Apartment electrical wiring diagram. Do-it-yourself installation and wiring in an apartment Electrical diagram of a three-room apartment
Living spaces for people are constantly being improved. There are more and more electrical appliances that improve life. Electricity consumption increases, and the wires laid during construction are exhausted: the metal and insulation age, losing properties from overloads, heating, ultraviolet radiation and mechanical influences.
Aluminum wiring, in use since Soviet times, has long been in need of replacement. Increased safety requirements abolished the TN-C system, which did not provide for grounding of electrical appliance housings, the use of a potential equalization system, or protection against leakage currents.
Owners of old apartments do not always imagine how wires are placed in their premises, because there are many options for laying them.
Types of schemes
The main classification of electrical wiring is carried out according to the type of installation:
open;
closed.
The first method allows you to visually observe the passage of the routes. It is more affordable and is most often used in wooden houses.
It is more difficult to detect wires hidden in walls, floors or ceilings: they are not visible. They were laid differently in each building, but principles can be identified that take into account the construction period, wall materials, and installation technologies.
Aluminum electrical wiring of a one-room apartment
This scheme is common, has been used for a long time, is well suited for a larger number of premises, and is easy to understand and implement.
In old houses, on each floor there is an electrical panel with a meter, a packet switch to relieve voltage when working with metering devices and circuit breakers. All equipment is sectioned for each apartment separately.
Rice. 1. Option of old electrical wiring of a one-room apartment
For clarity, the picture shows two distribution boxes in each room, but, most likely, the circuits of sockets and lighting are switched through one.
There is no grounding loop provided here. The circuit uses exclusively zero and phase, and the neutral wire should never be broken anywhere by switching devices. It is supplied directly to all consumers through distribution boxes, and is taken from the meter.
To connect the wires, most likely, simple twists with or without welding are used, although screw terminal blocks may be found. The most wires go to the place where the zero is assembled.
The phase from the meter goes to the circuit breakers. In our example, one powers all the outlets, and the other powers the room lights. If the apartment is equipped with an electric stove, then the voltage is supplied to it through a separate circuit breaker, and the wires are used with increased power: up to 10 mm 2.
Variations of the scheme are possible:
used instead of machine guns;
When installing wires after the meter, electricians confused the phase directions with zero (the circuit does not lose its functionality, but is more dangerous);
a group of machines has been added and consumers are powered according to a different scheme, for example, for a corridor.
Each specific circuit should be carefully understood; it is quite possible that there will be jumpers, additional wires, even installation without junction boxes.
A simple method helps to understand the principle of circuit design:
turn on all lighting devices and plug in electrical appliances;
turn off consumers one by one using automatic switches in the distribution panel and observe the extinguished lamps and switched off devices in the sockets;
analyze changes, write down or remember information, draw conclusions.
Types of hidden wiring
In practice, highways are laid:
on or inside the ceiling;
under the floor;
combined.
Wire layout inside the ceiling
It was previously widely used in buildings made of brick and concrete panels as the main wiring option. It is also often used in modern construction.
All routes with wires from the distribution panel are directed vertically over the wall or inside it along grooves or built-in pipelines. The insides of ceiling tiles are usually made with channels for wiring, but grooved or suspended installation is allowed for suspended and suspended ceilings.
In the same way, connections are made to the lamps, all switches and electrical sockets located on the walls.
Rice. 2. Option for wiring inside the ceiling
With a competent approach to installation, all wiring is oriented in perpendicular planes: this eliminates damage to the insulation and metal during future drilling of walls to secure various objects to them. Horizontal lines from the ceiling cannot be lowered below 15 cm for the same reasons.
Distribution boxes are attached to their circuit breakers to supply voltage to the nearest point. Installation in them is carried out according to wiring diagrams.
Layout of wires under the floor
This option began to be used in new buildings with a rigid concrete base and the creation of durable pipelines from pipes under the floor covering, followed by filling with solutions. Such measures reliably protect the insulation and metal from mechanical damage.
Cables and wires in the walls for sockets and lamps are protected by pipes or.
Rice. 3. Option for laying electrical wiring under the floor
Combined wire placement methods
Both described methods are combined here, but such schemes have many individual nuances.
Factory-built panel houses
They have the insides of wall and ceiling slabs made with channels for laying electrical circuits. The routes connect all electrical consumers through distribution boxes with an input panel. Wires are pulled into these lines.
Please note that here the pipes may not be located at straight angles, but at sharp angles. Their location can only be determined.
Rice. 4. Option for old electrical wiring in the apartment
Houses built during the Khrushchev era
In old panel buildings, they used a rather simple placement of wiring, which significantly reduced the construction technology, but was far from safe.
“Aluminum noodles” are supplied to the sockets under the wooden flooring boards, and to the lamps they come down from under the floor of the upper neighbor through a hole in the ceiling slab. This is the most dangerous installation, which usually has no protection. Here, twists without welding are often found, and the insulation begins to deteriorate.
Such wiring must be completely redone, but this is a complex and expensive undertaking.
Each of the considered schemes may have various deviations from the project, even in neighboring apartments of the same building. A specialist can identify them by carrying out electrical measurements. This work is often performed under voltage, which is dangerous.
Therefore, without a solid knowledge of safety rules and practical skills in working with electrical appliances, it is better not to undertake the independent refurbishment of your apartment.
Installing electrical wiring in an apartment is not as time-consuming and expensive as. This is due to the fact that there is no need to draw a line inside the housing, because this is provided by the developer company.
Cable distribution to rooms consists of the following steps:
- drawing up a diagram;
- calculation of the quantity of necessary materials and electrical fittings;
- marking and gating of walls;
- cable fastening;
- installation of sockets, switches and distribution boxes;
- assembly of the input panel;
- checking the line with a tester.
It should be noted that today open electrical wiring is no longer used in the apartment, so in this article we will consider installation work in a hidden way.
You can view all cables suitable for such wiring on the website http://cable.ru/cable/kabel-dom.php Detailed technical characteristics of each brand are indicated there. Next, we will provide detailed step-by-step instructions for installing electrics from scratch, which is suitable for beginners who want to test their electrical skills.
Drawing up a diagram
It’s easy to make a wiring diagram in an apartment with your own hands. To do this, it is recommended to use a photocopy of the housing plan, on which you can conveniently mark the installation locations of sockets, switches, lamps and other components. We described in detail how to draw up a wiring diagram before repairs in the article:. The main points are outlined below.
The starting point of the diagram is the location of the distribution panel in the apartment. Usually this place is the corridor, next to the front door, at a height of approximately 1.5 meters from the floor.
- In apartments it is prohibited to groove load-bearing walls, as well as to make horizontal and vertical grooves. We will talk about this in detail below.
- The route of apartment electrical wiring must run strictly vertically and horizontally along the walls. This requirement ensures that there is less chance of damage. For example, by the location of the socket you can find out exactly where the cable goes so that you don’t accidentally drive a nail into it when hanging a picture. Ideally, it is recommended before driving a nail using a special device. Please note that in Khrushchev and other panel buildings the cables are laid in channels in the slabs. Due to the rigidity requirements, the channels can run diagonally.
- The route should only be turned at right angles.
- It is best to lay a line at the top of the wall, at a distance of 20 cm from the ceiling (this height will ensure minimal likelihood of mechanical damage and will not affect the ease of repair). It is also possible, instead of the ceiling, using a special electrical baseboard.
- Switches in the apartment should be located at the entrance to the room, on the side of the door handle. The height of the switches is not standardized according to GOST and SNiP, but, as a rule, it is either 80 cm or 150 cm. According to the European standard, it is better to install the switches lower, besides, it will be more convenient for children to turn on the light if necessary.
- Sockets are mounted at the bottom (20-30 cm from the floor), but if necessary they can be placed at any height (for example, in the kitchen above the countertop). Recommended for 10 sq. meters of room, install at least one socket, and at least 1 socket per room. In the kitchen, the number of products should correspond to the number of household appliances; at least 4 pieces are recommended. This is stated in SP31-110-2003 “Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings”, paragraph 14.27. The distance from the mounting point to the door and window should not be less than 10 cm.
- Every room must have a distribution box.
- Before drawing up a project for electrical wiring in an apartment, carefully plan the location of household appliances and furniture. It happens that after electrical installation work, the products may be covered by furniture, or the cords from household appliances do not reach the power source.
- The bathroom must have at least 2 sockets (one for connecting a washing machine, the second for a hair dryer). But read the article “” about their correct location. In short, outlets should have protective curtains or be located in an area with the least chance of splashing.
By the way, speaking of the bathroom and kitchen, a modern solution is a water leakage protection system. It will save your home and your neighbors’ homes from flooding during an emergency, or if you forget to turn off the water. So, at the stage of repair and installation of wiring in the apartment, to protect against leaks, you need to lay a separate cable from the panel. The control module is connected to the AC network using a residual current device (RCD) or a differential circuit breaker with an operating current of no more than 30 mA. A popular water leak protection system is Neptun. You can read more about it in our review.
You will probably find these articles useful:
Selection of accessories and automation
When choosing switches and sockets, pay attention to the method of their installation - internal or external. If you are going to install them in socket boxes, then you need to buy only products for internal installation. To connect the wires, you need to use screw or lever terminal blocks (type), or sleeves. You can also make the connection by soldering or welding, but in no case by twisting (prohibited according to 2.1.21). Therefore, you need to buy products for connecting wires with a reserve.
Choose well-known manufacturers for circuit breakers and RCDs; from the budget segment these are IEK and KEAZ, and from the middle and upper segment these are Schneider Electric, ABB and Legrand.
Be sure to include 30 mA in your apartment wiring diagram, which will protect against electric shock. It is recommended to install a separate 10 mA RCD for the bathroom. The rating of the RCD is selected higher than that of the machine. Let’s say if the machine is 16A, set the RCD to 25A. If the circuit breaker is 25A, the residual current device should be rated 32A, etc.
Don't know which cable to choose? So the cable must be copper. To conduct electrical wiring in an apartment with your own hands, you can choose a copper cable or. These are one of the most suitable brands of wires on the domestic market. For lighting, choose a cross section of 1.5 mm2. and are protected by a 10A automatic circuit breaker; a 2.5 mm2 cable is laid on the sockets. and install a 16A automatic. For other powerful consumers it is better to use a cable with a cross section of 4 mm2. and protect with a 25A automatic.
If you want the electrical wiring in the apartment to be safe, install it in a panel that will protect against overvoltage in the network as a result, which is often observed in old housing stock due to.
The shield assembly diagram can be like this (based on it, just select the components):
If the apartment is provided, the scheme will be as follows:
Wiring and requirements for it
The first and very important point that you should know about before starting electrical installation work is that in panel houses (Khrushchev-era buildings) you most often cannot trench walls in accordance with Moscow Government Decree No. 73-PP dated February 8, 2005 “On the procedure for renovating premises in residential buildings on territory of the city of Moscow." Also, according to Government Decree No. 508 (Clause 11.3 and 11.11 of Appendix No. 1), it is prohibited to tap load-bearing walls.
In this case, it would be rational to conduct wiring through existing channels, the floor or under the ceiling (if a suspended or suspended ceiling is planned). The first and last options are more preferable. If the electrical wiring in the apartment is changing and you plan to cover the walls with gypsum board, an excellent solution would be.
Important! It is strictly prohibited to scratch the ceiling in the apartment! The only option in which you can make grooves on the ceiling is to first apply an additional layer of plaster to the ceiling, in which the cable will be hidden. This layer can already be carefully grooved without touching the monolith.
Those. The simplest option is to draw lines from the panel to the sockets and switches along the ceiling, ducts or floor, and then make vertical grooves and so-called wells for installing socket boxes.
Another important point that you should pay attention to if you decide to do the wiring in the apartment yourself - noisy work allowed from 9 am to 7 pm (except Sundays), while from 1 pm to 3 pm there must be an hour of silence! Shredding is a noisy job and can not only cause the anger of neighbors, but also cause a fine (from 1 to 5 thousand rubles for individuals).
Let's return directly to the installation of apartment electrical wiring. As we said earlier, the length of the conductors must be purchased with a reserve. This reserve will be used to connect them to each other (on each side the outer sheath of the cable is removed by 5-10 cm) and to connect sockets, switches, lamps (the length reserve is from 10 to 15 cm).
The video explains how to correctly install electrical wiring in an apartment without breaking the rules.
Modern real estate is significantly different from the one that was built back in the 80s. The difference is not only in appearance, but also in the material of the walls, interior decoration, and paint and varnish materials. Electrical wiring differs significantly, from the diagram, material and cable cross-section, to sockets and switches.
Many still live in old-type buildings, but actively use modern equipment. In a three-room apartment, the load on the wiring is especially high, so it requires replacement. You can do the repair work yourself or use the services of a team of professionals. Here you need to look at the thickness of your budget.
Where to begin
First, we clearly define the method of installation in each room of a three-room apartment. The last word of “fashion” speaks of such methods.
The first type of wiring is open. It has a number of advantages in that the owner can replace a particular section of wiring without damaging the wall covering or wallpaper.
Installation takes place quite quickly; within a day a new gasket will appear in a three-room apartment, provided that all the associated tools and available materials are available. In the future, when the need arises to add several new points, this can be done without difficulty and additional repairs.
If it is necessary to finish the required section of the cable, it can always be hidden in a special plinth and brought in unnoticed.
The second method is widespread - closed, when the wiring in the apartment is carried out in special polymer fireproof boxes.
To further ensure safety, experts recommend using a metal hose or corrugated pipe.
In general, there is an unwritten rule that many builders follow: additional wiring protection is used only in residential premises.
Of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions; use for utility rooms is not prohibited. The wiring for sockets in a three-room apartment, as well as the sockets themselves, are mounted in wall openings.
The main advantage of hidden wiring is that it is hidden away from human sight. Some obvious flaws and defects will be completely invisible under a layer of plaster. Wiring does not take up useful space, as is the case with an open view.
Numerous studies have shown that the best heat transfer is in a hidden type of gasket. The cost of materials for wiring and available tools is several times lower than the open method.
The entire complex of work takes place in the wall opening of the apartment, where recesses of the required diameter are drilled, which are called grooves. They laid the wiring, plastered it, hung wallpaper - it's done.
Scheme calculation
The electrical wiring diagram in a standard three-room apartment is based on determining the exact data on the number of sockets, switches, and cable length. Sketching the scheme “by eye” was not crowned with success, especially when it comes to 3 rooms.
The kitchen sockets deserve special attention in the apartment wiring diagram. There are most of them there, and many are designed to connect powerful devices. All of them must be grounded.
Many people make it a rule to deliberately increase the number of points and switches in a three-room apartment. At the same time, you are increasing your workload and increasing your financial costs.
If you plan to additionally use a number of devices and equipment, then calculate the correct amount of resistance according to Ohm’s law.
The list of “Rules for Electrical Installations” clearly describes the consumption of each device, its power, and other data. There is a special formula for correct calculation, but this is for ideal data.
In everyday life it will be enough to know the following numbers:
- hair dryer – 500 W;
- iron – 700;
- electric stove - 1300;
- toaster – 700;
- coffee maker – 900;
- heater – 1200;
- electric kettle – 1400;
- vacuum cleaner – 500;
- radio – 100;
- TV – 300;
- refrigerator – 500;
- oven – 1500;
- oven – 1700;
- computer – 500.
Having made basic calculations according to the formula, we get: a device with a power of 1100 W, a current in the cable of 1100/220 = 5.0 Amperes.
Before laying the wiring, you should strictly follow the standards and recommendations set out in the first paragraph of the “Rules for Electrical Installations”.
It says that the wire should be selected based on parameters such as insulation type, humidity level, and wall finishing material. Of course, these calculations were made for ideal conditions, which do not exist in life at all.
Construction organizations that carry out wiring installation work in apartments are always guided by the following rule. A copper cable can carry a current of 10A with a cross-section of 1mm, while an aluminum cable with the same cross-section can carry only 5A.
The type of wiring for a three-room apartment is usually chosen to be a combined one (“loop” and “star”). We can say that the connection of devices in the diagram will be parallel-serial. There are standard schemes that you can always use.
Further algorithm
The wiring diagram in a three-room apartment is based on the same Rules for Electrical Installations. All power group wiring lines must be looped to a switch of no more than 25 A.
For each lighting line, it will be enough to install a fuse - a 16 A toggle switch. It is strictly forbidden to power energy-intensive equipment on the same branch with lighting or a point.
A separate branch with a pre-installed fuse of the appropriate power threshold should always be thrown into the apartment.
If you do not plan to use powerful equipment, then installing two lines and pre-installing fuses will be enough.
Moreover, it should be powered like this: one group of wiring is looped only in the kitchen, hallway, and bathroom. The second group is exclusively rooms. Sometimes in a three-room apartment the rooms are also separated, for example, two and one.
It is strictly prohibited to install sockets in the bathroom without appropriate fuses. This room in the apartment represents a high level of danger and requires the necessary precautions.
Installation of machine blocks is carried out only in the corridor near the exit or on the staircase. You should not make the wire cross-section larger than indicated directly on the machine itself.
Installation process
Wiring grooves should be made only in the upper part of the walls, since the wiring runs along the upper part of the apartment.
But the wiring can be laid both on the floor under the screed and on the ceiling to hide the wires behind the suspended structure. For a three-room apartment, the last two options are an economical choice, since they allow you to reduce cable footage and simplify the work.
Distribution boxes are also located at the top, closer to the entrance to the apartment or room. This is based on the considerations that the switch is most often mounted near the door, at the entrance, and accordingly, it is also easier to pull the box through.
Apartment buildings contain multi-layer wiring. It is these layers that should be separated in the apartment by a layer of plaster to ensure the proper level of safety.
If a fire occurs, not the whole complex will be damaged, but only one channel, which greatly simplifies restoration work.
When carrying out any types of installation, follow the rule of simplicity and accessibility. Regardless of whether you are a master or an amateur, you should always be able to read the drawing and identify the source of the breakdown in the shortest possible time.
As a rule, electrical wiring in an apartment is done with your own hands during renovations and replacement of existing electrical equipment. Wiring can be installed by a person who has an understanding of the methods and types of electrical work, skills in working with materials and tools, and also understands electrical networks.
Design
The basic requirements for electrical wiring are presented in SNiP and PUE (electrical installation rules). Compliance with these standards is very important in apartments to ensure their fire safety.
So, before you install the wiring in the apartment with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with how it works. As a rule, the wiring diagram is standard, there is nothing complicated in it.
Essential elements
The most important element in an apartment wiring diagram is considered to be the indoor panel. It is to it that the electrical cable is directed from the main power switchboard, located on the landing, passing through the fuse along the way.
It is equipped with an electric meter, residual current devices and several circuit breakers. All these elements are assembled into a single unit and secured by means of a mounting rail and an auxiliary rail (one or more).
The number of internal power lines will depend on the number of rooms in the apartment. This is also affected by the power required to operate some devices. They may require an additional dedicated line. In most cases, there are two wires: “zero” and “phase”, in some cases a third is added - “grounding”.
Calculation
Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment can be done after certain calculations. They are produced in two main ways:
- According to the formula: P: U = I, where the current is directly proportional to the power and inversely proportional to the voltage in the network.
- This option is much simpler than the previous one. It is necessary to separately add up the electricity consumed by devices located on the same line. An additional 10% should be added to the resulting number.
Search channels
In a panel house, as a rule, the electrical wiring is hidden, namely hidden in a groove or behind drywall. Therefore, do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment should begin with a search for channels. First, let's find out what a channel in the walls is, intended for hidden wiring. In most cases, this is a tube made of polymer material, having a depth of approximately 30-50 mm, equipped with corrugation in places for leading out and rounding.
Location of sockets
In old Soviet apartments, electrical sockets were usually placed wherever needed. Sometimes at arm's length, and for others at a level of 1 meter from the floor surface.
Today, the correct location is considered to be 400 mm from the floor level. At first this may seem strange, but there is a logic to it: such sockets behind furniture are almost invisible, when connected they are closer to the target, you won’t accidentally touch them, and most importantly, such wiring in an apartment, made with your own hands, consumes much less cable. Perhaps the only caveat is that when connecting a vacuum cleaner or iron, you have to bend down rather than jump.
If you continue this logic, you can install an electrical outlet near the baseboard. In this case, the minimum height creates a danger of water entering when flooding or washing the floors. That is why, when installing new wiring in an apartment with your own hands, according to the standard, the sockets should be located at a height of 400 mm from the floor level.
Cable Laying Options
Installing electrical wiring in an apartment yourself is not an easy task. However, in this case you will be absolutely sure that everything was done correctly. There are three main ways to lay an electrical cable:
- Under plaster.
- In a plastic box.
Any of the listed options is considered correct, so the choice is yours. It is worth remembering that it is important to have an exact understanding of where the cable runs, otherwise any hammered nail can cause the TV to turn off (in the best case scenario), or in the worst case, an electric shock.
What is the best way to do the wiring?
Hidden wiring is carried out inside walls, under decorative trim or other decorative structural elements. Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment under drywall is considered the safest, since it is reliably protected from any mechanical damage. However, this installation option is the most labor-intensive and requires the ability to handle several tools simultaneously.
The combined installation of electrical wiring includes its installation in boxes and baseboards with a cable channel. This method simultaneously combines the advantages of closed and open gaskets - safety and aesthetic appearance.
Repair or replacement?
If you suddenly begin to smell the smell of burning plastic, notice sparks from the junction box, or the sockets become very hot during use, then it is time to find a design for the electrical wiring in your apartment and begin its immediate repair.
This phenomenon has many reasons, from standard physical wear and tear to simple obsolescence of the power supply system, due to the appearance of modern electrical appliances in your household.
The wiring of electrical wiring, the circuit of which has long outlived its usefulness, is carried out in several main stages:
- The first step is to figure out the number of changes required.
- Calculate the amount of material and equipment required for installation and carry out their subsequent purchase.
- Next, the premises are prepared by dismantling the old obsolete electrical wiring.
- Laying a new cable and then testing it for normal operation.
Another reason that may serve to repair old electrical wiring in an apartment is the lack of basic grounding. Of course, its absence is not critical, but it is necessary for the safe and proper operation of many modern electrical appliances.
Tools required for installation
If you decide that you should do the electrical wiring in your apartment yourself, then you should purchase a serviceable and reliable tool. In places where metal and body come into contact, the insulation must not be compromised. At a minimum you will need the following:
- Tester.
- Hammer.
- Wire cutters.
- Pliers.
- Screwdriver.
Installation materials
As soon as the schematic diagram of the electrical wiring is ready, the power of each individual branch has been calculated, it will be possible to begin purchasing the necessary material.
Try not to purchase too cheap products and cables with a reduced cross-section. So, in order to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands (photo below), you will need the following:
- Sockets and switches.
- Wires with copper cross-section.
- Installation boxes in the form of plastic cups.
- Additional insulation if necessary.
- Clips, if you plan to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands along the ceiling.
- Connecting terminals for cable.
Cabling
Once you have purchased all the necessary materials and equipment, you can proceed directly to installation.
- In an old apartment, you need to dismantle the old wiring.
- In pre-marked places, recesses are drilled for distribution boxes and socket boxes.
- Next, we cut a groove in the walls to all switches and sockets for subsequent laying of wires. We lay a cable of the appropriate cross-section in them and secure it with dowel nails.
- After which the grooves and holes must be puttied.
- Wires for the lighting system are laid in the voids of the slabs and on the ceiling.
- As soon as the do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment (diagrams below) is installed, all lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are installed.
Calculation of machine denomination
In order to correctly install the wiring, it is necessary to determine the ratings of the circuit breakers installed in the distribution board. To do this, you need to sum up the power of all devices that you plan to connect to it. Then convert kilowatts into watts, and then calculate the current strength using the formula: P: U = I.
There is the following line of machines: 6A, 10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, 32A, 40A, 50A and 63A. Thus, the denomination of the selected machine should be greater than the value you received.
Installation and connection of the electrical panel
Directly in the electrical panel, electricity is distributed into groups:
- For lighting.
- To the sockets.
- Other equipment.
The shield is fixed to the wall using dowels and nails, and then outgoing wiring and an incoming power cable are laid to it. After which the power cable must be cleaned. The external insulation is removed from it to the required length, then the cable is inserted into the switchboard, where it is connected to the input circuit breaker.
A bus is installed at the top of the electrical panel, to which the neutral wire is connected. In a similar way, a bus is mounted on the bottom bar, a wire is connected to it, which leads to protective grounding.
Conclusion
Thus, after going through all the stages - from purchasing the necessary equipment and materials, laying cables to installing and connecting the electrical panel - you will do the electrical wiring in the apartment with your own hands (the diagram is presented above).
The consistency, reliability, uninterrupted operation and continuity of operation of the electrical system as a whole directly depend on professional installation, the quality of components and materials, compliance with all rules and regulations, as well as the correctness and literacy of all related calculations. This is a very responsible and serious matter; if you have any doubts, it is better to entrust this work to specialists for whom everything related to electricity is a profession.
Hello Dear Reader! Electrical wiring diagrams in an apartment are the main documents for an electrician. Based on the wiring diagrams, all work on organizing the power supply of the apartment is carried out. All electrical installations in the apartment must be carried out in accordance with the wiring diagrams, which in turn are made in strict accordance with regulatory documents.
For electricians in the apartment, several different wiring diagrams are made. They all belong to the same type of circuit - electrical circuits, but differ in type. Each type of electrical circuit has its own information load and, accordingly, a different appearance.
Types of electrical wiring diagrams in an apartment
All electrical wiring diagrams display the main functional parts of the wiring (sockets, lamps, circuit breakers, RCDs, etc.) and the main relationships between them.
The main types of electrical wiring diagrams in an apartment include:
- Structural scheme;
- Functional diagram;
- Schematic diagram;
- Calculation scheme;
- Installation diagram (connections).
In the diagram below I have displayed the types of electrical circuits with small examples.
Let's look at each type of electrical circuit separately.
Structural diagram of the apartment's electrical wiring
The electrical wiring diagram is done first. It illustrates in the form of rectangles the relationships between the distribution board, the electrical input to the apartment and all the planned electrical appliances that will be installed in the apartment.
The graphical construction of a block diagram should display all electrical connections as completely as possible. It is advisable to display connections in a block diagram in the form of arrows. All elements of the circuit must be marked with their ratings: capacity, voltage, current. All this is needed for a functional electrical circuit of the apartment.
Functional (basic) diagram of the electrical wiring of the apartment
In this diagram, electrical connections between electrical wiring elements and the elements themselves are illustrated in the form of special symbols. See the picture below. Here I present an example of a functional diagram of the electrical wiring of an apartment with grounding and two RCDs (residual current devices)
Wiring diagram (Full schematic diagram) of the apartment's electrical wiring
This is the most comprehensive type of wiring diagram. This diagram identifies all electrical elements (sockets, lamps, etc.) and household devices (stove, jacuzzi, heated floor, air conditioners). The routing lines of all electrical wiring cables are accurately displayed. Location of junction boxes, connection buses at the inputs and outputs of electrical circuits. See below for an example of a wiring diagram.
Single-line design diagram of apartment wiring
A very important apartment wiring diagram. Calculation diagrams are being made for residential electrical panels. It indicates all the introductory circuit breakers, circuit breakers for individual groups of electrical wiring. They are depicted with special symbols. Also on the design diagram all consumers and electrical wiring cables are indicated.
All elements of the circuit are plotted with calculated nominal characteristics. For circuit breakers, the operating current is indicated in Amperes. For cables, the number of cores, their cross-section and brand are indicated. For example: VVGng 3x2.5 cable means a cable with three copper cores in vinyl insulation with a core cross-section of 2.5 square millimeters, and the insulation is NG-non-flammable. Read a separate article on the website about electrical cables and their markings.
Based on the design diagram, materials are purchased to perform electrical work. Also, according to the design diagram, the electrical wiring of the apartment is divided into groups.
According to the design diagram, any electrician can assemble an electrical apartment panel and therefore the following type of electrical diagram is usually not included in apartment electrical projects. This is a wiring diagram or wiring diagram.
Installation diagram (connection diagram) of electrical wiring in the apartment
The wiring diagram illustrates all electrical connections in the apartment.
It is done in the form of a detailed table indicating from which device and where the cable goes, to which terminal it is connected and what characteristics it has. For electrical projects of apartments, wiring diagrams are rarely made. Basically, wiring diagrams are made for industrial enterprises with large distribution boards, as well as for the main distribution board (MSB) of residential buildings.
Normative references
- GOST 2.701, Types and types of circuits
- PUE (Rules for Electrical Installations) ed.7
- GOST 2.702-75, Rules for the execution of electrical circuits
Other wiring diagrams and electrical projects
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- Electrical project of a private two-story house, #1 (36 sheets). PDF,DWG,Jpeg
October 2012
