The topic of the lesson is "power circuits". Examples of food chains in different forests Food chains that form in the soil examples
In order to answer this question and correctly compose the power supply circuits, you first need to find out what the supply circuits are.
What is a "power circuit"
The food chain is the main interconnection of animals, plants, insects to supply themselves with food (or being food). The food chain, or in other words, the food chain is a sequential series of organisms feeding on each other. That is, each creature feeds on another creature and itself is food for other organisms. Hence the name "chain", that is, sequentially, one by one, it is a closed system. The chain can contain microorganisms, fungi, insects, plants, animals. There is a clear distribution between them - one is food, the other is a consumer. Food chains for both animals and humans usually begin with plants.
Food chains can be formed not only on and in the soil, but also in water, in the sky, in the forest-steppe, and so on. It may be that there is a unification of different tiers, animals living on these tiers and growing plants on them. For example, an insect that lives on the ground is food for a bird that lives in the air in the upper tier. That is, it is not necessary for the food chain to consist of animals and plants from only one tier.
Example of food chains in soil
Above, we found out what the food chain is. In order to compose examples of food chains in soil, it is necessary to find out who is the inhabitant of the soil, who can participate in these chains.
- Firstly, these are worms, larvae, insects.
- Secondly, these are various microorganisms that have rotted plants, tree roots and other growing organisms.
- Thirdly, these are animals such as a mole, a shrew, a bear and the like.
Knowing the inhabitants of the soil, we can already draw up food chains. For example:
- rotted plant remains -> earthworms -> moles -> hedgehogs;
- plant root -> ant larva -> shrews;
- plant root -> beetle -> mole.
Thus, we have compiled three examples of the food chain in soil. Many more similar examples can be compiled.
28 january 2016A meadow is an area of land on which perennial herbaceous vegetation grows, forming a corresponding cover. Usually, meadows arise on highly fertile soils, and in order for the forbs to form, a favorable water and temperature regime environment. Meadow food chains have their own characteristics. The first link is usually made up of various - annual and perennial - plants that grow there in abundance. Among them are cereals, legumes, rosette and creeping, well-known flowers: bells, poppies, daisies, cornflowers, clover and many others.
Meadow food chain
In the meadow, as in other areas where animals and plants live in abundance, these food sequences are formed according to standard rules. Participants in the process are traditionally divided into producers and consumers. The former consume energy and food for their functioning directly from materials that are not organic. For example, most green plants are fed through the process of photosynthesis in the sun. And microorganisms living in the soil in the meadow (in one gram of fertile land up to a million or more) use gases and salt for energy. Such producers are, as a rule, the first link in the meadow food chain. They are consumed by consumers of the first plan, who eat plant foods, receiving the necessary energy from it. Next are the consumers of the second (third, fourth) level, which are carnivores, that is, they eat animal food. Grasslands are usually the strongest, fastest and largest predator that is found in this area at the end of the food chain. There are usually not many such animals, and their populations are limited.
The food chain in the meadow. Examples of
Now let's move on to compiling these sequences. Usually they can consist of several links (sometimes 5-6). To compose a food chain for a meadow, knowledge is required: who lives in a given area, what food base a particular animal has. Let's offer the following chain:
clover - butterfly - dragonfly - frog - already - hawk.
The first link in this composed sequence of 6 links is a plant that receives inorganic substances from the soil and air and with the help of sunlight and the process of photosynthesis converts them into life energy. The butterfly, consumer of the first type, feeds on plants and nectar. A dragonfly eats a butterfly, a frog eats a dragonfly. It already feeds on a frog. And the snake itself can be eaten by a bird of prey, but a fox, for example, can also act as the last link.
In the pasture
There may also be a shorter supply chain, of 4 links, for example:
wheat - field mouse - snake (viper) - bird of prey (kite or hawk).
Another food chain typical for the meadow zones of the Russian Federation in the middle zone:
annual plant buttercup - orthoptera insect grasshopper - mammal shrew - buzzard of prey.
And in a pasture, a meadow where cows and other animals graze, a food chain can be built even with the participation of people, as one of the final links:
vegetation that a cow feeds on - a cow that gives milk and meat - a person.
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Actual
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
A food chain is the transfer of energy from its source through a number of organisms. All living things are connected, as they serve as food objects for other organisms. All food chains are made up of three to five links. The first are usually producers - organisms that are capable of producing organic matter from inorganic ones themselves. These are plants that receive nutrients through photosynthesis. Next come consumers - these are heterotrophic organisms that receive ready-made organic substances. These will be animals: both herbivores and carnivores. The closing link in the food chain is usually decomposers - microorganisms that decompose organic matter.
The supply chain cannot consist of six or more links, since each new link receives only 10% of the energy of the previous link, another 90% is lost in the form of heat.
What are food chains?
There are two types: grazing and detrital. The former are more common in nature. In such chains, the producers (plants) are always the first link. They are followed by consumers of the first order - herbivorous animals. Further - consumers of the second order - small predators. Behind them are consumers of the third order - large predators. Further, there may also be consumers of the fourth order, such long food chains are usually found in the oceans. The last link is the decomposers.
The second type of power circuits - detrital- more common in forests and savannas. They arise due to the fact that most of the plant energy is not consumed by herbivores, but dies off, then undergoing decomposition by decomposers and mineralization.
This type of food chain starts from detritus - organic residues of plant and animal origin. The first-order consumers in such food chains are insects, for example, dung beetles, or scavengers, for example, hyenas, wolves, vultures. In addition, the first order consumers in such chains can be bacteria that feed on plant debris.
In biogeocenoses, everything is connected in such a way that most species of living organisms can become participants in both types of power circuits.
Food chains in deciduous and mixed forests
Deciduous forests are mostly found in the northern hemisphere of the planet. They are found in Western and Central Europe, in southern Scandinavia, in the Urals, in Western Siberia, East Asia, and North Florida.
Deciduous forests are divided into broad-leaved and small-leaved forests. The former are characterized by such trees as oak, linden, ash, maple, elm. For the second - birch, alder, aspen.
Mixed forests are forests in which both coniferous and deciduous trees grow. Mixed forests are characteristic of the temperate climatic zone. They are found in the south of Scandinavia, in the Caucasus, in the Carpathians, on Far East, in Siberia, in California, in the Appalachians, near the Great Lakes.
Mixed forests consist of trees such as spruce, pine, oak, linden, maple, elm, apple, fir, beech, hornbeam.
In deciduous and mixed forests are very common pasture food chains... The first link in the food chain in forests is usually numerous types of grasses, berries such as raspberries, blueberries, strawberries. elderberry, tree bark, nuts, cones.
The first order consumables will most often be such herbivores as roe deer, moose, deer, rodents, for example, squirrels, mice, shrews, as well as hares.
Second-order consumers are predators. Usually it is a fox, wolf, weasel, ermine, lynx, owl and others. A striking example of the fact that the same species participates in both grazing and detrital food chains will be a wolf: it can both hunt small mammals and eat carrion.
Second-order consumables can themselves become prey to larger predators, especially birds: for example, small owls can be eaten by hawks.
The closing link will be reducers(rotting bacteria).
Examples of food chains in a deciduous-coniferous forest:
- birch bark - hare - wolf - reducers;
- wood - beetle larva - woodpecker - hawk - decomposers;
- leaf litter (detritus) - worms - shrews - owl - decomposers.
Features of food chains in coniferous forests
Such forests are located in the north of Eurasia and North America. They consist of trees such as pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch and others.
Everything here is significantly different from mixed and deciduous forests.
The first link in this case will not be grass, but moss, shrubs or lichens. This is due to the fact that there is not enough light in coniferous forests for a dense grass cover to exist.
Accordingly, the animals that will become consumers of the first order will be different - they should not feed on grass, but on moss, lichens or shrubs. It can be some types of deer.
Despite the fact that shrubs and mosses are more common, herbaceous plants and bushes are still found in coniferous forests. These are nettles, celandine, strawberries, elderberries. Such food is usually eaten by hares, moose, squirrels, which can also become consumers of the first order.
Consumers of the second order will be, like mixed forests, predators. These are mink, bear, wolverine, lynx and others.
Small predators such as mink can become prey for third-order consumers.
The closing link will be putrefaction microorganisms.
In addition, in coniferous forests are very common detrital food chains... Here, the first link will most often be plant humus, which the soil bacteria feed on, becoming, in turn, food for unicellular animals that are eaten by mushrooms. These chains are usually long and can have more than five links.
Examples of food webs in a coniferous forest:
- pine nuts - squirrel - mink - reducers;
- humus of plants (detritus) - bacteria - protozoa - mushrooms - bear - decomposers.
In order to answer this question and correctly compose the power supply circuits, you first need to find out what the supply circuits are.
What is a "power circuit"
The food chain is the main interconnection of animals, plants, insects to supply themselves with food (or being food). The food chain, or in other words, the food chain is a sequential series of organisms feeding on each other. That is, each creature feeds on another creature and itself is food for other organisms. Hence the name "chain", that is, sequentially, one by one, it is a closed system. The chain can contain microorganisms, fungi, insects, plants, animals. There is a clear distribution between them - one is food, the other is a consumer. Food chains for both animals and humans usually begin with plants.
Food chains can be formed not only on and in the soil, but also in water, in the sky, in the forest-steppe, and so on. It may be that there is a unification of different tiers, animals living on these tiers and growing plants on them. For example, an insect that lives on the ground is food for a bird that lives in the air in the upper tier. That is, it is not necessary for the food chain to consist of animals and plants from only one tier.
Example of food chains in soil
Above, we found out what the food chain is. In order to compose examples of food chains in soil, it is necessary to find out who is the inhabitant of the soil, who can participate in these chains.
- Firstly, these are worms, larvae, insects.
- Secondly, these are various microorganisms that have rotted plants, tree roots and other growing organisms.
- Thirdly, these are animals such as a mole, a shrew, a bear and the like.
Knowing the inhabitants of the soil, we can already draw up food chains. For example:
- rotted plant remains -> earthworms -> moles -> hedgehogs;
- plant root -> ant larva -> shrews;
- plant root -> beetle -> mole.
Thus, we have compiled three examples of the food chain in soil. Many more similar examples can be compiled.
All living organisms are active participants in the circulation of substances on the planet. Using oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and other substances, living organisms feed, breathe, secrete products of activity, multiply. After death, their bodies decompose into the simplest substances and again return to the external environment.
Transfer chemical elements from living organisms to the environment and back does not stop even for a second. Thus, plants (autotrophic organisms) take carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts from the external environment. In doing so, they create organic matter and release oxygen. Animals (heterotrophic organisms), on the contrary, inhale the oxygen released by plants, and by eating plants, they assimilate organic matter and release carbon dioxide and food residues. Fungi and bacteria use the remains of living organisms for food and convert organic substances into minerals, which accumulate in soil and water. BUT minerals are absorbed by plants again. Thus, in nature, a constant and endless circulation of substances is carried out and the continuity of life is maintained.
The circulation of substances and all the transformations associated with it require a constant flow of energy. The source of such energy is the Sun.
On earth, plants absorb carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Animals eat plants by transferring carbon up the food chain, which we'll talk about a little later. When plants and animals die, they transfer the carbon back to the earth.
On the ocean's surface, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is dissolved in water. Phytoplankton absorbs it for photosynthesis. Plankton-eating animals breathe carbon into the atmosphere and thus carry it down the food chain. After the death of phytoplankton, it can be processed in surface waters or settle to the ocean floor. Over millions of years, this process has turned the ocean floor into a rich reservoir of carbon on the planet. Cold currents carry carbon to the surface. When water is heated, it is released as a gas and enters the atmosphere, continuing the cycle.
Water constantly circulates between seas, atmosphere and land. Under the rays of the sun, it evaporates and rises into the air. There, water droplets gather in clouds and clouds. They fall to the ground in rain, snow or hail, which again turn into water. Water is absorbed into the ground, returns to the seas, rivers and lakes. And everything starts all over again. This is how the water cycle occurs in nature.
Most of the water is evaporated by the World Ocean. The water in it is salty, and the one that evaporates from its surface is fresh. Thus, the ocean is the world's "factory" fresh water, without which life on Earth is impossible.
THREE STATES OF SUBSTANCE... There are three states of aggregation of matter - solid, liquid and gaseous. They depend on temperature and pressure. IN Everyday life we can observe water in all three of these states. Moisture evaporates and passes from a liquid to a gaseous state, that is, water vapor. It condenses and turns into a liquid. At subzero temperatures, water freezes and turns into a solid state - ice.
The cycle of complex substances in living nature includes food chains. This is a linear closed sequence in which each living creature feeds on someone or something and itself serves as food for another organism. Within the grazing food chain, organic matter is created by autotrophic organisms such as plants. Plants are eaten by animals, which in turn are eaten by other animals. Reducing fungi decompose organic remains and serve as the beginning of the detrital trophic chain.
Each link in the food chain is called a trophic level (from the Greek word "trophos" - "food").
1. Producers, or manufacturers, produce organic substances from inorganic ones. Producers include plants and some bacteria.
2. Consumers, or consumers, consume ready-made organic substances. 1st order consumables are fed by producers. 2nd order consumables are fed by 1st order consumables. Tier 3 consumables are fed by Tier 2 consumers, etc.
3. Reducers, or destroyers, destroy, that is, mineralize organic matter to inorganic. Reducers include bacteria and fungi.
DETITAL POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS... There are two main types of food chains - grazing (grazing chains) and detrital (decomposition chains). The basis of the pasture food chain is composed of autotrophic organisms, which are eaten by animals. And in detrital trophic chains, most of the plants are not consumed by herbivores, but die off and then decompose by saprotrophic organisms (for example, earthworms) and mineralize. Thus, detrital trophic chains start from detritus and then go to detritivores and their consumers - predators. Such chains predominate on land.
WHAT IS AN ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID? An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different trophic levels of the food chain. The food chain cannot contain more than 5-6 links, because when moving to each next link, 90% of the energy is lost. The basic rule of the ecological pyramid is based on 10%. For example, to form 1 kg of mass, a dolphin needs to eat about 10 kg of fish, and they, in turn, need 100 kg of food - aquatic vertebrates, which need to eat 1000 kg of algae and bacteria to form such a mass. If, on the appropriate scale, these values are depicted in the order of their dependence, then a kind of pyramid is indeed formed.
FOOD NETWORKS... Often, the interaction between living organisms in nature is more complex, and visually it looks like a network. Organisms, especially predators, can feed on a wide variety of creatures from different food chains. Thus, food webs intertwine to form food webs.
