Planets that can be observed at opposition. Which planets are visible from earth. Sidereal and synodic periods of planetary revolution
Item: Astronomy.
Class: 10 -11
Teacher: Elakova Galina Vladimirovna.
Place of work: MBOU "Secondary School No. 7" Kanash, Chuvash Republic
Test on the topic: “The apparent motion of the planets.”
Test thematic control can be carried out orally or in writing, frontally or in groups with different levels of training. Such a check is time-saving and provides an individual approach.
This test allows you to quickly and objectively assess the level of students’ preparation, identify common mistakes and identify gaps in knowledge. The test contains 10 questions, each question has multiple answers, from which students must choose the correct one. Taking into account the heterogeneity of the class and the individual abilities of the students, the teacher can offer some tasks selectively. During the school year, a student can move from one level of difficulty to another, higher one. The test is designed to be completed within 10-15 minutes. When completing test tasks, students must use the applications given in the textbook and take from the tables the quantities needed to solve problems. The tasks and assignments contained in the test papers are aimed at developing the skills required by the program, as well as monitoring the degree of their development and the level of knowledge of students on the main issues of the astronomy course. Students' knowledge can be assessed based on the test results using the following scale:
A score of “5” is given if the number of correct answers is from 8 to 10;
rating “4” - from 6 to 7 tasks;
score “3” - from 4-5 tasks.
Tasks 9 - 10 are designed for strong students and for preparing for Olympiads in astronomy.
OptionI :
1. What planets can be observed at opposition? Which ones can't?
A) The outer planets can. Internal ones (Venus and Mercury) cannot.
B) The outer planets cannot. Internal ones (Venus and Mercury) can.
C) Both inner and outer planets can.
2. In what configuration and why is it most convenient to observe Mars?
A) Mars can be best observed near elongations.
B) At opposition, since at this time it is closest to the Earth, the entire illuminated hemisphere is turned towards it, and is visible all night.
C) With eastern elongation, Mars is visible in the west shortly after sunset, with western elongation - in the east shortly before sunrise.
3. In which configuration can there be both inner and outer planets?
A) Jupiter and Saturn.
B) All planets can be in inferior conjunction.
C) All planets can be in superior conjunction.
4. What causes changes in the right ascension and declination of the Sun throughout the year?
A) The change in right ascension occurs due to the annual revolution of the Earth, and the change in declination occurs due to the inclination of its axis of rotation.
B) The change in right ascension occurs due to the daily rotation of the Earth, and the change in declination occurs due to the inclination of its axis of rotation.
B) There is no correct answer.
5. The planet is located in the constellation Capricorn. Explain, can an observer located at the North Pole of the Earth see it?
A) Yes, since the constellation Capricorn is entirely located in the northern hemisphere of the starry sky.
B) No, since the constellation Capricorn is entirely located in the southern hemisphere of the starry sky.
C) No, since the constellation Capricorn is non-setting for all latitudes.
6. If you imagine yourself at the north pole of the Sun, then in which direction will the planets rotate around it - clockwise or counterclockwise?
A) Counterclockwise.
B) In the direction of movement clockwise.
7. Mars in 1959 passed directly through the constellations Scorpio, Virgo, Leo, Cancer, Gemini, Taurus, Aries. In which direction was he moving - from Scorpio to Aries or from Aries to Scorpio?
A) From Scorpio to Aries.
B) From Aries to Scorpio.
8. How often are the oppositions of Mars repeated, whose sidereal period
1.9 years?
A) 12 years old.
B) 1 year.
B) 2.1 years.
9. What is the sidereal period of Jupiter’s revolution if its synodic period is 400 days?
A) 11.4 years
B) 2.1 years
B) 3 years.
10. Determine whether the center of mass of the Solar System is inside or outside the Sun, neglecting the masses of all planets except Jupiter. The mass of the Sun is 1050 times the mass of Jupiter. It is known that the diameter of the Sun is 108 times less than the distance from the Sun and the Earth, and the distance from the Sun to Jupiter is 5.2 times greater than the distance from the Sun and the Earth (5.2 AU). The distance from the Sun to the Earth is 147,100,000 km.
OptionII :
1. Which planets cannot be in inferior conjunction?
A) Inner planets (all except Venus and Mercury) cannot be in inferior conjunction.
B) The outer planets (all except Venus and Mercury) cannot be in inferior conjunction.
C) All planets cannot be in inferior conjunction.
2. What planets can be in superior conjunction?
A) Only the outer planets (all except Venus and Mercury) cannot be in superior conjunction.
B) Only the outer planets (all except Venus and Mercury) can be in superior conjunction.
C) All planets cannot be in superior conjunction.
3. What planets can be seen with the Moon during a full moon?
A) Near the full Moon, i.e. at opposition, only the outer planets may be visible.
B) Near the full Moon, i.e. at opposition, only the inner planets can be visible.
B) Saturn, Jupiter, Venus.
4. Where on the globe is day equal to night all year round? Why?
A) At the earth’s equator, since here the daily path of the Sun is always divided exactly in half by the horizon.
B) At the north pole, since the Sun is always at its zenith there.
B) Beyond the polar circles, where all the stars rise and set at the same time.
5. After what period of time do the moments of maximum distance of Venus from the Earth repeat if its sidereal period is 225 days?
A) 500 days.
B) 587 days.
B) 225 days.
6. The inner planets - Mercury and Venus - have phases, are they observed in the outer planets?
A) The outer planets do not have phases.
B) Of the outer planets, phases are noticeable only on Mars.
C) All outer planets have phases.
7. What is the sidereal period of Venus’ revolution around the Sun if its superior conjunctions with the Sun are repeated every 1.6 years?
A) 2 years
B) 1.5 years
B) 0.61 years (or 223 days).
8. A year on Mercury lasts 88 Earth days, and the period of revolution around its axis is 58.7 Earth days (the directions of rotation are the same). Find the length of a solar day on Mercury .
F) 75 days.
B) 176 days.
B) 200 days
9.Here are two excerpts from one story about Mars: “Vovka searched the sky with his eyes. The soft green beauty Venus immediately came into view. And here he is, an old friend - Mars. Today it is especially red. And as always on the spot...” “Over the peacefully sleeping cities, villages...as always, in place, hung flaming Mars, a symbol of war.” What is true in these descriptions and what is contrary to reality?
A) Mars does not have a permanent place in the sky and is not a star. Venus is occasionally greenish in color.
B) Mars does not have a permanent place in the sky and is not a star.
C) Mars does not have a permanent place in the sky and is not a star. Venus is never greenish in color.
10. It is common knowledge that the inner planets cannot be observed at midnight. Why?
Answers:
OptionI : 1 –A; 2 – B; 3 - B; 4 - A; 5 B; 6 – A; 7 – B; 8 – B; 9-A
OptionII : 1 – B; 2 – B; 3 – A; 4 – A; 5 B; 6 – B; 7 – B; 8 – B; 9 – A.
Note:
OptionI :
Solution to problem No. 8:
We need to find the synodic period of this (upper) planet. To do this, we use the formula = 
- 
or S= 
= 
= 2.1 years.
Solution to problem No. 9:
T= 
= 
days = 11.4 years.
Solution to problem No. 10: If we neglect all the planets except Jupiter, then the center of mass of the Solar system is the center of mass of the Sun-Jupiter system, which is located at a distance from the center of the Sun
The radius of the Sun is slightly less than 700 thousand kilometers. It can be seen that, within the framework of the assumptions made in the condition, the center of mass of the Solar system is located outside the Sun, although close to its surface.
OptionII :
Solution to problem No. 5: After a period of time, called the synodic period, all planetary configurations are repeated, including this one - the superior conjunction:
S = T T 3 /T 3 At midnight, the Sun is 90º from the horizon, and Mercury and Venus are not more than 28º and 48º from the Sun. Therefore, at midnight they should be in the daytime half of the sky.
Literature:
1. B.A. Vorontsov - Vilyaminov, E.K. Strout; "Astronomy", Publishing House "Drofa".
2. Levitan E.P., 2Astronomy”, M.: “Enlightenment”, 1994.
3. Malakhova G.I., Strout E.K., “Didactic material on astronomy”, M.: “Prosveshchenie”, 1989.
4. Moshe D.: “Astronomy”: Book. for students. Translation from English/Ed. A.A. Gurshtein. – M.: Enlightenment.
5. Orlov V.F. “300 questions on astronomy”; M.: Publishing house "Prosveshcheniye", 1967.
6. Perelman Ya.I.; “Entertaining astronomy”, D.: VAP, 1994.
The peak of the great opposition of the Red Planet occurs on July 27, when Mars will be closest to Earth.
Sputnik Georgia will tell you what kind of phenomenon the great opposition of Mars is and what significance it has in astrology.
The Great Opposition of Mars
The maximum approach of two celestial objects, when their centers are on the same straight line, and the Earth is between the planet and the Sun, is called opposition in astronomy.
In opposition, the planet crosses the celestial meridian at midnight, is located closest to the globe and has maximum brilliance - the angular dimensions of the planet in the sky at this time are the largest in the year, and night visibility lasts as long as possible.
Mars, which in ancient times was named after the ancient Roman god of war for its blood-red color, is the fourth planet from the Sun. Mars completes a revolution around the celestial body in 687 days.
The distance between Mars and Earth is constantly changing. The average distance between the planets is 225 million kilometers.
When the Earth is between Mars and the Sun, the planets are at a minimum distance from each other. The distance between the planets during this period ranges from 55 to 100 million kilometers.
The distance reaches its maximum value when the Sun is between Mars and Earth. The planets at this time are at the most distant points of their orbits, and the distance between them increases to 400 million kilometers.
Oppositions are called great when Mars and Earth come closer to a distance of less than 60 million kilometers - they happen every 15-17 years.
© photo: Sputnik /
The last Great Opposition of Mars was observed by earthlings on August 27, 2003, and the next one on July 27, 2018. At this time, Mars will approach the Earth at 58 million kilometers.
Opposition of Mars in astrology
The Great Opposition of Mars is an interesting event for astronomers, but from an astrological point of view, such a convergence has a negative impact on the Earth and its inhabitants. And the closer Mars gets to our planet, the stronger its negative influence.
The Red Planet, in astrology, is the planet of action, war and aggression, therefore, during the period of opposition of Mars on Earth, the number of terrorist attacks, conflicts, major accidents, various kinds of epidemics and environmental man-made disasters increases on a global scale.
All the most negative trends appear at this time - the closure of enterprises, layoffs from work, misunderstanding on the part of different states to each other, injuries, accidents, exacerbation of chronic diseases, and so on.
The likelihood especially increases during great opposition - people become more nervous and hot-tempered, so astrologers recommend restraining their emotions, trying to avoid conflict situations and not getting into quarrels. The dangerous situation in 2018 will last until the end of August - beginning of September.
During the period of the great opposition of Mars, astrologers do not advise making important decisions and starting new things. These days, especially July 27, you need to be as careful as possible - refrain from any sudden actions, aggression and adventures, so as not to lose control of the situation.
For example, during the great opposition of Mars, energy increases in energetic people, which they do not know what to do with and can throw it out through aggressiveness.
Fire signs - Aries, Leo, Sagittarius become more aggressive during the period of opposition of Mars. Aggression during this period will also increase in Scorpio, and the red planet has less impact on other signs.
At the same time, low-energy people will feel better. Mars adds energy to them, and they become more active and noticeable.
According to astrologers, people should pay more attention to their own health during the days of the great confrontation. This primarily applies to those who have a weak nervous or cardiovascular system. These people become more conflicted, more irritable, without understanding what is happening to them.
Astrologers recommend going through this period of time as calmly as possible - rest and relax as much as possible, show maximum patience in any situation, do not rush to conclusions, control your statements, monitor your own health in order to get through this difficult period without serious losses.
The material was prepared based on open sources
Visible from Earth in directions opposite to the Sun. Oppositions of planets are possible only for the so-called. the upper planets - Mars, Jupiter, etc. During the opposition of the planets, the retrograde motion of the planets is observed (due to their lower angular velocity relative to the Sun than that of the Earth).
. 2000 .
See what “OPPOSITIONS OF THE PLANETS” are in other dictionaries:
Oppositions of the planets, the positions of the planets in which they are visible from the Earth in directions opposite to the Sun. Oppositions of planets are possible only for the so-called. the upper planets of Mars, Jupiter, etc. During the opposition of the planets, retrogression is observed... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The positions of the planets as they appear from the Earth in directions opposite to the Sun. Possible only for the upper planets. With P. p., their backward movement is observed... Astronomical Dictionary
Same as opposition of planets. * * * OPPOSITION OF PLANETS OPPOSITION OF PLANETS, the same as oppositions of planets (see OPPOSITIONS OF PLANETS) ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Same as planetary oppositions... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The movement of planets relative to the stars, visible from Earth, in the direction from east to west, opposite to the direction of their revolution around the Sun. The retrograde motion of planets is a consequence of the movement of the planet and the Earth in their orbits. Observed near the upper planets... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The apparent movement of planets in the direction from east to west, opposite to the direction of their revolution around the Sun. The retrograde motion of planets is a consequence of the movement of the planet and the Earth in their orbits. Observed near the opposition of the planet for the upper... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The movement of planets relative to the stars, visible from Earth, from east to west, that is, in the direction opposite to the direction of revolution of the planets around the sun. Reason P. d. and. lies in the fact that an earthly observer moving in space... ...
The movement of planets relative to stars, visible from Earth, in the direction from east to east, opposite to the direction of their revolution around the Sun. P. d. p. is a consequence of the movement of the planet and the Earth in their orbits. Observed at the top. planets near opposition and at... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
The movement of planets relative to the stars, visible from Earth, occurring from west to east, that is, in the direction of their actual revolution around the Sun. The upper planets near opposition and the lower ones near inferior conjunction from the Earth appear... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
In astronomy, the characteristic positions of the planets, the Moon and other bodies of the solar system relative to the Earth and the Sun. For the so-called inferior planets (Mercury and Venus), superior and inferior planetary conjunctions, eastern and western elongations are distinguished; For… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Observation Instructions
Let us first consider the beautiful and beautiful Venus. For us, it is the third brightest object in the solar system. The first two are the Sun and the Moon. Venus was seen by every person who raised his eyes to the sky at least in the morning or evening. It is the only star that can be observed during dawn; in this light, the others are not visible to our eyes. Sometimes, depending on the weather, it can be observed during the daytime in moderate weather. This happens more often during late spring and early summer, it is necessary that the sun shines brightly and at this time of year Venus is much higher above the horizon than at other times of the year.
The mysterious Mars is also clearly visible in the sky, but it also needs to be observed during times of “confrontation.” At this time, its apparent size increases several times at once. Once every 17 years, the closest approach occurs, and then observing this star is considered ideal. Also, when searching for it in the sky, there must be good weather; this planet is constantly moving across the night sky. Its color has red and orange shades. The next planet is apparently considered to be the huge Jupiter. It is less visible than Venus, but is also clearly visible. Jupiter is bright yellow in color and is clearly visible during times of “opposition,” when the star comes as close as possible to Earth. Then the planet appears almost immediately with the onset of night, sometimes this is possible at dusk. It is at this time that you should observe Jupiter; Venus is no longer visible at this time of day. When it is already deep night, Jupiter is on the south side, high in the sky. If you know the planet itself, it is difficult to confuse it with an ordinary star; Jupiter stands out from the others with its size and bright yellow color.
Mercury is the closest to our Earth, but it is small and therefore not as visible as the stars described above. But it can still be easily observed because it is bright. This can not be done as often as we would like, since Mercury is too close to our Sun. Which hides the planet with its rays, so you need to take time to observe this planet. This must be done when Mercury is very far from the bright star. In autumn it can be observed during sunrise, and in spring 30 minutes after sunset.
Saturn also needs to be studied at times of maximum approach; it is sometimes even more noticeable than all previous ones. This is due to its peculiar rings formed; they reflect the light that comes from our Sun. From Earth, this star looks like a white luminous point.
