History of Scottish Kings. The King of Scots has come…. The last king of Scotland
Currently, there is no such thing as "King of Scotland", since at the moment Scotland is an administrative and political region of Great Britain, does not have its own monarchical government and is actually under the rule of Elizabeth II, from the Windsor dynasty, Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. However, of course, this was not always the case: Scotland was ruled by its own monarchical dynasty for 850 years. And in order to learn more about the monarchy of Scotland, you need to understand how it began and how it ended up.
First king of Scotland
Several other small states were located on the territory of modern Scotland of the 6th-9th centuries, including the Kingdom of the Picts, the Kingdom of Dal Riada, and the Kingdom of Strathclyde.
Kenneth I became the first king of the Kingdom of Scotland nicknamed the Brave, king of Dal Riada since 841, who also claimed the throne of the Kingdom of the Picts (his mother was the daughter of the previous king). The unification of the two kingdoms took place around 843, and historians traditionally consider this year to be the beginning of the formation of a separate Scottish state. The dynasty of Kenneth I, the Macalpins ruled Scotland with a short break until 1034, until the death of the last representative of this dynasty.
It would be more accurate to say - the Queen , since this honorary position is undoubtedly held by a woman whose name is known to all those who have studied at least a little history or was fond of classical literature. On the this moment Mary Stuart is unmatched among the most famous personalities in Scottish history. Who has not tried to comprehend the essence of her mystery and character: in addition to numerous generations of historians, these are Stefan Zweig, and Friedrich Schiller, and even Joseph Brodsky! But nevertheless, most of the secrets of this Queen of Scots remain unsolved.
The last king of Scotland
In fact, there are actually two last Scottish kings:
- The first one — Jacob VI, the infamous son of that very Mary Stuart, the only heir to not only the Scottish, but also the English throne. It was from him that the monarchs of Great Britain invariably were also the monarchs of Scotland.
- The second is Anna Stewart, daughter of James II, the first nun of the united Great Britain. The fact is that in 1707 England and Scotland were legally united, as a result of which the need to share the power of the monarch disappeared.
Currently, the monarchy of Scotland has left in memory of itself a large cultural heritage, many interesting sights and secrets that to this day excite the minds of historians and simply curious tourists.
Chronology
Years Events
BC
55 Caesar lands in Britain
our era
43 Aulus Plautius makes first large-scale campaign in Britain
78 General Agricola arrives in Britain
81 Agricola reaches the Fort River
84 Battle of Mount Grapius
12 ° C Construction of Hadrian's Shaft
14 ° C Construction of the Antoninus Rampart
OK. 190 The retreat of the Roman border to the south
280 Emperor Septimius Sever arrives in Caledonia
OK. 28 ° C Saxons attack Britain
306 Pictish raids on Britain
324 Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire
368 The Picts reach London
376 Goths enter the Roman Empire
378 Battle of Adrianople
OK. 397 St. Ninian founds the monastery of Candida Kasa
410 Sack of Rome by the Goths
432 Death of St. Ninian
OK. 450 Utah, Angles and Saxons seize lands in Britain
441 Chalcedonian Cathedral
476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire
481 Francs secured in Gaul
OK. 500 Fergus becomes King of the Scots
524 Death of Boethius
528 St. Benedict founds Monte Cassino
547 Ida founds the kingdom of Bernikia
563 Arrival in Britain of St. Columbus
569 Birth of Muhammad
590 Gregory I joins the papal throne
597 Death of St. Columbus. Augustine arrives in Kent
OK. 613 Cumbria separated from Cumbria
635 The beginning of the activity of St. Aedana in Lindisfarne
637 Muslims take over Jerusalem
664 Whitby Cathedral
686 Battle of Nectansmere
711 Moors invade Spain
732 Karl Martell stops the Muslim advance at Troyes
735 Death of Misfortune of the Honorable
787 Vikings arrive in Britain
794 The Norwegians seize the Islands
800 Charlemagne becomes emperor
802 Accession to the Wessex throne of Egbert
841 Norwegians establish settlements in France
843 Union of Scots and Picts
874 Norwegians settled in Iceland
OK. 875 Orkney becomes Norwegian Jarliness
876 Rollon founds the Duchy of Normandy in France
887 Separation of France and Germany
901 Death of Alfred
910 Founding of the Abbey of Cluny
919 Emperor Henry the Fowler becomes emperor
OK. 962 Edinburgh is incorporated into the Kingdom of Scotland
987 Capetian ascend to the French throne
999 Sylvester II becomes Pope
1013 Danes conquer England
1018 Battle of Karem. Southeast Lowland annexed to Scotland
1034 Accession to the throne of Duncan I. Southwest Lowland under the Scottish crown
1035 Death of the Great Whip
104 ° C Death of Duncan I. Maelbeth ascends the Scottish throne
1042 Edward the Confessor becomes king of England
1056 Robert Guiscard's Normans conquer Puglia
1057 Death of Maelbeta. Lulah's reign and death. Accession to the throne of Malcolm III
1066 Norman conquest of England
1072 Abernathy Treaty
1073 Gregory VII becomes Pope
1075 Investiture dispute erupts
1076 Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem
1087 Death of William the Conqueror
1093 Death of Malcolm III. Accession to the throne of Donald III.
1094 Reign and death of Duncan II. Donald III returns to the throne
1096 First Crusade
1097 Deposition of Donald III. Edgar becomes King of Scotland
1099 Jerusalem is conquered by the Crusaders. Death of Wilhelm the Red
1107 Death of Edgar. The Scottish crown passes to Alexander I
1122 Worms Concordat
1124 Death of Alexander I. Accession to the throne of David I
1135 Death of Henry I Beauclerc
1138 Battle of the Standards
1139 Northumberland allocated to the fief of Henry, Prince of Scotland
1142 Death of Abelard
1146 Second Crusade
1152 Death of Prince Henry. Heinrich Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Frederick Barbarossa becomes Holy Roman Emperor
1153 Death of David I. Accession to the throne of Malcolm IV
1154 Death of Stephen, King of England. The English crown goes to Henry II Plantagenet
1156 The Pope gives Ireland to England
1160 Scotland conquers Galway and allies with Brittany. Universities are formed in Paris and Bologna
1162 Union of Scotland with Holland
1164 Death of Somerled
1165 Death of Malcolm IV. William I becomes King of Scotland
1168 Union of Scotland with France
1170 St. Dominic. Founding of Oxford University
1171 English conquest of Ireland
1174 Falaise Peace turns Scotland into an English fief
1182 Birth of St. Francis
1189 Third Crusade. Death of Henry II Plantagenet. Richard I the Lionheart becomes King of England. Treaty of Canterbury cancels the terms of the Falaise Peace and marks the beginning of the Hundred Years Peace with England
1194 England becomes the fief of the Holy Roman Empire
1199 Death of Richard I. The English crown is put on by John the Landless
1204 England loses fiefs in Northern France
1213 England becomes Pope's fief
1214 Battle of Bouvin. Death of William I of Scotland. Accession to the Scottish throne of Alexander II
1215 Magna Carta signed in England
1216 Death of John Lackland. Henry III becomes King of England
1222 Argyll returned to Scotland
1225 New institutions of the Scottish Church. Death of Thomas Aquinas
OK. 1235 The Novel of the Rose is written
1237 Northumberland dispute resolved by Treaty of York
1238 Robert the Bruce is named heir to the Scottish crown
OK. 1240 Birth of Shimabu
1249 Death of Alexander II. Alexander III becomes King of Scotland
125 ° C Death of Frederick II
1263 Battle of Largs
1265 Dante is born
1266 Treaty of Perth: Norway cedes the Hebrides
127 ° C Death of Saint Louis IX. End of the crusades
1272 Death of Henry III. Entry into the English throne of Edward I
1274Birth of Robert the Bruce (Robert I)
1281 Union of Scotland with Norway
1284 Death of Prince Alexander
1286 Death of Alexander III. Margarita becomes Queen of Scots
1290 Treaty of Bergama. Death of Margarita
1296 Start of the Three Hundred Years War
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From the book Easter [Calendar-astronomical investigation of chronology. Hildebrand and Crescent. Gothic War] the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich3.2. "Equinox Chronology" of Matthew Vlastar and Scaligerian Chronology We have already briefly said above that the "Collection of Patristic Rules" by Matthew Vlastar contains an inaccurate theory of the vernal equinox. Let us dwell on this very interesting question
Robert the Bruce, of course, didn't go anywhere. He fled more and more and reclaimed his lands from the British, and did not at all offend the poor Picts. But he was hot and desperate as a king. Up to the point that he did not hesitate to stab a competitor right in the church, and this was only one of the episodes of his stormy life.
The future king was born on July 11, 1274, and became the actual Scottish king at the age of 21. He inherited the throne from his grandfather Robert the Bruce, who was a descendant of one of the first rulers of this country - King David I.
The story of Robert's ascension to the throne began with the fact that his family successfully profited from their rights to others. In 1292 John I of Baliol became king. The Bruces decided that since they were not the kings, then let the English rule better, and when Edward I Long-Legs invaded Scotland in 1296, Robert swore allegiance to him. That is, the system was simple - since the crown is not mine, then you are a foe too, all the more you will not get it. The war with Edward ended with John I of Baliol being captured by him, and Scotland became an English possession.
But not everyone was ready to swear so easily to the English king. After all, if Scotland is annexed to England, then where will the highlanders go for zipuns? Therefore, already in 1297, the uprising of William Wallace began. At first everything went well, then worse, and in the end Wallace was caught and executed, cutting off everything that was possible, including his head. Barbaric times, what is already there. Well, Robert the Bruce became a member of the Regency Council of Scotland in 1298.
True, he did not stay in the council for long, since in 1300 he quarreled with the Comin clan and was kicked out of the council. In response, he gathers the clans that support him, and then kills John Comin right in the church. For this, he, of course, quickly receives excommunication, but then becomes the head of the national movement for independence.
On March 25, 1306, Robert, with the support of supporters, was crowned King of Scotland. But he did not stay king for long. The British quickly gathered and went north to find out what kind of new king had appeared there. We figured it out quickly - they smashed Bruce's army, after which he with a small detachment went into the mountains. There he ran into a detachment of the clan that supported the Komins, after which the remnants of the army were finished off. Bruce himself miraculously survived, but was forced to flee to Ratlin Island. There, a story happened to him that can be considered a fairy tale:
Robert sat in the hut and wondered if he should go to the Holy Land and perform feats. And he was almost ready, but then he saw a spider on the ceiling, trying to move from one beam to another. There were no TVs then and Robert decided to have some fun watching the spider. Six times the spider tried to move from beam to beam and six times it failed. Bruce then remembered that he, too, had lost six battles to the British. And then he thought that if the spider got over from one beam to another, he would continue to fight, but if not, then no, he had to go to Palestine. But the spider got over, and Bruce has never been defeated since.
It wasn't really the spider that was to blame for what happened next. It's just that the king of England - Edward I - died, and his son was not even close in his dignity to his father. In addition, the change of king is always a permutation and riots, which Bruce took advantage of with the help of his friend Francis Douglas.
By the end of 1313, most of Scotland was subordinated to Bruce, moreover, he began to quietly seize English fortresses and attack England. Edward II decided to punish the Scots and eventually punished himself, as he was defeated at the Battle of Bannockburn.
In this battle, the British relied on the attack of the heavy knightly cavalry. But only the Scots managed to prepare a defensive line of pits and traps. As a result, the attack failed. Then the English archers managed to hit on their own, and at the end of the battle, the highlanders struck from an ambush and the British suffered one of the most severe defeats in the Anglo-Scottish wars.
As a result, Scotland became completely independent, and Bruce became a great and respected king. Then he decided to expand his kingdom as well. It was dangerous to contact England, although it was defeated. But Ireland was just right. Or so it seemed. Robert sent his brother Edward there. And he was even crowned king of Ireland. But the united country on the two islands was short-lived - in 1318 the Scots were defeated by the Irish in a battle on the Foghart Hills, and Edward the Bruce was killed.
But Robert continued to smash the British. The British shook off Robert in 1317, 1319. Then there was silence for a while. Only after Edward II was impolitely asked to leave the throne and Edward III became king, did the British climb north again. But in 1327, Roger Mortimer and then very young Edward III again got away from Bruce and preferred to recognize him as independent. True, he then did not rule for long, since he died on June 7, 1329.
Bruce bequeathed to bury his heart in the Holy Land. They were going to carry out his will, but James Douglas, who went on a campaign with his heart tucked into a box, died on the way, getting involved in one of the showdowns with the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula. The heart was taken back to Scotland. And the body was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, which was later destroyed, and the grave was lost and only in the 19th century was it found again, during the construction of a new chapel.
James Kennedy (1463-66)
Robert Boyd (1466-69)
Stirling Castle or St Andrews Castle
- Sterling
James Stewart, Duke of Ross
John Stewart, Earl of Mara
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Youth
James III was the son of King James II of Scotland and Mary of Geldern. After the unexpected death of his father on August 3, 1460, the country's parliament appointed a regency council to rule during the minority of James III, headed by Bishop James Kennedy. However, the king's mother, Queen Mary, relying on her vast land holdings, also claimed a dominant role in politics. As a result, there were two centers of power in the country - the "old lords" of the regency council and the "young lords" of the queen.
The confrontation between Bishop Kennedy and Mary of Geldern was especially pronounced in their policy towards the events in England, where at that time the War of the Scarlet and White Roses was unfolding. In 1461, the Lancaster leaders fled to Scotland: Margaret of Anjou, King Henry VI and the Duke of Somerset. For the support of the Scots, they handed over to Scotland Berwick, the last fortress held by the British since the Revolutionary Wars. However, the joint actions of the Scottish and Lancaster troops (the siege of Carlisle in 1461, the siege of Norham in 1463) did not bring any result, and at the end of 1463 Lancaster left Scotland.
After the death of Queen Mary, all power in the country was concentrated in the hands of Bishop Kennedy. Visionary and effective politician, he was able to conclude an armistice with England for 15 years in 1464 and subjugate the lord of the Isles, the leader of the Gaelic separatists of the western part of the country, who in 1462 entered into an alliance with England to partition Scotland.
Annexation of the Orkney and Shetland Islands
The death of Bishop Kennedy on May 25, 1465, left the country without an authoritative leader. This was taken advantage of by Robert, Lord Boyd, who managed to seize power in the country, keeping the young king under his supervision. Lord Boyd's son, Thomas, married James III's sister Mary and became 1st Earl of Arran.
In addition to their own enrichment, the Boyds, however, achieved great success in the field of foreign policy: on September 8, 1468, an agreement was concluded with Denmark, according to which King James III received the only daughter of the Danish king Christian I as a wife, and Denmark refused redemptions as a dowry. payments for the Hebrides under the Treaty of Perth in 1266 and ceded to Scotland by the Orkney and Shetland Islands. On July 10, 1469, the wedding of Jacob III and Margaret of Denmark took place. Soon the Earl of Orkney, William Sinclair, renounced his rights to the territory of the islands, and thus the Orkney and Shetland Islands passed into the possession of the King of Scotland on February 20, 1472.
The completion of negotiations on the king's marriage was accompanied by the removal of the Boyds from power: King James III reached the age of seventeen and hastened to get rid of custody. Robert, Lord Boyd, and Thomas, Earl of Arran, fled the country.
Domestic policy
Economic and administrative measures
The financial condition of the country during the reign of James III was quite stable. There was a drop in treasury revenues from customs payments, but this was offset by an increase in revenues from the lands of the royal domain, which brought more than two-thirds of the budget revenues. This growth was due, however, not to an increase in the efficiency of land exploitation, but to the annexation of new possessions by the king (Orkney and Shetland Islands in 1472, Ross County in 1476, March and Mar in 1487). A feature of the reign of James III was the frequent confiscation of lands by the king and their redistribution in favor of his entourage. During this period, Scotland also experienced an acute shortage of cash. funds, which forced the king to take an extremely unpopular measure: to introduce copper coins into circulation.
Under Jacob III, the convocation of parliament became virtually annual. It was the parliament that took upon itself the responsibility of restoring order in the country, streamlining the judicial system, normalizing monetary circulation and encouraging trade. The king himself was distinguished by inconsistency in the implementation of reforms, which greatly affected the effectiveness of government and caused the discontent of the Scottish barons.
Church politics
Following the example of King James I, James III continued the policy of limiting the influence of the papacy on filling positions within the Scottish Church. In response, on 13 August 1472, Pope Sixtus IV completely reorganized ecclesiastical administration in Scotland: the Bishopric of St. Andrews was elevated to the status of an archbishopric, subordinating all Scottish ecclesiastical institutions to it. The reorganization of the church without taking into account the opinion of the king aroused the indignation of James III. The first Scottish archbishop was not recognized by either the king or the bishops of the country, and, being isolated, soon went insane. Only after the Pope granted the request of James III to appoint one of the King's associates to the post of Archbishop of St. Andrews, peace was established in the Scottish Church. The result of the struggle of James III with the papacy was a significant strengthening of the king's power over church appointments.
Submission of the Lord of the Isles
Continuing the policy of penetration of royal power into the regions of the Scottish highlands, James III in 1475 launched an attack on John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles and Earl of Ross, leader of the Gaelic part of the country. Based on information about MacDonald's negotiations with the British, James III accused him of high treason and threatened to confiscate his possessions. The Lord of the Isles, who at that time was experiencing difficulties with the mountain clans and his own son Angus Og, was forced to submit to submission: on July 15, 1476, he ceded to James III the county of Ross and Kintyre and recognized the king's authority. The subjugation of the Lord of the Isles prevented civil war and opened the way for royalty to take control of the Gaelic regions of the country.
Confrontation with the barons
By the end of the 1470s, the confrontation between the king and his brothers - Alexander, Duke of Albany and John, Earl of Mar - intensified. James III, distinguished by extravagant tastes, love of music and collecting jewelry, suspicious and inconsistent, stood out sharply from the general mass of Scottish barons, who gradually began to increasingly orient themselves towards his younger brothers. According to the testimony of a contemporary, the king, inclined to mysticism, was predicted death by the hand of a close relative. Following the example of Edward IV, King of England, who dealt with his brother the Duke of Clarence, James III accused the brothers of witchcraft in 1479. By order of the king, Count Mar was killed, and the Duke of Albany managed to escape to France. However, the Scottish parliament refused to approve the charge of high treason and confiscation of Albany's possessions, which showed the barons' readiness to openly confront the king.
Foreign policy
The foreign policy situation during the reign of James III was generally favorable: with the acquisition of Berik, Scotland had no territorial claims to England, and the consequences of the War of the Scarlet and White Rose did not allow the English kings to pursue an aggressive policy towards Scotland. This contributed to the rapprochement of the two British states. On October 26, 1474, an agreement was concluded for the marriage of the son of the King of Scotland, two-year-old Prince James and five-year-old, Geldern, Sentonge. Only thanks to the decisive resistance of the parliament, these projects were not implemented.
Despite the discontent of the warlike Scottish barons, the king continued the policy of rapprochement with England. In 1479, another Anglo-Scottish marriage contract was concluded: the sister of James III, Margaret, was to marry a relative of the King of England, Anthony Woodville, Earl of Rivers. However, it soon became clear that Margarita was pregnant. Edward IV took advantage of this scandal, who broke off negotiations with Scotland and opened hostilities in 1480, sending the English fleet to destroy Scottish ports. James III's retaliatory measures were ineffective. In 1481, an English army under the command of the Duke of Gloucester laid siege to Berwick. James III was forced to announce the mobilization of the noble militia.
Loder mutiny
The summoning of the noble militia in 1482 was used by the Scottish magnates, dissatisfied with the ineffectiveness of the king's internal policy, the barons being removed from participation in government, the dominance of the favorites in the highest authorities and, most importantly, the lack of guarantees of land ownership. At the initiative of the Earl of Angus, the Scottish barons gathered in Lauder captured and lynched the king's favorites. James III himself was escorted to Edinburgh Castle under the supervision of one of the participants in the rebellion, the brother of the king, Earl of Atoll. The militia was disbanded.
The Lauder revolt was immediately taken advantage of by the British: their army approached Edinburgh. Together with the British troops, the Duke of Albany returned to Scotland, making plans to overthrow the king. Having reached an agreement with moderate royalists, he actually seized power in the country: the leaders of the Loder rebellion could not offer a constructive program and were soon pushed out of control. The Earl of Atoll placed the king in the hands of the Duke of Albany. Meanwhile, on August 24, 1482, Berik surrendered, who was now forever annexed to England.
In an attempt to consolidate his power, the Duke of Albany convened parliament, but members of parliament expressed support for the king. Gradually, Jacob III left the barons' subordination and, accusing Albany of negotiations with the English king, in March 1483 removed him from power. The Duke of Albany was once again forced to flee the country.
Borderlands, in spite of the truce, continued predatory raids on British territory. James III brutally suppressed the rebellious barons, but this only strengthened the opposition to the regime.
This time, the eldest son of the king, fifteen-year-old Jacob, Duke of Rothesay, stood at the head of the dissatisfied. In the conflict between the king and the prince, most of the magnates of northern Scotland and the highlands sided with James III, while the prince was supported by the barons of the south of the country. On June 11, 1488, the royal army was defeated by the prince's troops at the battle of Sochiberna. James III, who fled from the battlefield at the very beginning of the battle, fell from his horse, was captured by an unknown knight and stabbed to death with a sword.
Enduring legends, based on not very reliable evidence from 16th century chroniclers, claim that James III was killed after the battle, at Miltown near Bannockburn. There is no evidence from contemporaries to support this opinion, but a legend, later repeated by Walter Scott, says that the killer disguised himself as a priest in order to approach the king.
Whatever his other blunders, Jacob does not look like a coward, given his involvement in the military conflicts of 1482 and 1488, as well as his utopian projects to land an army on the continent. It is most likely that he was killed in the heat of the battle. James III was buried at Cambuskennet Abbey, like his wife.
Marriage and children
Literature
- Donaldson, G. Scottish kings, 1967
- Nicholson, R. Scotland: the Later Middle Ages, 1974
Egbert the Great (Anglo-Saxon. Ecgbryht, Eng. Egbert, Eagberht) (769/771 - February 4 or June 839) - King of Wessex (802 - 839). A number of historians consider Egbert to be the first king of England, since for the first time in history he united most of the lands on the territory of modern England under the rule of one ruler, and the remaining regions recognized him supreme power... Officially, Egbert did not use such a title and was first used in his title by King Alfred the Great.
Edward II (English Edward II, 1284-1327, also called Edward of Cairnarwon, after his birthplace in Wales) - English king (from 1307 until his deposition in January 1327) of the Plantagenet dynasty, the son of Edward I.
The first English heir to the throne, who bore the title "Prince of Wales" (according to legend, at the request of the Welsh to give them a king who was born in Wales and does not speak English, Edward I presented them with his newborn son, who had just been born in his camp) ... Having inherited the throne of his father at the age of less than 23 years, Edward II led very unsuccessfully fighting against Scotland, led by Robert the Bruce. The king's popularity also undermined his adherence to the hated favorites of the people (believed to be the king's lovers) - the Gascon Pierre Gaveston, and then the English nobleman Hugh Despencer Jr.Eduard's reign was accompanied by conspiracies and rebellions, often inspired by the king's wife, Queen Isabella Philip IV the Fair, who fled to France.
Edward III, Edward III (Wed-Eng.Edward III) (November 13, 1312 - June 21, 1377) - King of England from 1327 from the Plantagenet dynasty, son of King Edward II and Isabella of France, daughter of King Philip IV of France ...
Richard II (eng. Richard II, 1367-1400) - English king (1377-1399), representative of the Plantagenet dynasty, grandson of King Edward III, son of Edward the Black Prince.
Richard was born in Bordeaux - his father fought in France on the fields of the Hundred Years War. When the Black Prince died in 1376, during the life of Edward III, the young Richard received the title of Prince of Wales, and a year later inherited the throne from his grandfather.
Henry IV of Bolingbroke (April 3, 1367, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire - March 20, 1413, Westminster) - King of England (1399-1413), founder of the Lancaster dynasty (the younger branch of the Plantagenets).
Henry V (August 9, according to other sources, September 16, 1387, Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, Wales - August 31, 1422, Vincennes (now in Paris), France) - King of England since 1413, from the Lancaster dynasty, one of the greatest generals of the Hundred Years War. Defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). Under the treaty in Troyes (1420), he became the heir to the French king Charles VI the Mad and received the hand of his daughter Catherine. He continued the war with the son of Charles, who did not recognize the treaty, the Dauphin (the future Charles VII) and during this war he died, just two months before Charles VI; if he lived these two months, he would become king of France. Died in August 1422, presumably from dysentery.
Henry VI (English Henry VI, French Henri VI) (December 6, 1421, Windsor - May 21 or 22, 1471, London) - the third and last king of England from the Lancaster dynasty (from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471). The only one of the English kings, who during the Hundred Years War and after it, had the title "King of France", who was actually crowned (1431) and reigned in a large part of France.
Edward IV (April 28, 1442, Rouen - April 9, 1483, London) - King of England in 1461-1470 and 1471-1483, a representative of the York Plantagenet line, seized the throne during the War of the Scarlet and White Roses.
Eldest son of Richard, Duke of York and Cecilia Neville, brother of Richard III. After his father's death in 1460, he inherited his titles as Earl of Cambridge, March and Ulster and Duke of York. In 1461, at the age of eighteen, he ascended the English throne with the support of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
He was married to Elizabeth Woodville (1437-1492), children:
Elizabeth (1466-1503), married to King Henry VII of England,
Mary (1467-1482),
Cecilia (1469-1507),
Edward V (1470-1483?),
Richard (1473-1483?),
Anna (1475-1511),
Katerina (1479-1527),
Bridget (1480-1517).
The king was a great female hunter and, in addition to his official wife, was secretly betrothed to one or more women, which later allowed the royal council to declare his son Edward V illegitimate and, together with his other son, imprison him in the Tower.
Edward IV died unexpectedly on April 9, 1483.
Edward V (November 4, 1470 (14701104) -1483?) - King of England from April 9 to June 25, 1483, son of Edward IV; not crowned. Deposed by his uncle the Duke of Gloucester, who declared the king and his younger brother Duke Richard of York illegitimate children, and himself became King Richard III. 12-year-old and 10-year-old boys were imprisoned in the Tower, further destiny they are not exactly known. The most common point of view is that they were killed by order of Richard (this version was official under the Tudors), however, various researchers blame many other figures of that time for the murder of the princes, including Richard's successor Henry VII.
Richard III (born Richard III) (October 2, 1452, Fotheringay - August 22, 1485, Bosworth) - King of England since 1483, from the York dynasty, the last representative of the Plantagenet male line on the English throne. Brother of Edward IV. He took the throne, removing the young Edward V. At the Battle of Bosworth (1485), he was defeated and killed. One of two kings of England killed in action (after Harold II, killed at Hastings in 1066).
Henry VII
