What is a quadrangle in a temple? II.3. Orthodox church. Construction of the temple. The actual temple or quadrangle. The narthex Meaning of the word quadruple
December 2016
The quadrangle in Orthodox culture is the main structural element of the Temple, connecting together all the volumes of the Temple; its significance cannot be overestimated.
The revival of Orthodox culture at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries confronts architects with the task of building not only small village churches, but also majestic cathedrals. The requirements for constructive solutions for large cathedrals are high, the cost of building materials and construction requires justified economical solutions.
The use of prefabricated and monolithic reinforced concrete is not always justified for both economic and technical reasons. The need for an expensive tower crane, the cost of setting up formwork at a height of many tens of meters to pour concrete, all this leads customers to the idea of returning to the classic building material - brick.
When starting design, you need to turn to the design principles of Orthodox Temples to select proportions and sections. The main structures of the quadrangle, together with the vault, central drum and dome, create the volume of the upper Temple and require detailed design.
In this article we will consider a scheme for calculating a quadrangle for a temple 45 - 50 meters high with classical proportions in plan. We will begin our consideration with the drawings of Academician of Architecture V.V. Strelov, who published in 1893 in the magazine "ZODCHIY" drawings of the Church built in the Feodorovsky convent in the Vladimir province.
Figure No. 1 shows plans for the quadrangle and roof, with elements of brickwork and vaulting.
Rice. 1
If we analyze the development of architectural thought of the 19th - 19th centuries in the context of the construction of Orthodox Temples, it should be noted that the canonical solution of the quadrangle and vaults came to Rus' from Byzantium, and was developed in terms of the use of structural materials and construction methods.
Design solutions received intensive development in the second half of the 19th century, and by the beginning of the 20th century it was believed that the designs of arches, vaults, sails, etc. elements are well studied. An example would be the publication “Arches and vaults Compiled by V.R. Bergard. Part 1: Construction of arches and vaults, Issue 1. - St. Petersburg, 1901.”
It should be noted that architects usually rarely considered the issues of tying brickwork in complex spatial structures such as sails or mating arches in their works, but focused on design diagrams/models and architectural solutions. Unfortunately, after 1917 the tradition of building Temples was interrupted.
Now scattered data has been preserved on the architectural solutions used, and almost no data has been preserved on the methods of bricklaying, the row binding of bricks when laying out complex elements of the Temples. In our article we will try to clarify some points that became clear to us when developing the project of the Temple in St. Petersburg with brick vaults, and which, in our opinion, may be of interest to readers.
We carried out the new project according to the classical scheme in compliance with canonical proportions. Below is the classic floor plan of the upper Temple.
Rice. 2
With the classic layout, visitors to the Temple pass through the central entrance under the bell tower, pass under the choir and find themselves in the central room - the quadrangle. In this project, the ceiling is made of reinforced concrete, and the walls and columns of the quadrangle are made of solid brick. All arches (small girth and central), sails, drums (central and small) are also made of brick.
In the first part of the article we will look at the main nodes of the quadrangle:
Side arches
Central girth arches and columns
Pulls (puffs)
We will select the dimensions of the mortgage for tightening.
1. Side arches. Calculation, deformation, materials.
The reader, of course, wants to know how the internal volume of the temple is formed according to the classical scheme. The picture below shows a cross-section of a classic brick Temple, made entirely of brick. The given drawing by Academician of Architecture V.V. Strelov, was published in 1893 in the magazine "ZODCHY".
Rice. 3
The diagram below clearly shows how the brick vaults of the arches, the junctions of the arches with the columns and the layout of the vaults were implemented.
The drum and dome, installed on top of the quadrangle, create large loads on the columns and arches that absorb these loads. The transfer of loads from the central drum and dome to the columns of the quadrangle occurs through the central arches and sails. The columns transmit bursting loads to the side small girth arches (of which there are 8 pieces) and to metal rods embedded in the bases of the heels of the central arches. Small girth arches transfer loads to the side (enclosing walls). The entire listed structure in our case weighed more than 350 tons.
It should be noted that all calculations in the 19th century were approximate, were rather geometric, analogue in nature, and during construction a large margin of safety was laid down (which allowed many abandoned Temples to survive to this day without proper care). Modern computers make it possible to calculate a model of the temple with high accuracy.
For example, below are calculated models of side girth arches made of brick. The lateral girth arches are unloaded through the side walls of the Temple, so the junctions of the arches and walls must be covered with masonry nets every two rows to distribute the load in the masonry. Calculations are shown in kN/m2.
Rice. 4
It should be noted that calculations show that the classic quadrangle design can be workable without tightening - in this case, the loads will be absorbed by the side walls of the Temple, which can be about a meter thick.
Fig.5
However, the lack of ties in the central arches creates excess stress in the central arches and when producing them from brick, it is advisable to use ties that take up the loads from the central drum and dome and do not allow them to be transferred to the outer walls.
Rice. 6
It should be noted that the supporting columns of the quadrangle must be laid out of solid brick of a grade not lower than 150 on a mortar of a grade not lower than 100.
Moreover, in large Temples the cross-section of columns can be within 1.5 X 15 or even 2.0 X 2.0 meters. The brickwork of the columns is laid with masonry mesh made from BPI d4 reinforcement with a cell of 50x50 mm. every four rows, and in tense places (junctions of arches) every 2 rows. In the place where the rods are embedded, it is recommended to lay out each row with nets.
With proper design, vertical movements of columns and arches under load will be minimal.
Rice. 7
For example, Figure 7 shows the calculation of a central arch with a span of 9 meters. The magnitude of vertical movements under load (sails + drum + dome) ranges from Uz=0.126133 mm to Uz=-11.0182 mm, which is acceptable.
For clarity, a schematic diagram of the deformation of retaining arches is shown in Figure No. 8.
Rice. 8
2. Calculation of the main girth arches and brick columns
The central arches take on the load from the central drum and dome. In addition, the design contains “sails”, which, being complex curved surfaces, significantly complicate the designer’s work.
Calculation of central arches in the setting of a rod model
Initial parameters of the arched lintel:
- Span - 8.51 m
- Arch lift boom - 3.80 m
- Arch thickness - 1.55 m
- Radius - 4.26 m
The design diagram of the arch is shown in Figure 9.
Rice. No. 9
The check is done for three variants of the model:
- Hinged arch
- Arches with 2 hinges (in supports)
- Arch with 3 hinges (supports and top)
According to the proposed parameters, the maximum stresses in the arch section (in the general sample) are 1.82 MPa
According to Table 2 SP 15.13330.2012 “Stone and reinforced stone structures” we select the brand of stone and mortar.
In our case, the strength of an arched lintel of a given cross-section (155x103 cm) will be ensured with a minimum grade of stone M150 on a mortar M100.
Calculation of central arches in the formulation of a model of volumetric finite elements.
Rice. 10
In such a calculation scheme, it is possible to immediately evaluate the stresses at each point of the masonry, without calculating separate force factors. In addition to vertical stresses, it is necessary to evaluate the stresses along the X and Y axis.
When analyzing the data obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- Calculations using volumetric finite elements, in general, do not contradict previous calculations. Since this method contains the least number of simplifications, it is recommended to take it as the main one when assessing the performance of the quadruple elements.
- The presence of tie bars in this Temple is not technically necessary, but it significantly evens out the distribution of vertical compressive stresses in the columns.
- Calculations show that the central columns have stresses in the masonry body from 1.7 to 3.4 MPa with local zones in which the forces reach 4.2 mPa. In places of excess stress, it is necessary to use relaying with storage nets to reduce stress.
- The compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made of M150 bricks on M100 mortar is 2.0 mPa. When reinforcing with masonry mesh, there is slightly more:
reinforcement through 2 rows - 4,33 mPa, 3 rows - 3.70 mPa, 4 rows - 3.28 mPa.
Based on this, in the central columns of the quadrangle it is necessary to use the following reinforcement - masonry mesh made from BPI d4 reinforcement with a cell of 50x50 mm. The main body of the column is reinforced through 4 rows; supporting part of the column (2 meters) - through 2 rows; the zone between the supporting sections of the main and side girth arches (taking into account the effect of the air connection) - in each row.
3. Puffs. Calculation of forces, selection of sections.
Puffs have historically been placed in Orthodox Churches. Depending on the width (depth) of the arched vault that needed to be tightened, they could use from one to three ties, usually embedded in the bases of the heels of the arches. The ties cannot be placed close to the edges of the arches being tightened, because they can be torn out under load.
The loads on the tightening are shown in Figure 11. Two puffs are shown here.
Rice. eleven
For example, the shown tightening force in the 3D model is 31 tons. Let's take the same amount for the force from the temperature change.
We take the tightening section based on the standard: 1 ton per 1 cm2 of steel.
The final tightening section S = 62 tons x 100 mm2 = 6200 mm2. Typically, steel strips of suitable cross-section are used. If there are two (double) puffs, then we get a cross-section of each puff of 3100 mm2.
4. Selection of the dimensions of the mortgage for tightening.
We are limited to stresses of 2.0 mPa for masonry made of M150 stone on M100 mortar. For reinforced concrete, the stresses will be different and we will show calculations for them in another article.
Applicable single puff. The tightening force in the three-dimensional model is 31 tons. Let's take the same amount for the force from the temperature change.
The total force that the embedment in the body of the column must absorb is about 60 tons in the plane of the arch.
One mortgage will be subject to loads from two connections at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, that is, the resultant force will be directed towards the center of the building and will be 84.9 tons. To prevent collapse under the influence of this force, a minimum area of pressure on the masonry is required - 84.9/20 = 4242 cm2.
We assume that the mortgage is a cylinder; it transmits the pressure from the bond by half of the side surface.
A cylinder with a diameter of 16 cm and a length of 170 cm has the corresponding lateral surface area. The cylinder can be replaced with a square pipe with a cross-section of similar dimensions.
Typical node solution:
Rice. 12
In practice, the arrangement of the central quadruple tightening looks like this:
We hope you found our article useful. In the second part of the article we will look at the design solutions of the elements of the Temple.
The team of the company "Peter Developmentnet".
Purpose of the lesson – consider the purpose and structure of the middle part of the temple and the vestibule.
Tasks:
- Consider the purpose, structure and symbolic meaning of the middle part of the temple and its components.
- Consider the purpose and arrangement of the vestibule and office premises.
Lesson plan:
- Check your homework, remembering the parts of the temple and the structure of the altar.
- Introduce students to the content of the lesson using illustrations.
- Together with the audience, analyze an excerpt from the book of Righteous John of Kronstadt “My Life in Christ” (see Additional materials) and outline how the components of the middle part of the temple contribute to the mood and participation of parishioners in the divine service.
- Conduct a discussion-survey based on test questions in order to consolidate the material.
- Assign homework: read the main literature, the source and, if desired, familiarize yourself with additional literature.
Sources:
- Simeon of Thessalonica, St. http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Simeon_Solunskij/kniga-o-khrame/
Basic educational literature:
- Hilarion (Alfeev), Metropolitan. http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Ilarion_Alfeev/pravoslavie-tom-2/1_4_1(access date: 10/27/2015).
- http://www.ortho-rus.ru/book/ (date of access: 10/27/2015).
- http://drevo-info.ru/articles/1179.html (date of access: 10/27/2015).
Additional literature:
- Florensky P.A., priest http://predanie.ru/florenskiy-pavel-ierey/book/75672-ikonostas/(access date: 10/27/2015).
Key concepts:
- quadrangle;
- department;
- analoe;
- candlestick;
- chandelier;
- lamp;
- fresco;
- mosaic;
- iconostasis;
- Royal Doors;
- southern and northern gates;
- salt;
- pulpit;
- choir;
- tomb;
- shroud;
- banner;
- porch;
- icon depository;
- sacristy.
Test questions:
- What is a quadruple?
Illustrations:
Video materials:
The central part of the temple ( quadruple) is a place where the laity are present during worship. In ancient times, the liturgy of the catechumens was celebrated in the center of the temple; Sermons were preached there, the bishop read prayers over the catechumens and the faithful, as well as the sick and possessed; there the deacon pronounced litanies. In fact, it was the central part of the temple that was the place where most of the worship took place; only the Eucharist itself was celebrated in the altar. Subsequently, most church services were moved to the altar, but some parts of the service are still performed in the middle of the temple. At Matins and the All-Night Vigil on Sundays and holidays, in the middle of the church, polyeleos and anointing of the believers with holy oil is performed. The Gospel is also read by the deacon in the middle of the church.
During the bishop's service, in the middle of the church, the meeting and vestment of the bishop takes place, as well as the entire initial part of the liturgy up to the small entrance.
In ancient churches, in the middle there was a pulpit (called the pulpit), from which the Holy Scriptures were read and sermons were delivered. Currently this department available only in cathedrals. The bishop stands on it in those cases when the service is performed in the middle of the church. From the same pulpit the deacon reads the Gospel during the liturgy.
As a rule, in the center of the temple on lectern(on the stand) lies an icon of a temple saint or a saint or event celebrated on this day. Stands in front of the lectern candlestick(such candlesticks are also placed in front of other icons lying on lecterns or hanging on the walls). Usage candles in church - one of the oldest customs that has come down to us from the early Christian era.
“Lamps and candles are an image of eternal Light, and also mean the light with which the righteous shine,” says Saint Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem (VII century). The Holy Fathers of the VII Ecumenical Council determine that in the Orthodox Church, holy icons and relics, the Cross of Christ, and the Holy Gospel are honored by burning incense and lighting candles. Blessed Simeon of Thessalonica (XV century) writes that “candles are also lit before the icons of saints, for the sake of their good deeds in the world...”
The light in an Orthodox church is an image of heavenly, Divine light. In particular, it signifies Christ as the Light of the world, Light from Light, true Light, which enlightens every person coming into the world.
Nowadays, the custom of lighting candles has not only a symbolic meaning, but also the meaning of a sacrifice to the temple. The candle that a believer places in front of an icon in a church is not bought in a store or brought from home: it is purchased in the church itself, and the money spent goes to the church treasury.
In a modern church, electric lighting is usually used during services, but some parts of the service should be performed in semi-darkness or even complete darkness. Full lighting is turned on at the most solemn moments: during the polyeleos at the all-night vigil, during the Divine Liturgy. The light in the temple is completely extinguished during the reading of the Six Psalms at Matins; Dim lighting is used during Lenten services.
The main lamp of the temple (chandelier) is called chandelier. The chandelier in large churches is a chandelier of impressive size with many (from 20 to 100 or even more) candles or light bulbs. It is suspended on a long steel cable from the center of the dome. Smaller chandeliers may be hung in other parts of the temple.
In the monasteries of Holy Mount Athos, where electricity is not used during worship, the ancient customs of lighting candles and lamps at certain points in the service. The lamps in front of the icons are lit at the beginning of the service by a specially appointed ecclesiarch monk. Candles in front of icons and candles that serve to illuminate the temple space are lit only at certain moments of the service. Under the dome of the temple there is a chandelier in the shape of a hoop: there are candles on the hoop, which are lit during especially solemn moments of the service with the help of a special torch attached to the end of a long pole. In some cases, a chandelier with candles is swung from side to side, so that the glare from the candles moves around the temple: this movement, along with the ringing of bells and especially solemn melismatic singing, creates a festive mood.
Some believe that the characteristic difference between an Orthodox church and a Catholic or Protestant one is the absence of seats. In fact, all ancient liturgical regulations presuppose the presence of seats in the church, since during some parts of the service, according to the regulations, it is necessary to sit. In particular, while sitting, they listened to psalms, readings from the Old Testament and from the Apostle, readings from the works of the Church Fathers, as well as some Christian chants, for example, “sedalny” (the very name of the chant indicates that they listened to it while sitting). Standing was considered obligatory only at the most important moments of the service, for example, when reading the Gospel, during the Eucharistic canon.
The liturgical exclamations that have been preserved in modern worship - “Wisdom, forgive”, “Let us become kind, let us become fearful” - were originally precisely the invitation of the deacon to stand up to perform certain prayers after sitting during previous prayers.
The absence of seats in a church is a custom of the Russian Church, but is by no means typical for Greek churches, where, as a rule, benches are provided for everyone who participates in the service. The lack of seats in Russian churches surprised the Greeks who visited Russia back in the 17th century. One of the pilgrims, Deacon Pavel of Aleppo, who accompanied the Patriarch of Antioch Macarius on his journey through Russia, described his feelings from attending lengthy Russian services: “On Saturday we listened to their liturgy, from which we left no sooner than our legs felt like they were going nowhere.” they are worn out from standing for a long time, because in churches they have no seats... You could see them, reader, standing motionless in the church, like stones. We suffered a lot from fatigue, so our souls were torn from exhaustion and melancholy... Being among them, we were amazed. We left the church, barely dragging our feet from fatigue and constant standing... Knowledgeable people told us that if anyone wants to shorten his life by fifteen years, let him go to the country of the Muscovites and live among them as an ascetic.”
The described sensations are also familiar to our contemporaries, who often complain about the lack of benches. In some Russian Orthodox churches, however, there are seats located along the walls and intended for elderly and infirm parishioners. However, the custom of sitting down during readings and standing up only at the most important moments of the service is not typical for most churches of the Russian Church. It is preserved only in monasteries, where stasidiums are installed for monks along the walls of the temple - high wooden chairs with a folding seat and high armrests. In stasidia you can either sit or stand, resting your hands on the armrests and your back on the wall. There seems to be nothing wrong with having stasidia or seats of a different shape installed in a parish church. This would not only make Orthodox worship more “humane” in relation to believers, but would also revive one of the features of the ancient liturgical rite.
The walls of the central part of the temple are usually decorated frescoes or mosaics. In the eastern part of the temple there is iconostasis, separating the middle part of the temple from the altar.
It consists of icons arranged in tiers, symbolizing the history of God's salvation of mankind. The number of tiers (ranks) varies from three to five. They can be considered starting from the top tier, for the Lord gradually, as if step by step, brought salvation down to people.
– The fifth, upper tier contains the icon of the Trinity and icons of the Old Testament righteous men and forefathers (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, etc.).
– Fourth from the bottom – the icon of the Mother of God “The Sign” and the icons of the coming prophets.
– The first row is icons called “local”. First of all, these are icons of the Savior and the Mother of God. They are always located on the sides Royal Doors. Next, these are the icons of the Archangels on southern and northern gates(clergy come out of these doors during services). To the right of the southern gate is an icon depicting the saint (or event) in whose honor the temple was consecrated. This could be an icon of the Holy Trinity (if the Trinity Church), an icon of the Assumption of the Mother of God (if the Assumption Church), etc. To the left of the northern gate are icons of especially revered saints (for example, whose relics are kept in the temple) or other icons that, for one reason or another, it was decided to place in the first row of the iconostasis. The icon of the Last Supper is placed above the Royal Doors.
The iconostasis is certainly crowned with the Cross, as the pinnacle of Divine love for the fallen world, which gave the Son of God as a sacrifice for the sins of mankind.
The doors located in the center of the lower tier of the iconostasis, in the Russian tradition called the Royal Doors, in the Greek tradition are called “holy doors”. The origin of the name “Royal Doors” is not entirely clear. Some believe that this name reflects the symbolism of the great entrance, depicting the way of the cross of the Savior, “King of kings” and “Lord of lords”, Who “comes to be sacrificed and given as food to the faithful.” Others believe that the central gate of the altar was called “royal” because kings and emperors entered the altar through them. Indeed, in Russian practice, emperors during the coronation ceremony entered the altar through the royal doors: in the altar they received communion together with the priests, receiving the Body of Christ in their hands and partaking of the Blood of Christ from the chalice (empresses did the same). In Byzantium, the gates leading from the vestibule to the central part of the temple, or the doors through which the emperor entered the temple, were called “royal.”
The liturgical procession always leaves the altar through the northern gate (door) and returns through the royal doors. The deacon also goes out to the solea to pronounce the litany through the northern doors, and returns to the altar through the southern doors.
In front of the iconostasis is located salty- elevation for clergy.
The central part of the sole, which is usually a semicircular protrusion, is called pulpit. From here the sermon is preached; Some sacred rites are also performed here, for example, the small and great entrances to the liturgy; The dismissal is pronounced from the pulpit - the final blessing at the end of each service.
The right and left sides of the salt form choirs- places where choirs are usually located.
In many Orthodox churches, two choirs alternately sing during divine services, which are located on the right and left choirs, respectively. In some cases, an additional choir is built at the level of the second floor in the western part of the temple: in this case, the choir is behind those present, and the clergy are in front, which creates a kind of stereo effect.
At one of the walls of the temple (sometimes in the altar) there is a semblance of a coffin - this tomb.
The tomb contains shrouds- sewn, woven or painted images of Christ the Savior, taken from the Cross and mourned by the Mother of God, the Apostle John, Joseph of Arimathea and women; as well as a shroud depicting the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The shrouds are removed from the tomb for Easter and the Assumption. Often tombs are decorated with canopies and lamps.
Temples usually have one or more couples banner.
A banner is an Orthodox banner, a panel on a pole with the image of the Savior or the Mother of God and saints. Sometimes the panels themselves were made of metals with decorations of silver, gold, enamel and enamel. But most often the banners are embroidered in gold on brocade or velvet. The poles of the banners are tall and wooden, sometimes having devices for carrying by four people due to their heavy weight. Banners are intended for religious processions.
Narthex, or meal - the western part of the temple. On one side of the porch there is a porch, on the other there is a passage to the middle part of the temple.
The porch is built either along the entire width of the western wall of the temple, or, as happens more often, narrower than it. Sometimes the vestibule can be located under the bell tower if it is closely adjacent to the temple. There may be several vestibules in a temple, if the temple has not one, but several entrances.
The porch in an Orthodox church corresponds to the courtyard of the Old Testament temple, where all the people were.
In the ancient New Testament Church, catechumens who were preparing to become Christians through the Sacrament of Baptism, as well as those under penance, prayed in the narthex.
The porch is called a meal because... in it, after the liturgy, as a sign of the spiritual unity of believers, love suppers (agapes) were held. Here in ancient times, treats were held for the poor on the occasion of a holiday or commemoration of the dead.
Old Russian churches, especially those of Kievan Rus, have very large vestibules, occupying up to one third of the entire temple volume, which was associated with a large number of catechumens. Subsequently, the size of the vestibule decreases.
In the tented pillar churches of the 16th century they are practically absent. As for the people under the penance of repentance, they stood for some part of the service at the western wall of the temple or on the porch. Currently, almost all Russian churches, with rare exceptions, have this third part.
In the narthex, according to the Charter, some services are performed: betrothals, lithiums, the rite of announcement, etc.
Here, as a rule, there is a church box - a place for selling candles, prosphoras, crosses, icons and other church items, registering baptisms and weddings.
In the narthex, as in the temple, there are many icons, as well as wall paintings. Wall paintings of such Russian churches as the Annunciation in the Kremlin, St. John the Baptist in Yaroslavl are known, where the galleries around the temple, which are the vestibule, are beautifully painted with ornaments and iconographic images.
The doors of the service rooms - the treasury vault - usually open into the vestibule of the temple. icon storage And sacristies, if there is no place for the sacristy in the chancel.
According to the rules, the place for storing sacred clothes was located outside the altar, in its southern aisle, which was called the sacristy. But now in parish churches, chasubles are stored in cabinets, which, however, they still try to place on the south side of the altar. A table is placed next to the cabinet on the southern wall of the altar, on which the vestments needed for today’s service are laid out before the service.
All vestments for the clergy, sextons and readers are stored in the sacristy. The upper vestments of the throne, altar, lecterns, table covers, bookmarks for the Gospel and other books are also kept here.
All these items are available in sets according to the colors of the holidays (see “Vestments of the Clergy”). In the sacristy, all vestments are not only stored, but also cleaned, repaired and smoothed. In large churches, cathedrals and monasteries there is a special position of sacristan.
The icon depository is set up for holiday icons, which are taken to the temple on appropriate holidays and days of remembrance of saints. External crosses, lanterns and other items for religious processions are also stored here.
Test questions:
- What is a quadruple?
- What services are performed in the middle part of the temple?
- What icon is located on the analogue?
- What is the meaning of church candles?
- What do you know about the means and intensity of church lighting during worship?
- Is it possible to sit in church and at what points in the service is it necessary to stand?
- Tell us about the structure of the iconostasis.
- What are the Royal Doors, the northern and southern gates (doors), the solea and the pulpit?
- How are the choirs (choirs) located in the temple?
Sources and literature on the topic
Sources:
- Simeon of Thessalonica, St. Book about the temple. pp. 17-18. [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Simeon_Solunskij/kniga-o-khrame/ (access date: 10/27/2015).
Basic educational literature:
- Hilarion (Alfeev), Metropolitan.Orthodoxy. In 2 volumes. –– M.: Sretensky Monastery Publishing House, 2009. 1840 p. Volume 2. Section IV. Temple and icon. Chapter I. 4. The structure of the temple and church utensils. Construction of the temple. [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Ilarion_Alfeev/pravoslavie-tom-2/1_4_1 (access date: 10/27/2015).
- Lorgus A., priest, Dudko A., priest. A book about the Church. – M.: Pilgrim, 2005. Chapter 2. Orthodox Church. Construction of the temple. [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www.ortho-rus.ru/book/ (access date: 10/27/2015).
- The narthex Open Orthodox encyclopedia "Tree". http://drevo-info.ru/articles/1179.html (date of access: 10/27/2015).
Additional literature:
- Florensky P.A., priest Works in 4 volumes. – T. 2. – M.: Mysl, 1999. – P. 419–527. [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://predanie.ru/florenskiy-pavel-ierey/book/75672-ikonostas/ (access date: 10/27/2015).
- Instructions for an Orthodox Christian about a church candle.-M.: Moscow courtyard of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra; “New book”, 1996 – 32 p.
Video materials:
Melismatic singing is a way of singing a text in which one syllable contains many (four or more) melody sounds.
Deisis (from the Greek δεησις - “petition, prayer”, there is also an irregular Russian form - “Deesis”) - a composition of three icons - in the center is the icon of Jesus Christ Pantocrator, on the left is the icon of the Mother of God facing Him, on the right is John the Baptist, represented in traditional gesture of prayerful intercession. In icon painting, it was originally performed on one board. Later, Deisis appeared on three separate boards and multi-part Deisis.
May include similar images of the apostles, St. fathers, St. martyrs, etc. The main dogmatic meaning of the deisis composition is mediatorial prayer, intercession for the human race in the face of the formidable Heavenly King and Judge. In the post-iconoclastic era, the Deisis icon was placed on the architrave of the low altar barrier of a Byzantine church, and then, on Russian soil, it turned into the Deisis tier of a high iconostasis.
Chetverik- tetrahedral (quadrangular in plan) volume in Russian wooden and stone architecture. In the temple architecture of pre-Petrine times, the main part of the temple building had a quadrangle shape, and inside it could have pillars supporting vaults and a dome. In the 17th and 18th centuries, pillarless churches with a quadrangle covered with a cross-shaped, closed or stepped vault became widespread. In tent-roofed churches and in the architecture of the Naryshkin Baroque, the quadrangle was often used in combination with the upper octagonal tier standing on it - the octagon. Such a multi-tiered temple is often called an “octagon on a quadrangle”.
see also
Write a review about the article "Quadrangle (structure)"
Excerpt characterizing Chetverik (building)
- Three and a half miles, Your Majesty.-Have the French left the left bank?
“As the scouts reported, the last ones crossed on rafts that night.
– Is there enough fodder in Krems?
– The fodder was not delivered in that quantity...
The Emperor interrupted him.
– At what time was General Schmit killed?...
- At seven o'clock, I think.
- At 7:00. Very sad! Very sad!
The Emperor said his thanks and bowed. Prince Andrei came out and was immediately surrounded on all sides by courtiers. Kind eyes looked at him from all sides and gentle words were heard. Yesterday's adjutant reproached him for not staying at the palace and offered him his home. The Minister of War approached, congratulating him on the Order of Maria Theresa, 3rd class, which the Emperor had bestowed upon him. The Empress's chamberlain invited him to see Her Majesty. The Archduchess also wanted to see him. He didn’t know who to answer, and took a few seconds to collect his thoughts. The Russian envoy took him by the shoulder, took him to the window and began to talk to him.
– in Russian and Ukrainian stone and wooden architecture, a structure with a quadrangular plan or an integral part of the compositions of tented and tiered churches, including in combination with an octagonal part (an octagon on a quadrangle”).
View value Chetverik in other dictionaries
Chetverik- Thursday, fourth, etc. see four.
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Chetverik- quadrangle, m. 1. A measure or object containing four of some kind. units, e.g. a bag containing four pounds, a pack of four stearin candles and weighing one pound (special).......
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Chetverik- -A; m.
1. An ancient Russian measure of the volume of bulk solids, equal to 26.239 liters (used before the introduction of the metric system). Part of oats.
2. Ancient Russian measure of land, equal to........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Chetverik- in Russian and Ukrainian architecture (mainly 17-18 centuries) a structure or part of it, 4-sided in plan. In the compositions of many tented and tiered churches it is combined with an 8-sided........
Large encyclopedic dictionary
Chetverik- - in Russian and Ukrainian architecture, mainly in the 17th–18th centuries. A structure or part thereof, 4-sided in plan. The compositions of many tented and tiered churches combine........
Historical Dictionary
Chetverik- In the 15th-17th centuries. measure of land area. Old Russian measure 26.24 l.
Dictionary of weights and measures
Chetverik— A log structure with a quadrangular plan.
Construction dictionary
January 2017
Design features of the junction of the vaults of the girth and central arches to the highly loaded columns of the quadrangle.
The continuation of the design of a quadrangle in an Orthodox Church is devoted to the issues of connecting the supporting small and central arches to the columns of a quadrangle, the arrangement of which has always been a rather complex technical task.
By the end of the 19th century, architectural and design thought had sufficiently worked out the elements of pairing arches and columns when they were made of brick.
At the beginning of the 19th century, in the most loaded places of the quadrangle structure, large embedded blocks (stones) were often used, which absorbed the loads and, due to their internal structure, evenly transferred (redistributed) the load from the arches to the load-bearing structures of the walls and columns. An example of such design solutions is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig.1
With the development of technology and improved quality of building materials, the need for such technical solutions has disappeared.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Temple builders almost completely switched to brickwork, thanks to high-quality bricks and metal reinforcement. Unfortunately, after 1917, the tradition of building brick vaults was almost completely lost and only a few publication specialists covered this topic (mainly related to the topic of restoration).
Currently, to speed up and simplify work, many Temples are built from monolithic reinforced concrete. At the same time, the decoration of the Temple, including traditional arched vaults, is equipped only later, as elements of a decorative interior. An example of such construction would be the Church of the Great Martyr Catherine in the city of Pushkin, St. Petersburg.
But not all customers are satisfied with this option, and some Orthodox parishes order classic designs, with quadrangle brickwork. In the case of building a large Temple, this task becomes quite difficult.
Figure No. 2 shows a general section of the Temple quadrangle, which we will consider.
Rice. 2
Let's look at the questions that arise before the architect and designer when designing highly loaded brick quadrangle columns in Orthodox Temples:
- - mathematical modeling of load and stress;
- - selection of a scheme for connecting arches with entry into the body of the column;
- - selection of a scheme for connecting arches without entering the body of the column (cantilever);
- - selection of the optimal method of pairing the arch vault and the quadrangle column;
- - requirements for brickwork of heels and vaults of girth arches;
1. Mathematical modeling of load and stress.
For greater specificity, we will consider real calculations for columns with a cross section of 1.5 x 1.5 meters and a central arch span of 9 meters (supporting arches are 4 meters).
Rice. 3
To clarify the stresses acting in the body of the column, we make a section at the lower point of entry of the arch (when the heel of the arch is horizontal). The cross-section shows that the stresses are distributed unevenly, nonlinearly, and the maximum loads occur at the inner corner of the column (which is closer to the center of the quadrangle).
The architects of the past did not have modern calculation models, but they intuitively found the optimal design. The area where the vaults of small girth arches enter the body of the column experiences significantly less stress.
According to calculations, the stress at the junction of the arch of the small arch with the quadrangle column is:
- maximum intensity - 2.7 MPa,
- minimum intensity - 1.15 MPa.
The compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made of M150 bricks on M100 mortar is 2.0 mPa. The strength of masonry reinforced in every 4th row is 3.28 MPa. Such voltages are acceptable.
It should be noted that the vertical stresses depend rather indirectly on the entry point of the arch. Look at the calculation diagram below:
Rice. 4
Actual calculations show that the columns have a margin of safety, and in this particular case, this means that 80% of the column area is sufficient to absorb all the forces coming into the column at the entrance level of the small arches. For large arches, the same area is 35-40% of the original section. columns (1.5 x 1.5 m).
2. Selecting a scheme for connecting arches with entry into the body of the column;
The connection of the girth arches to the columns of the quadrangle can be realized by inserting the vaults of the arches into the body of the column. In this case, the foot of the arch lies horizontally and the arch looks like a segment of 180 degrees.
Fig.5
The disadvantage of this solution is the impossibility of tying the brickwork of the column and the vault of the arch (they are in different planes. Therefore, the entire load at the junction (seam) between the upper surface of the arch, which is included in the vault, and the higher rows of the masonry of the column is perceived (transmitted) only by the mortar, which is the idea not very good.
In fact, in such a situation, a wedge in the form of an arch arch is inserted into the column. In the diagram shown in Figure 4, the horizontal section of the continuous horizontal brickwork of the column is only 60 x 60 cm.
Such a solution for highly loaded brick columns requires additional calculation and justification, although from the point of view of execution, such a solution is more convenient for builders.
It should be noted that in our case, the thickness of the arch arch is 900 mm. and with this decision, he goes quite deep into the enclosing wall of the Temple. In such places, they usually increase the thickness of the wall to ensure the possibility of bandaging the finishing (facing brick) along the facade.
3. Selecting a scheme for connecting arches without entering the body of the column (cantilever).
The cantilever connection of arches to columns was common in large Temples, where large loads from the higher tiers of the Temple were transferred to the columns of the quadrangle. The meaning of such a technical solution is to extend the arch arch beyond the minimum required area of the horizontal section of the column, necessary for the correct perception of the load. An example of such a solution is shown in Fig. No. 6.
Fig.6
If such a decision is made, the question arises - how long should the vaults of the arches be removed from the body of the column? Of course, ideally, you need to remove it completely, as shown in the old drawing Fig. 5, but in practice a large cantilever appears, which does not improve the load-bearing capacity of the structure. We need a golden mean.
The necessary and sufficient cross-sectional area of the column, which must be supported to ensure that the column can withstand loads, can be calculated. At the same time, we assume that the arch arch entering the body of the column does not transmit the load and the entire load is perceived by the horizontal platform of the column, which of course is a simplification. The calculation site itself is shown in Fig. 6.
In our case, the minimum area of the supporting section at the level of the small girth arch and the upper (central) arch is 80% and 40% of the column section, respectively. These indicators depend on the adopted constructive and architectural decisions (sectional area of the column, size and weight of the vaults and the central drum, the junction of the quadrangle into the drum (sails), brand of brick, its reinforcement, etc. and are calculated individually each time! Graphic solution for for the small arch, see Fig. 7.
Fig.7
The shown diagram solves the problem somewhat simplified, but it guarantees that with such a technical solution, the column will carry the loads correctly. In fact, with such a design scheme (Fig. 7), we can insert the vault of the arch into the body of the column no more than 180 mm to ensure the strength of the column.
Further immersion of the arch arch into the body of the column will lead to the need to transfer the load by the arch arch, which will be done without ligating the bricks, but only through masonry mortar.
The disadvantage of this scheme is the need to create a console on a column and an inclined foot of the arch using the method of hewing bricks, which of course complicates the task. The console itself must be reinforced with masonry mesh.
4. Choosing the optimal method of pairing the arch arch and quadrangle columns
In practice, designers are faced with the question - what is the optimal method of connecting girth arches to choose?
The answer can be found in a fairly detailed publication by A.A. Polishchuk. “Stone walls and vaults” for 1903. To summarize the author’s recommendations, it turns out that in lightly loaded vaults/columns you can use arches with the vault opening 180 degrees (see Fig. 5)
In heavily loaded columns and quadruple vaults or similar structures, one must try to completely extend the arch of the girth arch beyond the body of the column, but such a solution requires moving the console more than 250 mm beyond the column, which is undesirable. When designing, it is recommended to make a pilaster no more than 1 brick (250 mm), otherwise detachment from the main column may occur; if you do more, this will require special solutions (as shown in Fig. 6).
Therefore, the optimal solution is shown in Fig. 8. For example, the pairing of a girth arch with a column having the following parameters is shown:
- The span of the small arch is 4 m.
- The height of the vault of the small arch is 0.9 m.
- The dimensions of the quadrangle column are 1.55x1.55 m.
Rice. 8
In the indicated scheme, the heel of the arch arch is rotated 30 degrees (the arch arch is opened 120 degrees), which allows you to find the optimal balance between the size of the remote console (<=250 мм) и возможностью колонны воспринимать вертикальные нагрузки.
With this recommended solution, the area of the supporting horizontal surface of the column that carries vertical loads increases by 2.9 times (taking into account that the girth arches enter the quadrangle column from both sides), compared to the establishment of the arch arch with an opening of 180 degrees.
In addition, this solution makes it easier to bind the facing bricks in the outer wall of the quadrangle, at the junction of the arch arch and the outer walls. The photo below shows the layout of two small girth arches adjacent to the quadrangle column.
Rice. 9
5. Requirements for brickwork of heels and vaults of girth arches.
Laying brick arch vaults requires a number of standard techniques. Experienced masons know these tricks, but we will focus only on the most important ones:
- The arch of the arch must be symmetrical, in other words, the feet of the arch must be at the same level and at the same angle to the axis of symmetry of the arch;
- The bricks in the vault of the arch must be tied in accordance with the standards;
- Masonry joints between bricks in the arch arch should be from 5 to 25 mm. If the arch arch is high, then to maintain the thickness of the seams, the bricks are given a wedge shape.
- The grade of mortar and brick must be no lower than that specified in the documentation. Otherwise, cracking of the masonry is possible;
- Laying stressed areas with metal mesh allows you to increase the strength of the masonry and distribute the loads more evenly;
Material prepared by Peter Development companies
