger can be controlled (install sanitary protection zones around hazardous objects, reduce the mass of stored hazardous substances, etc.).
Thus, we can only talk about a certain acceptable level of safety, at which there is always a residual risk or danger. As a consequence of this, measures must always be taken both to prevent the manifestation of hazards and to eliminate the consequences of their manifestation. Those who neglect safety rules and concerns about ensuring the safety of tourism suffer significant losses due to the loss of flows of tourist arrivals. For example, Egypt, after terrorist attacks on tourists in 1997, was punished by the world community with two years of isolation from the tourist economic “pie” and suffered serious damage to the development of the economy, historically oriented towards mass foreign tourism since the time of Thomas Cook.
Often, when going on a hike, a tourist encounters the unexpected and finds himself in an extreme situation. Forest fires, earth
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earthquakes and landslides, snow or dust storms, man-made accidents and catastrophes, terrorism and social conflicts - this is not a complete list of the dangers that await a person on his way. At the same time, the main danger lies in the person himself: in his self-confidence, overestimation of his strengths and capabilities, disregard for safety rules, lack of basic knowledge about survival, and sometimes in criminal frivolity.
People set out despite a thunderstorm warning, walk along snow-covered slopes threatening an avalanche, and go on a hike without the proper equipment, equipment, and emergency supplies.
Therefore, it is quite logical that such tourists find themselves helpless in the face of the elements, unable to solve the simplest but vital tasks: provide emergency medical care, navigate the terrain, get food and much more.
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Obviously, certain knowledge and practical skills are required: knowledge about the climate characteristics of the area of the upcoming hike, the terrain, the activity of blood-sucking insects, the crime situation, etc.; practical skills in orienting by celestial bodies and natural features, building shelters from scrap materials, providing medical care and much more.
This knowledge and skills will not only be of great help in the fight against adversity, but will give the tourist confidence in his abilities, instilling in him the confidence that he can cope with the difficulties that arise. This psychological readiness to face the unexpected increases his moral and volitional stability and, at the right moment, will help him not to get confused and quickly and correctly assess the emergency situation that has arisen.
The purpose of this book is to help, to some extent, to obtain this knowledge.
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At the beginning of August 2002, the south of Russia was subjected to another test: heavy rainfall and tornadoes caused severe flooding in the regions
Novorossiysk, Anapa, Abrau-Durso and other settlements in this region of Russia. Vacationers (most of them unorganized tourists) and local residents died, thousands of houses were destroyed. In this regard, on August 9
In 2002, a television survey of citizens was organized on the evening program of TVC (22.00-22.40). To the question: “Do you know how to act in the event of an emergency declaration?” The answers were distributed as follows:
« YES" - 275, "NO" - 1324.
Introduction
© Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013
* * *
Introduction
Tourism (French tourisme; tour – walk, trip) arose during that period of social development when the human need to obtain information about new places, to travel as a means of obtaining this information, was an objective law of the development of human society. Traveling brings pleasure to a person and gives an opportunity to relax.
At a certain stage of economic development, when the need for travel increased sharply, producers of these services appeared. This led to the formation of a special type of product - tourism, which can be bought and sold on the consumer market.
Producers of services designed to serve tourists (traveling people) have united in the tourism industry. Tourism is not a commodity of prime necessity, therefore it becomes an urgent need of a person only at a certain level of his income and at a certain level of wealth of society.
Tourism is currently developing rapidly in many countries around the world and is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. According to experts, the level of international tourism in terms of arrivals in 1999–2010. could amount to more than 1 trillion tourists, and the profitability of this service sector will steadily increase. Already today, the tourism sector accounts for about 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumer spending.
Since tourism is an intersectoral sector of the economy, covering not only accommodation facilities, but also transport, communications, food, entertainment and much more, this area affects any continent, state or city. The importance of tourism for the economies of different countries is associated primarily with the benefits that it brings subject to successful development. First of all, this is the growth of jobs in hotels and other accommodation facilities, in restaurants and other food industry enterprises, in transport and in related service industries. Another important advantage is the multiplier effect of tourism, that is, its influence on the development of related sectors of the economy. The third advantage is an increase in tax revenues to budgets of all levels. In addition, tourism has an economic impact on the local economy by stimulating the export of local products.
In Russia, however, for a number of reasons, the tourism sector has not yet received proper development in comparison with many other countries. Russia, together with all the CIS countries, accounts for only 2% of the world tourist flow. Today, the number of foreign guests coming to Russia for business, tourism and private purposes is about 8 million people, which is far from corresponding to its tourism potential.
Among the main reasons hindering the development of inbound tourism is the image of Russia created by certain foreign and domestic media as a country unfavorable for tourism; the imperfection of the current procedure for issuing Russian visas to citizens of foreign countries that are safe in terms of migration; undeveloped tourism infrastructure; discrepancy between the price and quality of hotel accommodation, etc.
At the same time, the number of Russian citizens wishing to make a tourist trip, especially to foreign countries, is growing noticeably every year. Thus, in recent years, the average number of Russian tourists traveling to countries far and near abroad is about 13 million people, and this figure is constantly growing. This indicates that tourism activity, having survived a period of chaotic development, is going through a stage of qualitative development.
From the history of tourism
People have always traveled, at all times. Representatives of ancient peoples who inhabited various parts of the Earth left records of their impressions of being in distant lands. This historical evidence shows that as trade and conquest expanded in, for example, Greece, Rome and China, members of the noble class of these countries increasingly traveled for pleasure, trade or diplomatic purposes. Herodotus, for example, left a significant written legacy about his short trips and long journeys.
Such literature, which had a life-descriptive nature and a historical orientation, examined the art and philosophy of travel, described the population of other countries, languages, religions, traditions of giving gifts, features of local life and hospitality.
During the colonial conquests and geographical discoveries by the Arabs (8th century AD) and Europeans (including Marco Polo - 12th century AD), many travel records were made. Let us note that these travelers left behind a remarkable literary heritage. Thus, the poet Basco, who visited Japan in the 15th century, wrote memoirs that to this day serve as excellent reference material for today’s tourists. Tourism at this time was, as a rule, not educational in nature, but was focused on meetings of important people and delegations, as well as visiting sacred places.
Since the 15th century European expansion intensified, helped in part by the emergence of detailed maps and new seaworthy ships, as well as the growth of the merchant class. According to these documents, starting from the middle of the 16th century. residents of Northern Europe regularly went for treatment to mineral waters, to famous educational centers in Italy and to monuments of great civilizations in Southern Europe. At first, only nobles, pilgrims and diplomatic envoys traveled. The concept of "tour" was introduced much later, in the 1750s, and the term "tourist" was soon adopted to refer to participants in such recreational and educational trips.
At first, the tours were long - 2-3 years. The tourist (usually a young man) was accompanied on the trip by a guardian. We have inherited many stories about these travels in memoirs, tourist guides and guidebooks. These were not only literary, but also descriptive educational, regional studies and cultural works, perhaps the best illustration of which are the notes of Goethe and Stendhal about Italy, and Turgenev and Karamzin - about Germany and France, Darwin - about the animal world and landscapes of various countries, which he visited during a voyage on the corvette Beagle.
Pilgrimage as a special branch of travel also left numerous documentary evidence, among which I would like to note “Monk Parthenius’s narrative of travel to monasteries.”
The Industrial Revolution, missionary work, and social reformation brought great changes to people's living conditions.
Modern tourism originated in the 19th century in England. The exact date of the founding of tourism is even known – July 6, 1841. On this day, the Englishman Tom s Ku k (1808–1885) opens the first travel agency. He made a real discovery: he invented tourism - one of the most profitable types of business, in which today not only individual companies, but also entire states are getting rich. T. Cook, the great English tourism reformer, for the first time begins to use rail transport for middle-class trips out of town, to exhibitions and rallies. Noting the commercial prospects of mass tourism, he laid the foundation for the modern tourism industry: travel agencies, reservations in transport and hotel rooms, hotel classifications, traveler's checks, timetables and quality guidebooks with comprehensive information.
And it all started very prosaically. Thomas Cook was born into a poor English family. Soon after his father's death, he was sent to study at a monastery school. Having reached the age of 17, Tom was baptized and became a full member of the Baptist Church. He moved from Melbourne to Loughborough, where he began tirelessly writing articles for a local Baptist magazine, in which he declared a merciless war on drunkards and smokers. When the railway line connecting Derby and Rugby was opened in 1840, Thomas and Cook suddenly realized that such a wonderful invention as the railway should be used to advertise a sober lifestyle. He decided to hire a train to take the “friends of temperance” from Leicester to Loughborough for the quarterly meeting of the Temperance Association of the Southern Counties of Central England. 570 “friends of temperance”, who became the first tourists, boarded nine open carriages. Subsequently, for advertising purposes, the railways began to provide Cook with discounts, which made it possible to organize recreational trips for people with the most limited financial resources. Therefore, there were no longer hundreds of clients, but thousands. His excursions and travels were based on a very effective principle: "obtaining the maximum benefit for the maximum number of people at the minimum cost."
In the summer of 1845, Tom and Cook organized the first purely entertaining trip - without sermons and abstinence. For his first trip, as well as for all subsequent ones, Cook published a small guidebook with a story about all the sights that tourists could see. The success exceeded the most optimistic expectations. Even during the advertising campaign, the demand for tickets was so high that they had to hire two trains instead of one.
Having mastered routes in Scotland, Ireland, North Wales and the Isle of Man, Cook moved on. He invited several large landowners in central England to open their castles and parks to ordinary people for inspection.
Cook developed routes to many European cities. In 1865, he discovered the New World for his compatriots, and for Americans the homeland of their ancestors. The activities were carried out through the agency "Thomas Cook and Son", the first office specializing in organizing tourist trips. One of the company's first American clients was Mark Twain. It is no coincidence that the most vivid description of such a journey is given in Mark Twain’s parody “Innocents Abroad” (1869).
Gradually, mass tourism began to acquire an international character. Tourism has become a social phenomenon on a huge, global scale. Improved production and the development of society have led to the emergence of more free time, and new living conditions of people have led to an increase in recreational needs.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. the description of travel has ceased to be the area of primary attention of free philosophers and bright single individuals (such as Humboldt, Spencer, Marx or Plekhanov), but thanks to them, the period of socialization of tourism begins, marked by trends substantiated in the works of M. Weber, Durkheim, Veblen and van Gannep.
The development of the doctrine of tourism is closely connected with the history of tourism. For a long time, travelers themselves have been studying tourism as a science, and such teachings corresponded to the spirit and character of tourism of their time.
The First World War and the social revolution in Russia put an end to the power of the aristocracy. People have become more attentive to nature due to the health crisis in the context of widespread industrialization and urbanization. Sunbathing is becoming popular, especially at seaside resorts, as well as mountain holidays, skiing, hiking, and cruises. The development of these types of recreation continues to this day.
During this period, historical research, which studies both tourism in general and the history of individual resorts, takes priority in the development of the study of tourism. Historians have made important contributions, for example, to the study of forms of recreation in Ancient Rome, England in the 17th century, the history of great geographical discoveries, trips around the world, and world tours.
Since the 1930s. Geography began to pay more attention to descriptions and regional characteristics of individual regions and promoted interest in the problems of developing domestic tourism.
In the decades following World War II, tourism served as an impetus for the development of all countries, but especially those freed from colonial oppression. The emergence of air travel in Russia in 1952 played a decisive role in the popularization of outbound tourism, just as in the United States, scientists concentrated their attention on domestic tourism and recreation problems.
By the 60s of the 20th century, a special socio-economic system began to take shape in Western Europe, and especially the USA, which by the early 80s began to acquire an international character - the tourism industry.
About the concept of “tourism”. Tourism classification
The system of views on tourism as a cultural phenomenon in the world scientific community has been constantly changing. And today the structure of the tourism industry, the definition of its individual components, and even the very definition of “tourism” remain controversial.
Meanwhile, the relevance of a clear definition of this concept is obvious. Indeed, depending on the completeness and clarity of defining the boundaries of the tourism industry system, identifying the structural components included in it, the main and auxiliary industries producing recreational services, it is possible to establish and predict the patterns of development of this system, have clear ideas about its boundaries, and, as a result, This is to calculate the real economic effect from this sector of the economy and determine the degree of its influence on the development of a certain territory.
According to some scientists, the concept of “tourism” includes all types of human movement that are not associated with a change in permanent place of residence and work. With this point of view, tourism can be understood as one of the forms of migration that does not have a permanent nature.
Other authors (Azar V.I., Khodorkov L.F., Gerasimenko V.G., etc.) in their definitions of the concept of “tourism” emphasize the dynamism (“movement”, “movement”) and territoriality of this phenomenon. Some authors by tourism necessarily mean the presence of active recreation.
In 1963, at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel, held in Rome, a definition was adopted according to which “any person who stays for 24 hours or more in a country other than his permanent place of residence (permanent residence) for the purpose of recreation, treatment, participation in sporting events, meetings, congresses, etc., not paid for in the host country..." is considered an international tourist. Since there are no fundamental qualitative differences between the definitions of “tourist” and “vacationer,” tourism can be not only an active type of recreation (sports events, etc.), but also passive recreation (treatment, etc.). After all, rest can mean any activity or inactivity aimed at restoring a person’s strength, which can be carried out both on the territory of permanent residence and outside it. And if the vacation takes place in a territory located outside the subject’s permanent residence, then, regardless of the type of vacation, he falls into the “tourist” category. “Tourism” and “recreation” are also identical from the point of view of social production. Tourism and recreation are specific forms of consumption of national wealth and intangible goods. Although both of these concepts are identical in terms of the ultimate goal, namely the satisfaction of recreational needs, the forms of achieving them are different.
There are different approaches to classify recreational (tourist) activities. Based on the purpose and main motives of travel, the American scientist V. Smith defines six categories of tourism:
– ethnic;
– cultural;
– historical;
– environmental;
– recreational;
– business.
Ukrainian scientist N.P. Krachilo proposed a slightly different classification of six types of tourism:
– resort and therapeutic;
– cultural and entertainment (tourist trips carried out with the aim of getting acquainted with historical, cultural, archaeological and architectural sights; visiting museums, art galleries, theaters, festivals, sports competitions and other cultural objects);
– sports;
– educational and business;
– religious;
– commercial.
Russian scientist N. S. Mironenko divides recreational activities according to the main motive into the following three main types:
– medicinal;
– health and sports;
– cognitive (natural, cultural and historical).
Domestic modern scientist V. A. Kvartalnov, considering human behavior as a buyer of a tourism product, proposes to classify recreational activities as follows:
– rest, leisure, entertainment;
– cognition;
– sport and its support;
– pilgrimage;
– business goals;
– guest goals.
Chinese scientist Wang Qingshei believes that the classification of recreational activities should be multi-level and based on Abraham Maslow's theory of levels of needs.
The needs of the first, basic level are represented by landscape tourism, which satisfies the needs of tourists in understanding nature and culture.
Tourist needs of the second, higher level are aimed at satisfying the need for entertainment.
The third, special, level of tourist demand includes admiring cultural monuments, resort and medical activities, recreation, participation in conferences, pilgrimages, scientific expeditions, etc. At the same time, “the historical and cultural factor is the only constant attraction (attractiveness - V.B.) in all three levels of tourism needs."
Tourism can be active or passive, domestic and international. For various reasons, tourism can be divided into different types:
– according to the purpose of the trip, tourism can be divided into recreational, educational, scientific, business;
– according to the nature of the organization and intensity of service – planned, unorganized (amateur);
– according to the number of travelers – individual, family, group;
– according to the duration of the tour – short-term or long-term;
– by age of tourists – for children, youth, adults;
– by method of travel (type of transport) – auto tourism, caravan, sea and river tourism, etc.;
– according to the method of accommodation – stationary and mobile (cruises, tours);
– according to the intensity of tourist activity, tourism is divided into permanent (year-round) and seasonal (associated with a certain time of year);
– by type of use of natural resources – entertainment, environmental, mountain, water, Olympic, pedestrian;
– according to the form of financing, tourism is divided into commercial and social.
For other reasons, tourism can be divided into other types. Classification of types of tourism is necessary for the development of targeted and regional programs that have elements of national cultures, differentiation of economic standards for different regions of the country, taking into account the characteristics of ecosystems of different territories, cultural-aesthetic and natural-climatic conditions of a given region.
Section I
Service activities: organizational, ethical and psychological aspects
Chapter 1
Type of services and their characteristics
§ 1.1. Consumer services sector
The sphere of consumer services, as a rule, is understood as a set of activities, the functional significance of which in the system of social production is expressed in the provision and sale of services to the population. Depending on their role in the reproduction process, on the nature of the needs they satisfy, the types of activities in the sphere of consumer services differ significantly from each other.
They significantly complement personal consumption, participate not only in satisfying, but also in purposefully shaping the needs of the population, creating conditions for saving the population’s free time. At the present stage of the formation of market relations in the Russian economy, the widespread development of a network of small consumer service enterprises contributes to the development of entrepreneurial activity, the receipt of additional income by the population, an increase in the number of jobs and the working population, including on a part-time basis, that is, in addition to the main job.
Approved on June 8, 1993 by Resolution of the Council of Ministers and the Government of the Russian Federation No. 536 “Rules for consumer services in the Russian Federation” did not directly indicate the types of activities for which they were developed. This question was interpreted as follows: “The rules for consumer services in the Russian Federation... regulate the relationship between consumers and providers in the field of consumer services,” implying that this area is already known and legalized. Further, by contradiction, the “Rules...” identified those areas of activity to which they did not apply, and it remained unclear whether these types of activities were domestic and the “Rules...” did not apply to them, or whether this was a completely different area of entrepreneurial work.
At the end of the 90s, household services in the total volume of services provided to the population in Russia as a whole amounted to 16%. It should be noted that the volume of household services to the population in the total volume of paid services fell compared to previous years (30% in 1993). The share of household services decreases with an increase in the share of population expenditures on socially necessary services that were previously provided free of charge or at a significant discount (housing and communal services, educational services, medical services).
It is in this industry that processes have occurred that have negative consequences for serving the Russian population with socially important household services. The results of these processes were:
– reduction in physical volumes of production of household services compared to the pre-reform period for all main groups of household services. Thus, in 1998, the volume of household services did not exceed 24% of the 1990 level, including laundries - 8%, hairdressing salons - 11%, dry cleaning and dyeing - 5%, baths and showers - 10%;
– structural changes in household services, the demand for services for the maintenance and repair of vehicles, the repair and construction of individual housing, individual tailoring, the main consumers of which are high- and middle-income groups, is growing, while the demand for shoe-tailoring services is falling , manufacturing and repair, laundry services;
– reduction of the network of consumer service enterprises, especially in rural areas, both in general and for certain types of services. By the beginning of 1997, there were 57 thousand workshops and studios in Russia, which was 2.2 times less than at the beginning of 1991, and in rural areas, correspondingly, 3 times less. The number of workers in the industry has decreased by almost 3 times, despite the fact that it is in this area that additional jobs are supposed to be constantly created. The results of budget surveys show that in all income groups the population spends on paying for household services. The range of dispersion of household services in the total volume of this category of consumer spending is quite large: from 1.1% in the lowest income group to 36.4% in the highest income group. However, the presence of these expenses confirms the indisputable fact that even with minimal per capita income, the population is forced to consume household services due to their social significance. A fundamental point in assessing trends in the consumption of certain types of services is the need for a differentiated approach to various types of services and the current trends in the realized demand for them, including due to existing disproportions in the incomes of different segments of the population.
. Wang Qingsheng. Historical and cultural tourism and the development of tourist cities // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. – 2002. – No. 35. – P. 11–15.Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. 10th edition, revised and expanded
ISBN: 978-5-94125-131-5
Publisher: GERDA Publishing House
Year of publication of the book: 2014
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Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. - M-SPb. "Publishing House GERDA", NP "Publishing House "Nevsky Fund", 2014. - 544 p.
10th edition of one of the best textbooks on tourism. The book outlines the fundamentals of tourism theory, provides an interpretation of basic terms and concepts in the aspects of international conventions and WTO recommendations, national norms and legislation, principles and customs. Separately, issues of tourism practice, the use of tourist terminology in business, and special issues of tourism activity are considered.
The book is intended for employees of tourism enterprises, teachers, graduate students and students of secondary and higher specialized educational institutions of the tourism education system when studying the discipline “Introduction to the specialty. TOURISM”, as well as “Tourism Theory”. In preparing the book, methodological materials and practical developments provided by OJSC “Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg” were used.
The first part of the book is devoted to theoretical issues of the specialty, the second - to practical - special problems, issues and types of tourism activities.
The publication was prepared by NP Publishing House Nevsky Fund
group "Birzhakov and Nikiforov"
with the assistance of the International Tourism Academy
and the Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg
Birzhakov Mikhail Borisovich. Vice-President of the International Tourism Academy (ITA), Ph.D. MTA professor
Nikiforov Ivan Valerievich. Ph.D. Full member-academician of the ITA, President of OJSC "Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg"
Mikhailova Karina Valerievna. postgraduate student of the Department of SKSiT, St. Petersburg State University of Economics, full member of the ITA
Reviewers:
Kuznetsov Yuri Viktorovich. Dan. professor, head Department of Management and Planning of Social and Economic Processes of St. Petersburg State University
Kazakov Nikolai Petrovich. Dan. Associate Professor, Head Department of Social and Cultural Service and Tourism, Leningrad State Regional University named after A.S. Pushkin
The monograph “Introduction to Tourism” has been published annually since 1999. The total circulation of the first through ninth editions has exceeded 100 thousand copies in total. It is in demand by society and has become a bestseller, a reference book for deputies, employees of administrations and travel agencies, tourism industry enterprises, students and tourists themselves. The book has long gone beyond the scope of a textbook and textbook and belongs to the category of professional literature; its scientific significance is recognized by leading tourism experts in Russia and abroad. In 2000, the book by M.B. Birzhakova “Introduction to Tourism” was recognized as the best textbook on tourism in Russian and received a diploma at the Moscow Government competition. In 2005, the book was recognized as a textbook with the stamp of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The book in one of the versions has been translated into Georgian.
This publication has been significantly revised and expanded to take into account the realities and requirements of the time and the current changes in Russian legislation as of December 2012.
The author acknowledges the existence of other scientific schools in tourism and respects the opinions of his colleagues. Thanks are expressed to the GERDA Publishing House (St. Petersburg), which carries out work on the replication and distribution of the book, to the employees of the Nevsky Fund Publishing House and the Department of Social and Cultural Service and Tourism of the St. Petersburg State Economic University, who were directly involved in the work on preparation of the publication - Birzhakov K.M. Barsukova N.A. Mikhailova K.V. Rishu A.M.
Introduction
About the monograph “Introduction to Tourism” by M.B. Birzhakova
Chapter I. Travel and the traveler
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Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. - M-SPb.: GERDA Publishing House, NP Publishing House Nevsky Fund, 2014. - 544 p.
10th edition of one of the best textbooks on tourism. The book outlines the fundamentals of tourism theory, provides an interpretation of basic terms and concepts in the aspects of international conventions and WTO recommendations, national norms and legislation, principles and customs. Separately, issues of tourism practice, the use of tourism terminology in business, and special issues of tourism activity are considered.
The book is intended for employees of tourism enterprises, teachers, graduate students and students of secondary and higher specialized educational institutions of the tourism education system when studying the discipline “Introduction to the specialty. TOURISM”, as well as “Theory of Tourism”. In preparing the book, methodological materials and practical developments provided by OJSC “Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg” were used.
The first part of the book is devoted to theoretical issues of the specialty, the second - to practical - special problems, issues and types of tourism activities.
The publication was prepared by NP Publishing House Nevsky Fund
group "Birzhakov and Nikiforov"
with the assistance of the International Tourism Academy
and the Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg
Author and responsible compiler:
- Birzhakov Mikhail Borisovich, Vice-President of the International Tourism Academy (ITA), Ph.D., Professor of the ITA
Co-authors:
- Nikiforov Ivan Valerievich, Ph.D., full academician of the ITA, president of OJSC “Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg”
- Mikhailova Karina Valerievna, postgraduate student of the Department of SKSiT, St. Petersburg State University of Economics, full member of the ITA
Reviewers:
- Kuznetsov Yuri Viktorovich, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. Department of Management and Planning of Social and Economic Processes of St. Petersburg State University
- Kazakov Nikolay Petrovich, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Head. Department of Social and Cultural Service and Tourism, Leningrad State Regional University named after A.S. Pushkin
From the author, to the 10th edition
The monograph “Introduction to Tourism” has been published annually since 1999. The total circulation of the first through ninth editions has exceeded 100 thousand copies in total. It is in demand by society and has become a bestseller, a reference book for deputies, employees of administrations and travel agencies, tourism industry enterprises, students and tourists themselves. The book has long gone beyond the scope of a textbook and textbook and belongs to the category of professional literature; its scientific significance is recognized by leading tourism experts in Russia and abroad. In 2000, the book by M.B. Birzhakova “Introduction to Tourism” was recognized as the best textbook on tourism in Russian and received a diploma at the Moscow Government competition. In 2005, the book was recognized as a textbook with the stamp of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The book in one of the versions has been translated into Georgian.
This publication has been significantly revised and expanded to take into account the realities and requirements of the time and the current changes in Russian legislation as of December 2012.
The author acknowledges the existence of other scientific schools in tourism and respects the opinions of his colleagues. Thanks are expressed to the GERDA Publishing House (St. Petersburg), which carries out work on the replication and distribution of the book, to the employees of the Nevsky Fund Publishing House and the Department of Social and Cultural Service and Tourism of the St. Petersburg State Economic University, who were directly involved in the work on preparation of the publication - Birzhakov K.M., Barsukova N.A., Mikhailova K.V., Risha A.M.
Introduction
- Foreword
- Preface 1
- Preface 2
- Preface 3
- Preface 4
- About the monograph “Introduction to Tourism” by M.B. Birzhakova
Chapter I. Travel and the traveler
1.1. Journey
1.2. Travels of the Ancients
- Road workers and guidebooks
1.3. Pilgrimage
1.4. Pioneer
- Marco Polo
- Ibn Battuta
- Other travelers and discoverers
1.5. Travel in modern times and the beginnings of tourism
1.6. Thomas Cook, founder of mass tourism
1.7. Bicycle and tourism
1.8. Time and travel
1.9. Traveling to achieve records
1.10. Material support for travel
conclusions
Chapter II. Tourism
2.1. Tourism and travel
- Did the ancients have tourism?
2.2. Tourism in the 20th century. and at the turn of the 21st century.
- Tourism is a profitable activity for all participants
- Development of tourist destinations
- Employment in tourism
- What and how do tourists travel?
- Tourism as a way to get rich and fight poverty
- Tourism statistics in Russia
2.3. General trends in tourism development
- Continuous and sustainable development
- High profitability
- Tourism is a source of replenishment of local budgets
- New workplaces
- Resistance to unfavorable global conditions
- Intensive diversification of tourism offer
- Multiplier effect
- Shift in consumption patterns
- The need for government support for the industry
- Climate (global warming) and tourism
- Tourism development forecast for 2012 and subsequent years
2.4. Definition of tourism
- Tourism participants
- Duration of the tourist trip
- Overnight
- Temporary visiting place
- Free time
- Pleasure
- Place of permanent residence
- Seasonality
2.4. Tourism is a mass phenomenon and a phenomenon of the 20th century.
2.5. Four differences between tourism and travel
- Conceptualization of tourism
2.6. Tourism goals
- Thesis first and main
- Thesis is second and no less important.
- Thesis three
- Economy and tourist flows
- Thesis four
2.7. Tourist goals
- Public morality and good order
- Exclusion from working at a place of temporary visit
2.8. Purposes of the receiving destination
2.9. Organizational forms of tourism and main categories
- Domestic and international tourism
- Planned and amateur tourism
- Group planned tourism
- Individual planned tourism
- Priority of types of tourism
2.10. Travel companies and enterprises
2.11. Amateur tourism
2.12. Social tourism
- Social tourism in Russia in 2004-2005.
Chapter III. Tourist
- Tourist - traveler
3.1. Definition of a tourist
3.2. Constituent elements of the definition
3.3. Rights and freedoms
- Freedom of movement
- Tourist formalities
- Non-discrimination on grounds of race, gender, language and religion
- Nationality of the tourist
- Gender of the tourist
- Problems of sexual minorities and tourism
- Age
- Religion
- Accommodation (overnight)
- Tourism goals
- Prohibition of earning money in the visited place from a local source
- Local and foreign currency
- Domestic and international (foreign) tourist, as well as persons who are not included in these categories
3.4. Excursionist
3.5. Pensioners and disabled people
3.6. Tourist status
Chapter IV. Tourism industry
- Tourism industry - enterprise system
4.1. Tourism organizers
- Tour operator
- Travel agency
4.2. Transportation
4.3. Hotel industry
4.4. (Public) food system
4.5. Entertainment and attraction system
4.6. Tourism infrastructure
4.7. Insurance
4.8. Banking and financial services
4.9. Information Services
4.10. Tourist Information Centers
- Nature and special properties of information services
- Segmentation of information consumers
4.11. Other atypical tourist services
Chapter V. Theory of tourism product
5.1. Three sources and three components of the tourism product
5.2. Sources of tourism product
5.3. Levels of tourism product
5.4. Components of a tourism product
5.5. Tour and tourism product
- Consumer of a tourism product
5.6. Legal nature of the tourism product
- Tourist
- Implementation
- Right
5.7. Economic essence of the tourism product
5.7. Tourist product in the laws of the Russian Federation
- Amounts of financial support for a tour operator
- Association of tour operators in the field of outbound tourism
- Functions of the association of tour operators in the field of outbound tourism
- Property of an association of tour operators in the field of outbound tourism
- Compensation Fund for the Association of Tour Operators in the Field of Outbound Tourism
- Reimbursement of expenses of the compensation fund of the association of tour operators in the field of outbound tourism
Chapter VI. Tourist services, works, goods
6.1. Tourist - consumer
6.2. Tourist service
- Composition of tourist services
6.3. Works as a type of tourist service
6.4. Tourist goods
- Free trade
- Shopping
- Shopping tours
6.5. Some theoretical issues of comparing the essence of a service and a product
6.6. Tourist product - tourist offer
6.7. Standardization and certification of services
6.8. Tour and tourist route
- Typical types of tourist routes
- Hike, tourist trip
- Hiking trail
- Tour, tour package
Chapter VII. Subspecies and types of tourism
7.1. Active and passive tourism
- Combined transport
7.2. Tourism goals
7.3. Special tours, social tourism objects
7.4. Financing of tourist trips
7.5. Attractions and entertainment
7.6. Study abroad and internships
7.7. Foreign language training
- Acquisition of professional skills and advanced training
7.8. Timeshare
- Resort Condominiums International - RCI
- Interval International - II
- Timeshare in Russia
- Swap Homes Formula
7.9. Completion of a tourist trip - homeward
Chapter VIII. Tourist resources
8.1. Tourist interest
8.2. Tourist resources
8.3. Ecology and tourism
- Sustainability of tourism and ecotourism
- Throughput potential
8.4. National Parks and Reservations
- Protected areas
- Caves
- Locks
- The most famous national parks
- National parks of Africa
- Parks in Asia and Australia
- European parks and reserves
- National parks and protected areas in Russia
- National parks in Latin America
- National parks in the USA and Canada
- Neot Kedumim Biblical Nature Reserve in Israel
8.5. Theme parks
- Disneyland
- Aquariums, zoos and other theme parks
- Water parks
- Industrial theme parks
8.6. Wonders of the world
- The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Chapter IX. Tourism and other areas of expertise
9.1. Psychology
9.2. Anthropology
9.3. Sociology
9.4. Economy
- Research into potential and actual tourism consumer markets
9.5. Geography
9.6. Computer science
9.7. Right
- National law
- Regulation of tourism activities in Russia
- International tourism law
- Legal support for tourism in the CIS
Chapter X. Tourism safety
10.1. Travel safety
- Circumstances of increased danger
- Injury hazard
- Environmental exposure
- Physical overload and neuropsychic factors
- Biological factors
- Personal and property safety
- Dangerous radiation, chemical factors
- Fire hazard
- Transportation stage
- Violation of established rules by tourists
- Organizational inconsistencies and problems
10.2. Travel insurance
10.3. Emergencies
- Tsunami in the Southeast Asia region
- Criminal activity against victims' property
- Insurance and global assistance
- Dissemination of video information about the tragedy
10.4. A memo that the Thai Ministry of Health recommends issuing to travel agencies and tourists themselves
10.5. Famous recorded tsunamis in Earth's history
10.6. Commercial, organizational and technical risks
10.7. Problems due to tourists' disregard for safety rules
- Animal attacks
10.8. Patrons of travelers
- Saint Nicholas - patron saint of travelers
- Saint Nicholas in Orthodoxy
- Veneration of St. Nicholas in Russia
Chapter XI. Special issues of tourism activities
11.1. Terminological dispute “tourist or tourist”
- The use of the terms tourist and tourism in the practice of tourism activities
- Name of science of tourism
- Tourist or tourist
- The origins of argot in tourism
- Conclusion
11.2. Traveling for pilgrimage purposes
- Pilgrimage
- History of the pilgrimage
- Christianity
- Canterbury Wanderings
- European medieval traditions
- Pilgrimage in ancient Rus' and Russia
- New Valaam
- Pilgrims
- Anniversaries
- Guides for pilgrims
- General religious purposes of religious pilgrimage
- Burial of the remains of the family of Russian Tsar Nicholas II in St. Petersburg
- General principles of legal regulation of travel for religious purposes
- Legal regulation of pilgrimage as a type of tourism activity in Russia
- Regulation of pilgrimage activities
11.3. Thomas Cook - founder of tourism
- Origins
- The birth of tourism
- Development of the Thomas Cook industry. Contract with the railway administration
- Travel, tourism, leisure
- "Cook's Traveller's Checks"
- Thomas Cook's Guides
- Route for lovers of the works of Walter Scott and Robert Burns
- Event tourism
- Excursions to castles
- Charity events
- International tourist routes. Trips to European cities
- Travel agency "Thomas Cook and Son" in Italy
- Sea travel
- Religious and political tours
- Activities of Thomas Cook in Egypt
- British imperial policy and travel history
- Empire of tourism business in the East
- Thomas Cook Nile River Cruises
- Status of Thomas Cook in Egypt
- Fashionable season in Cairo
- Round-the-world tours
- Conclusion
11.4. Rural tourism - village tourism
- Historical background of dacha tourism in Russia
- Rural tourism in modern times
- Rural tourism in modern tourism business
- Motivation for choosing a rural holiday
- Types of organization of village tourism
- Gardening
- Prospects for rural tourism in Russia>
- Prospects for village tourism for foreign tourists in Russia
11.5. Problems of tourism for compatriots
- Introduction
- Population migration
- Emigration
- Compatriot
- Historical background
- Interpretation of the term “compatriot” in history and modernity
- Compatriots of Russia
- Russian diaspora abroad
- International relationships
- Freedom to recognize and identify (oneself) as one's compatriots or choose one's homeland
- Compatriots of Faith
- Legitimacy of recognition as a Russian compatriot
- Citizenship, emigration and interests of states
- Principles and goals of the state policy of the Russian Federation towards compatriots
- Relations with persons who were USSR citizens
- Relations with immigrants (emigrants)
- Relations with descendants of compatriots
- Problems of the Russian language
- Nostalgia tourism
- Features of tourism products and programs
- conclusions
11.6. Exotic tourism
- The call of the times
- Origin of the term and linguistic research
- Emotional perception of exoticism and history
- Creativity as a conductor of exoticism
- Exotic diseases and tropical medicine
- Exotics in tourism and travel
- Geography of exotic tours
11.7. Cultural tourism
- Cultural or educational tourism
- Culture
- Culture and tourism
11.8. Event tourism
- Events and tourism product
- The relationship between event and political tourism
11.9. Youth tourism
- Travel for young people
- HOSTEL
11.10. Gastronomic tourism
- Food is a necessary element of life
- Gastronomy
- Cooking
- Ideologists from gastronomy
- Gastronomy as defined by Brillat-Savarin
- French restaurants
- Michelin gastronomic guide
- Chef
11.11. Companion theory
- Teammate's problems
- Definition of companion
- Motives prompting the search and choice of a companion
- Random Companion
- Planned companion
- Dependent Companion
- Taking into account companionship when planning the accommodation of tourists
- Termination of partnership at the initiative of tourists
- Relationships between the tour group leader and companions
- Comparison of the temperaments of different types of individual characters
- Individual and group travel
- Pathological deviations of individuals
- Activity, motives and motivations in a small group
- Interpretation of motive and motivation
- The influence of a companion on the course of the motive-action process
- Conclusion
Chapter XII. Self-regulation in the tourism industry
12.1. The concept and essence of self-regulation
12.2. Distinctive features of self-regulatory organizations
- Features of management of the tourism industry at the present stage. The feasibility of introducing the institution of self-regulation in tourism
- Expected difficulties of the tourism market during the transition to a self-regulatory framework
- Self-regulation of tourism and the possible development of the institution of self-regulation of the tourism market
- Chapter XIII. International, regional and national tourism public organizations
13.1. World Tourism Organization - UNWTO
- Programs
- Membership in the World Tourism Organization
- Key events in the life of UNWTO
13.2. World Tourism Day
13.3. International Air Transport Association - IATA
- Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation” No. 132 FZ of November 24, 1996 (as amended in 2012).
- Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 3, 2012 N 47-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation."
- Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Self-Regulatory Organizations” No. 315 of December 1, 2007
- Federal target program « Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011-2018)"
- Federal Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” dated 02/07/1992 N 2300-1 (as amended in 2010)
- Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993)
- Law of the Russian Federation "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture" dated October 9, 1992 N 3612-I.
- Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (UNWTO)
- Rules for the provision of services for the sale of tourism products. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 18, 2007 No. 452.
