Gelfman M. I. V. P. Colloidal chemistry. Book: Gelfman M., Kovalevich O., Yustratov V. "Colloidal chemistry
COLLOID CHEMISTRY, studies dispersed systems with a high degree of fragmentation (particle size from 10 2 to 10 7 cm) and a huge surface (for example, active carbon has a specific surface area of thousands of m2 / g), which determines them ... ... Modern encyclopedia
Large encyclopedic Dictionary
colloidal chemistry- - a section of chemistry, which has as its subject highly dispersed systems and the systems flowing in them. Analytical Chemistry Dictionary ... Chemical terms
COLLOID CHEMISTRY- the science that studies physical. chem. properties dispersed systems and some high molecular weight products, as well as surface phenomena physical. chem. processes occurring at the interface (see) ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
- (other Greek. κόλλα glue) the science of dispersed systems and surface phenomena and the traditional name for the physical chemistry of dispersed systems and surface phenomena occurring at the interface. Studies adhesion, adsorption, wetting ... Wikipedia
The traditional name for the physical chemistry of dispersed systems (See Disperse systems) and surface phenomena (See Surface phenomena). K. x. as an independent science arose in the 60s of the 19th century. Since then, its subject matter and methods have essentially ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The term colloid chemistry English term colloid chemistry Synonyms colloid science Abbreviations Related terms adhesion, adsorption, electric double layer, dispersion, sol, colloidal solution, critical concentration ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Nanotechnology
The field of chemistry that studies dispersed systems and surface phenomena that occur at the interface. Since the particles of the dispersed phase and the surrounding dispersion medium have a very large phase separation area (in highly dispersed systems ... ... Chemical encyclopedia
The traditional name for the science of dispersed systems and surface phenomena. Studies such processes and phenomena as adhesion, adsorption, wetting, coagulation, electrophoresis. Develops scientific principles of building materials technology, drilling ... encyclopedic Dictionary
colloidal chemistry- koloidų chemija statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Dispersinių sistemų ir paviršinių reiškinių chemija. atitikmenys: angl. colloid chemistry rus. colloidal chemistry ... Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
The science of surface phenomena and dispersed systems. All nature, the earth's crust and subsoil, the atmosphere and hydrosphere, animal and plant organisms are a complex set of various dispersed systems. The universality of the dispersed state determines ... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
Gelfman M.I., Kovalevich O.V., Yustratov V.P. Colloidal chemistry
1. FOREWORD
2. PART ONE. DISPERSE SYSTEMS. SURFACE PHENOMENA
2.1. Chapter 1. Disperse systems
2.1.1. SUBJECT OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY
2.1.2. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DS
2.1.3. CLASSIFICATION DC
2.1.4. BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE
2.1.5. THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLOIDAL CHEMISTRY
2.2. CHAPTER 2. SURFACE PHENOMENA
2.2.1. THE NATURE OF SURFACE ENERGY
2.2.2. SURFACE TENSION
2.2.3. DEPENDENCE OF SURFACE TENSION ON TEMPERATURE
2.2.4. SPIRITUAL PROCESSES IN THE SURFACE LAYER
2.2.5. ADSORPTION. GENERAL PROVISIONS, CLASSIFICATION
2.3. CHAPTER 3. ADSORPTION AT THE "LIQUID SOLUTION-GAS" BOUNDARY
2.3.1. DEPENDENCE OF SURFACE TENSION ON NATURE AND CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED SUBSTANCE
2.3.2. GIBBS ADSORPTION EQUATION
2.3.3. SURFACE ACTIVITY. RULE DUCLOT-TRAUBE
2.3.4. ORIENTATION OF SURFACE MOLECULES IN THE SURFACE LAYER
2.3.5. SHISHKOVSKY EQUATION
2.3.6. THEORY OF LENGMUIR MONOMOLECULAR ADSORPTION
2.4. CHAPTER 4. ADSORPTION OF GASES AND VAPORS ON THE SURFACE OF SOLID BODIES
2.4.1. FEATURES OF ADSORPTION OF GAS OR STEAM ON SOLID ADSORBENT
2.4.2. DEPENDENCE OF GAS ADSORPTION ON ITS CONCENTRATION (PRESSURE) AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
2.4.3. THEORY OF LENGMUIR MONOMOLECULAR ADSORPTION
2.4.4. THEORY OF POLYMOLECULAR ADSORPTION
2.4.5. CAPILLARY CONDENSATION
2.4.6. DEPENDENCE OF GAS ADSORPTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE ADSORBENT
2.4.7. DEPENDENCE OF ADSORPTION ON GAS PROPERTIES
2.4.8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF GAS ADSORPTION
2.5. CHAPTER 5. ADSORPTION OF SUBSTANCE DISSOLVED IN A LIQUID ON A SOLID ADSORBENT
2.5.1. MOLECULAR ADSORPTION FROM SOLUTIONS
2.5.2. DEPENDENCE OF MOLECULAR ADSORPTION ON EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTIVE CONCENTRATION (Cs)
2.5.3. INFLUENCE ON MOLECULAR ADSORPTION BY NATURE OF THE SOLVENT
2.5.4. INFLUENCE ON MOLECULAR ADSORPTION OF THE NATURE OF ADSORBENT
2.5.5. INFLUENCE ON MOLECULAR ADSORPTION OF NATURAL ADSORPTION
2.5.6. ADSORPTION TIME. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ADSORPTION
2.5.7. IONIC ADSORPTION FROM SOLUTIONS
2.5.8. ION EXCHANGE ADSORPTION
2.5.9. WETTING
2.5.10. ADHESION
2.5.11. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE CONSIDERED PHENOMENA
3. PART TWO. LYOPHOBIC ASHS (COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.1. CHAPTER 6. OBTAINING AND PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.1.1. METHODS FOR OBTAINING LYOPHOBIC SALES
3.1.2. METHODS FOR PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.2. CHAPTER 7. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.2.1. LIGHT SCATTERING
3.2.2. LIGHT ABSORPTION AND ASH COLORING
3.2.3. LIGHT ABSORPTION AND ASH COLORING
3.2.4. OPTICAL METHODS FOR STUDYING COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.3. CHAPTER 8. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.3.1. ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA IN HYDROPHOBIC SALTS
3.3.2. WAYS OF FORMATION OF DES
3.3.3. ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER STRUCTURE
3.3.4. FACTORS ON WHICH ZETA POTENTIAL DEPENDS
3.3.5. METHODS FOR DETERMINING ZETA POTENTIAL
3.4. CHAPTER 9. MOLECULAR-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
3.4.1. BROWNIAN MOTION
3.4.2. DIFFUSION
3.4.3. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
3.5. CHAPTER 10. STABILITY OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS. COAGULATION
3.5.1. SEDIMENTATION STABILITY OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS
Foreword ................................................. ...... 3 Part 1 DISPERSED SYSTEMS. SURFACE PHENOMENA Chapter 1. Disperse systems ....................................... 6 1.1. The subject of colloidal chemistry ................................. 6 1.2. Quantitative characteristics of DS ......................... 7 1.3. Classification of DS ......................................... 8 1.4. A brief historical outline .............................. 10 1.5. The importance of colloidal chemistry ............................... 13 Chapter 2. Surface phenomena .......... ......................... 15 2.1. The nature of surface energy ........................... 15 2.2. Surface tension ................................. 16 2.3. Dependence of surface tension on temperature ........................................... 18 2.4 ... Spontaneous processes in the surface layer .......... 18 2.5. Adsorption. General Provisions, classification ............... 20 Conclusion ............................... .................... 23 Questions and tasks for self-control ........................ .... 23 Chapter 3. Adsorption at the "liquid solution-gas" interface ............... 25 3.1. Dependence of surface tension on the nature and concentration of the solute .................... 25 3.2. Gibbs adsorption equation .............................. 27 3.3. Surface activity. Duclos-Traube rule .......... 29 3.4. Orientation of surfactant molecules in the surface layer ............. 31 3.5. Shishkovsky's equation ............................................................................. 33 3.6. Langmuir's theory of monomolecular adsorption .............. 35 Conclusion .............................. ..................... 37 Questions and tasks for self-control ....................... ..... 38 Chapter 4. Adsorption of gases and vapors on the surface solids ............................... 40 4.1. Features of adsorption of gas or steam on a solid adsorbent .................................... 40 4.2. Dependence of gas adsorption on its concentration (pressure) at constant temperature .................... 42 4.3. Langmuir's theory of monomolecular adsorption .............. 44 4.4. Theories of polymolecular adsorption ....................... 48 4.5. Capillary condensation ................................. 52 4.6. Dependence of the adsorption of gases on the properties of the adsorbent ....... 53 4.7. Dependence of adsorption on gas properties ................... 56 4.8. Practical application of gas adsorption ................. 57 Conclusion ........................... ........................ 57 Questions for self-control ...................... ............... 59 Chapter 5. Adsorption of a substance dissolved in a liquid on a solid adsorbent ....................... ............. 61 5.1. Molecular adsorption from solutions ..................... 62 5.2. Dependence of molecular adsorption on the equilibrium concentration of the adsorptive (cs) .............. 62 5.3. Influence of the nature of the solvent on molecular adsorption ..................................... 63 5.4. Effect of the nature of the adsorbent on molecular adsorption ... 64 5.5. Influence on molecular adsorption of the nature of the adsorptive .... 64 5.6. Adsorption time. Influence of temperature on adsorption ....... 66 5.7. Ionic adsorption from solutions ........................... 66 5.8. Ion exchange adsorption .................................. 68 5.9. Wetting .............................................. 70 5.10. Adhesion ................................................ 73 5.11. Practical application of the considered phenomena .......... 74 Conclusion .................................. ................. 76 Questions for self-control ............................. ........ 77 Part 2 LYOPHOBIC ASH (colloidal solutions) Chapter 6. Obtaining and purification of colloidal solutions ................ 80 6.1. Methods for obtaining lyophobic sols ........................ 80 6.2. Methods for cleaning colloidal solutions ..................... 85 Conclusion ....................... ............................ 87 Questions for self-control .................. ................... 88 Chapter 7. Optical properties of colloidal solutions ................ 89 7.1. Light scattering ......................................... 90 7.2. Light absorption and coloration of sols ........................ 93 7.3. Optical methods for studying colloidal solutions ... .. 94 Conclusion .............................................. ..... 98 Questions for self-control ..................................... 99 Chapter 8. Electrical properties of colloidal solutions ............ 101 8.1. Electrokinetic phenomena in hydrophobic sols ........ 101 8.2. Ways of DES formation ................................... 104 8.3. Electrical double layer structure .................. 106 8.4. Factors on which the zeta potential depends ............ 109 8.5. Methods for determining the zeta potential .................... 114 Conclusion ....................... ........................... 114 Questions for self-control ................... ................. 115 Chapter 9. Molecular-kinetic properties of colloidal solutions. 117 9.1. Brownian motion ................................... 117 9.2. Diffusion ............................................... 119 9.3 ... Osmotic pressure .................................. 120 Conclusion ............ ...................................... 121 Questions for self-control ........ ............................ 122 Chapter 10. Stability of colloidal solutions. Coagulation ......... 124 10.1. Odimation stability of dispersed systems ........ 125 10.2. Aggregate stability of colloidal solutions. Coagulation ............................................. 129 10.3. Kinetics of coagulation with electrolytes ..................... 131 10.4. Stability factors for lyophobic sols .................. 134 10.5. Types of coagulation with electrolytes ......................... 140 10.6. Protection of colloidal particles .............................. 143 10.7. Sensitization ........................................ 145 10.8. Heterocoagulation and heteroadagulation ................... 145 Conclusion .......................... ........................ 146 Questions for self-control ...................... .............. 148 Chapter 11. Structured dispersed systems .................. 149 11.1. Coagulation structures .............................. 149 11.2. Condensation-crystallization structures ........... 152 11.3. Structural and mechanical properties of dispersed systems ..................................... 154 Conclusion ... ............................................. 159 Questions for self-control. ................................... 160 Part 3 LYOPHILIC SYSTEMS Chapter 12. Colloidal surfactants .. ........... 163 12.1. Classification of colloidal surfactants .......................... 164 12.2. Properties aqueous solutions Surfactant ......................... 166 12.3. Critical concentration of micelle formation and its determination ....................................... 171 12.4. The use of colloidal surfactants ............................. 175 Conclusion ................ .................................. 176 Questions for self-control ............ ........................ 177 Chapter 13. Solutions of macromolecular compounds (HMC) .......... 178 13.1. Classification of high-molecular compounds ........... 178 13.2h Main structural features of polymers ............... 180 13.3-. Interaction of IUDs with a solvent ................... 181 13.4. Properties of IUD solutions ................................ 183 13.5. Polyelectrolytes ....................................... 184 Conclusion ........ .......................................... 186 Questions for self-control ... ................................ 187 Chapter 14. Jelly. Student education ............................. 188 14.1. Factors influencing the process of student formation ........ 189 14.2. Properties of jellies ...................................... 191 Part 4 MICRO-HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS Chapter 15. Suspension ............................................. 194 15.1. Classification of suspensions ............................... 195 15.2. Methods for obtaining diluted suspensions ............... 195 15.3. Properties of diluted suspensions ........................ 197 15.4. Sedimentation stability of diluted suspensions .. 200 15.5. Aggregate stability of diluted suspensions ...... 201 15.6. Methods for the destruction of diluted suspensions .............. 207 15.7. Pastes ................................................. 211 15.8. Analysis of variance .................................. 223 15.9. Scopes of suspensions .......................... 236 Conclusion ................... ............................... 238 Questions for self-control ............... ..................... 239 Chapter 16. Emulsions ........................ ...................... 241 16.1. Classification of emulsions ................................ 241 16.2. Methods for obtaining emulsions ............................. 242 16.3. The main characteristics of emulsions ...................... 247 16.4. Aggregate stability of emulsions .................... 248 16.5. Types of emulsifiers ..................................... 249 16.6. Determination of the type of emulsion ............................. 253 16.7. Reversal of the phases of the emulsion ................................ 255 16.8. Methods for breaking emulsions. .......................... 256 16.9. Practical application of emulsions ...................... 258 Conclusion ....................... ........................... 260 Questions for self-control ................... ................. 261 Chapter 17. Foam ............................ ...................... 262 17.1. Foam classification ..................................... 264 17.2. Methods for obtaining foams .................................. 264 17.3. The main characteristics of foams ........................... 267 17.4. Foam properties ......................................... 269 17.5. Foam stability ..................................... 270 17.6. Foam destruction methods ................................. 278 17.7. Practical application of foams ........................... 283 Conclusion .................. ................................ 284 Questions for self-control .............. ...................... 285 Chapter 18. Aerosols ....................... ....................... 286 18.1. Classification of aerosols ............................... 287 18.2. Methods for obtaining aerosols ............................ 288 18.3. general characteristics aerosols ........................ 290 18.4. Methods for the destruction of aerosols ........................... 297 18.5. Aerosol cans ................................... 300 18.6. Practical application of aerosols ..................... 303 18.7. Aerosol transport ................................. 307 Conclusion ............. ..................................... 308 Questions for self-control ......... ........................... 309 Chapter 19. Powders .................. ............................. 310 19.1. Classification of powders ................................ 310 19.2. Methods for obtaining powders ............................. 311 19.3. General characteristics of powders ......................... 313 19.4. Properties of powders ..................................... 316 19.5. Stability of powders ................................. 324 19.6. Practical application of powders ..................... 324 Questions for self-control ..................... ............... 326 Conclusion ................................. ..................... 327
