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Scientific vocabulary example words. Topic: Scientific style of speech. Morphological characteristics of the scientific style of speech

Since the leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, almost every lexical unit in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Special concepts of the scientific sphere of communication are accurately and unambiguously named and their content is revealed by special lexical units - terms. Term- this is a word or phrase that denotes the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and is an element of a certain system of terms.

Within this system, the term tends to be unambiguous, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Here are examples of terms: atrophy, numerical methods of algebra, range, zenith, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase, low temperatures, cermets. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are conventional language of science.

The term is the main lexical and conceptual unit of the scientific sphere of human activity. In quantitative terms, in scientific style texts, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclatural names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.); on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-20 percent of the total vocabulary of a given style. In the given fragment of popular science text, the terms are highlighted in a special font, which allows us to see their quantitative advantage compared to other lexical units: By that time, physicists already knew that emanation- This radioactive chemical element of group zero of the periodic table, that is - inert gas; serial number his is 85, and mass number longest living isotope - 222.

Terms, as the main lexical components of the scientific style of speech, as well as other words in a scientific text, are characterized by use in one, specific, definite meaning. If a word is ambiguous, then it is used in a scientific style in one, less often - in two meanings, which are terminological: strength, size, body, sour, movement, solid (Strength is a vector quantity and at each moment of time is characterized by a numerical value. This chapter contains information about the main poetic meters.). The generality and abstractness of presentation in a scientific style at the lexical level is realized in the use of a large number of lexical units with an abstract meaning (abstract vocabulary). “Scientific language coincides with conceptual-logical language, ... conceptual language appears as more abstract” (Bally S. French stylistics. M., 1961, pp. 144, 248).

O.D. Mitrofanova in her work “The Language of Scientific and Technical Literature” (M.: MSU, 1973, pp. 30, 31) notes the monotony and homogeneity of the vocabulary of the scientific style, which leads to an increase in the volume of scientific text due to repeated repetition of the same words. Thus, according to her data, in chemistry texts with a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms: solar plexus, right angle, inclined plane, voiceless consonants, participial phrase, complex sentence, as well as various kinds of clichés: consists of ..., represents ..., consists of ..., is used for...etc.

The main features of the scientific style of speech

The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logic of presentation .

Any coherent statement must have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.

Adverbs also indicate the sequence of thought development: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: since, because, so that, therefore. The predominance of the conjunction emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.

Another typical feature of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. .

Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, and the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In scientific style, repetition of keywords is considered the norm.

Distraction And generality necessarily permeate every scientific text.

Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. Such texts often contain words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, and drawings are often used.

It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here acts to denote general concepts .

For example: The philologist must carefully, that is, a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e. not a single object, but a tree species - a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, a word is not a term; it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image (comparison, personification, etc.).

The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.

Compare:

The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural form of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, meaning.

Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.

Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicateь and others do not denote movement itself, etc., but something else, abstract:

In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often deprived of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.

Present tense verbs also do not always receive the meaning of concreteness: regularly used; always indicate. Imperfective forms are widely used.

Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of 1st and 3rd person pronouns, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.

However, the generality and abstractness of texts in the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.

The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logic of presentation, and its persuasiveness. Most often, figurative means are used in popular science literature.

Do not mix terms that are established in science and formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pestle, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - base (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations are stalled etc.).

To enhance expressiveness in scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :

1) intensifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;

2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;

3) “problematic” questions: In fact, what kind of bodies does the cell find in the environment?, what is the reason for this?

Objectivity- another sign of a scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.

And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective and reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinite personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely personal ( let's look at the problem....).

In the scientific style of speech, several substyles or varieties can be distinguished:

a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, accurate; he writes dissertations, monographs, articles in scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;

b) popular science (scientific journalistic) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public speeches on radio and television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists before a mass audience;

c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals).

Lexical features of scientific style of speech

The main purpose of a scientific text and its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain them, and for this we need, first of all, nouns.

The most common features of scientific style vocabulary are:

a) the use of words in their literal meaning;

b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;

c) widespread use of abstract vocabulary and terms.

In scientific speech there are three layers of words:

The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. commonly used in different styles.

For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; goes, happens etc.;

General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.

For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.

This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of various sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; center of the circle.

Terms of any science, i.e. highly specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.

Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

Verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used in scientific texts. They are often used in literary texts.

Verbs in the present tense with a “timeless” meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashes down - splashdown, rewinds - rewinding; and vice versa: fill - fills.

Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, which is why they are often used in scientific texts.

There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms and have a precise, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text, there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.

In scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.

To identify these features, let's do a little research.

Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech

Typical for scientific speech are:

a) special revolutions like: according to Mendeleev, from experience;

c) use of words: given, known, appropriate as a means of communication;

d) use of a chain of genitive cases: Establishing the dependence of the wavelength of X-rays of an atom.(Kapitsa.)

In scientific speech, more than in other styles, complex sentences are used, especially complex sentences.

Compounds with explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, one or another pattern.

Words as is known, scientists believe, it is clear etc. indicate when referring to a source, to any facts or provisions.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of real phenomena. In these sentences they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, because, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, for).

In scientific speech, comparisons help to deeper reveal the essence of a phenomenon, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture, the words depicted by the artist.

Frequent use of participial and participial phrases.

Using expressive means

The generality and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative language to highlight the most important semantic points and to convince the audience.

Comparison - one of the forms of logical thinking.

Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.

Expanded comparison

...In the history of new Russia we are greeted with an “excess” of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it entirely in the research system, since then we will get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Let's imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family affairs at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians choose the sound that interests them, we must select those facts that are needed to illuminate the chosen topic - the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilev. From Rus' to Russia).

Figurative comparison

Human society is like a turbulent sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and never silent...

Problematic issues

The first question that confronts us is: What kind of science is sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main departments of this discipline?

(P. Sorokin. General sociology)

Limitations on the use of language in a scientific style

– Inadmissibility of extraliterary vocabulary.

– There are practically no 2nd person forms of verbs and pronouns you, you.

– Limited use of incomplete sentences.

– The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.

All of the above can be presented in a table

Features of the scientific style of speech

Example of scientific style

Spelling reform 1918 brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., abolished a whole series of traditional, rather than phonemic, orthograms). The approach of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in the other direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling...

However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic tendencies. Only those orthographic features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system...

At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.

In the Russian language the most important component vocabulary are terms(from Latin terminus - border, limit) , i.e. words (or phrases) denoting logically formulated concepts and thereby carrying large amounts of logical information. Terms are characterized by a strictly defined meaning. The role of terminological vocabulary in the general lexical system of the language is increasing. Each branch of science has its own terminology, combined into one terminology system (medical, mathematical, physical, philosophical, linguistic, etc. terminology). The lexical meaning of the term corresponds to the concept developed in this field of science. Terms that are part of several terminological systems are used in a specific text in one meaning, characteristic of a particular terminological system. For example:

Reaction -

• 1. Biol. Response to external and internal irritation.
• 2. Chem. Interaction between two or more substances(Dictionary of the Russian language).

The scientific and technological revolution causes a restructuring of the conceptual apparatus of many sciences and the emergence of new scientific branches, which gives rise to new terminological systems and introduces significant changes to existing ones. In developed languages, about 90% of the vocabulary consists of scientific and technical terms. However, in each narrow branch of science and technology the number of special terms does not exceed 10-15%, and in a narrow branch - 150-200 units. A significant part of the vocabulary of scientific speech consists of words of general scientific use, which are used in different branches of knowledge: value, function, quantity, quality, property, value, element, experiment, process, set, part, time, result, consequence, condition, cause, relationship, analysis, synthesis, proof, system, based, absorb, accelerate, minimal, universal etc. Such words are assigned to strictly defined concepts and are of a terminological nature. One of the features of the use of general scientific words is their repetition in a scientific text. Thus, in works on theoretical mechanics, physics, and mathematics, the most common verbs are: be, have, find, receive, designate, define, should, be called, consider, require, represent, be etc. Repetition of the same words in artistic speech is considered a defect, but in scientific speech it is a pattern, a stylistic sign.

In scientific style it is used and abstract vocabulary. Let's give an example from a scientific article by S.P. Obnorsky: “The Russian language is the great language of the great Russian people. Language is an essential component in the concept of a nation. It serves as the main instrument of culture, the main factor in the spiritual development of the nation, its creativity, and national self-awareness. It is in the language that is fully imprinted - and, moreover, in the understanding of the people themselves - all the stages of the history of this people from the most distant times, all the steps along which the movement of its culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of a people, the intensive development of its culture is the key to the rich and powerful development of the language of a given people. This is precisely the Russian language. In its strength and wealth, the duration of the historical process the people went through and the intensity of the cultural development of the Russian nation throughout the entire course of its history were expressed.”

This text contains many abstract nouns: factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, movement, expression, duration, intensity, flow etc., used in a direct (nominative) meaning.

Play a big role internationalisms, i.e. words that are found in a number of languages ​​and have, to one degree or another, phonetic, grammatical and semantic similarity. Some scientific texts consist of almost 50% internationalisms. Let us give examples of internationalisms (their Ukrainian parallels are given in parentheses): agitate (agituvati), retrospectively (retrospectively), speedometer (speedometer), phenomenon (phenomenon), expression (ekpresiya), container (container), design (construction) etc. Full semantic correspondence is inherent in such Russian-Ukrainian parallels as analogue - analog, system - system and etc.

Common words in the style under consideration are used in their nominative meaning, which makes it possible to objectively indicate the essence of a concept or phenomenon. However, in a specific scientific text they can change their semantics. For example, the word assume in mathematical texts it means “to count, to assume”:

Let us assume that these triangles are congruent.

Now let’s compare the vocabulary of the scientific style of the Ukrainian language. It consists of three layers:

• 1) commonly used (neutral),
• 2) general scientific terminology (vocabulary),
• 3) special (industry) terminology.

Common vocabulary is used in a scientific style, as a rule, only in the literal sense, which makes it possible to objectively indicate the essence of a concept or phenomenon. Therefore, if a word is polysemantic, in the scientific style it is used in only one meaning (less often two). For example, the verb see in Ukrainian has 4 meanings:

• 1) perceived by the organs of vision ( I see a field of wheat in front of me);
• 2) realize, understand ( I see that the task is too difficult for you);
• 3) have vision ( After the operation the patient began to see);
• 4) consider, recognize someone as someone ( You still see me as a student, but I am already an independent researcher). In the scientific style, only two of the given meanings are used - the first and second.

The desire for generalization, the abstract nature of the presentation, is manifested in the fact that in the scientific style abstract vocabulary prevails over concrete.

The second significant layer of scientific language is general scientific (terminology) vocabulary. This is already a direct part of the language of science, that is, the language for describing scientific objects, phenomena and processes in various branches of science and technology. General scientific terms express categories and concepts that are used in all branches of scientific knowledge; they are called logical and philosophical categories associated with the process of cognition. For example: system, element, structure, function, model, paradigm, program, method, factor, analysis, synthesis, operation, question, task, phenomenon, process, based, result, aspect, stage, nature, range, fact, relevance, value and etc.

The third layer of scientific style vocabulary is terminology.

Term is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content.

Terminological vocabulary is also divided into general scientific terminology and highly specialized or industry terminology. Highly specialized (industry) terms, in contrast to general scientific ones, name objects and phenomena, concepts and categories specific to each branch of knowledge. Each branch of science has its own terms: medical, legal, philological, technical, mathematical, physical, economic, and the like. The set of terms of a certain field of science and production constitutes the terminology of the industry. For example, in economic terminology the following terms belong: loan, expenses, technical - power, elasticity, strength, pressure, speed and so on.

The specific content of the concept designated by the term becomes clear only thanks to the definition - a laconic logical definition that marks the essential features of the subject or the meaning of the concept. For example: a dividend is part of the profit of a joint stock company, which is distributed annually (or at other intervals) among shareholders in accordance with the number and type of shares in their possession.

Due to the fact that the term denotes a strict scientific concept, it is included in the system of concepts of the science to which it belongs. And often the systematicity of terms is formalized by linguistic and word-forming means. So, in medical terminology, using the suffix - it denote inflammatory processes in human organs, for example: appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix; bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi. Wed. Also dermatitis, sinusitis, radiculitis, tracheitis etc. The existence of a term in the system is also an important feature of it.

A term can be truly understood and mastered only in a system, in connection with other terms in a given field of science and technology. The terminological system distinguishes between terms denoting generic and specific concepts. Let's take for example the term metalworking production - Workbench. If we accept it as a generic concept, then the specific terms will be those denoting parts, components of the workbench.

The same word can be used as a term in different fields of science, but in different terminological systems it will have different meanings. For example, the word reaction as a term can be used primarily in chemistry, as well as in physiology, and in history. In chemistry, it refers to the interaction between substances. In physiology - a response to irritation. In the historical text - the policy of harsh suppression of social progress. Now let's give an example of using this word in a phrase: chemical reaction, child's reaction to antibiotics, chain reaction, political reaction etc. Terms should be distinguished from their commonly used homonyms. So, for example, the word finger can be a commonly used term (a finger) and a term (a machine part that serves as the axis of rotation of the mechanism); apron(type of clothing) in the meaning of the term - an integral part of a screw-cutting machine.

Terms, like other words, are formed: a) using prefixes, b) using suffixes, c) suffix-prefix method, d) adding roots and stems. Widely used prefixes:

• - anti-(antibodies, anti-crime),
• - bi-(bicolor, bipolar),
• - quasi-(quasi-quantitative),
• - above-(supernova), etc.;
• - suffixes - ist(impressionist),
• - -ness(oil and gas content, lake content),
• - -ism(mysticism, symbolism),
• - -from-a(longitude),
• - -m-a(morpheme),
• - -none(cloning), etc.

One of the very productive ways of forming terms is compounding (even parts designated by special symbols can be used: Fe - core, oil and gas content).

It is customary to distinguish five main styles of speech. Each of them is characteristic of certain segments of the population and types of journalism. The scientific style of speech is considered the most difficult to understand. The reason for this is the large number of specialized terms included in the text.

General concepts

Scientific language is a means of communication in educational, research and professional analytical activities. For one reason or another, every person without exception has encountered this style of writing texts in real life. Many people understand scientific language better orally.

Today, mastering the norms of this style is one of the most important components of Russian culture. Scientific speech is often classified as a literary (book) language. The reason for this is such operating conditions and stylistic features as the monologue character, the desire to normalize terminology, thinking about each statement and a strict list of means of expression.

History of the style

Scientific speech appeared thanks to the rapid development of various fields of knowledge in new narrow-profile areas of life. Initially, this style of presentation could be compared to artistic storytelling. However, during the Alexandrian period, the scientific language gradually separated from the literary one. In those days, the Greeks often used special terminology that ordinary people simply could not perceive properly. Also during this period, signs of a scientific style began to emerge.

The initial specialized terminology was only in Latin. However, soon scientists from all over the world began to translate it into their languages. Nevertheless, Latin remains the international way of transmitting scientific information to this day. During the Renaissance, many professors strived for accuracy and conciseness in writing texts in order to move away as much as possible from the artistic elements of presentation, since literary emotionality contradicted the canons of the logical representation of things.

The “liberation” of the scientific style proceeded extremely slowly. An example is Descartes’ impartial statements regarding the works of Galileo, that his texts are too fictionalized. This opinion was shared by Kepler, believing that the Italian physicist unjustifiably often resorted to an artistic description of the nature of things. Over time, Newton's works became a model of the style.

The Russian scientific language began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, authors of specialized publications and translators began to create their own terminology. In the mid-18th century, Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, gave impetus to the formation of a scientific style. Many masters relied on the works of the Russian naturalist, but the terminology was finally put together only at the end of the 19th century.

Types of scientific style

Currently there are 2 classifications: traditional and extended. According to modern standards of the Russian language, there are 4 types of scientific style. Each of them has its own specifics and requirements.

Traditional classification:

1. Popular science text. Its addressee is an audience that does not have special skills and knowledge in a certain area. A popular science text retains most of the terms and clarity of presentation, but its nature is significantly simplified for perception. Also in this style it is allowed to use emotional and expressive forms of speech. Its task is to familiarize the general public with certain facts and phenomena. It is not for nothing that a subtype of style appeared in the late 1980s - It minimizes the use of special terms and numbers, and their presence has a detailed explanation.

The popular science style is characterized by the following features: comparisons with everyday objects, ease of reading and perception, simplifications, narration of particular phenomena without classification and general overview. Presentations of this type are most often published in books, magazines, and children's encyclopedias.

2. Educational and scientific text. The recipient of such work is students. The purpose of the message is to familiarize yourself with the facts necessary to perceive certain material. The information is presented in general terms with a large number of typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terminology, strict classification and smooth transitions from review to particular cases. Works are published in educational and methodological manuals.

3. The actual scientific text. Here the addressees are experts in the field and scientists. The purpose of the work is to describe specific facts, discoveries and patterns. The scientific style, examples of which can be found in dissertations, reports and reviews, allows the use of not only terminology, but also personal, unemotional conclusions.

4. Technical and scientific text. Works of this type of style are addressed to specialists of a narrow profile. The goal is to apply knowledge and achievements in practice.

The expanded classification, in addition to the above types, also includes informational and reference scientific texts.

Basics of Scientific Style

The variability of the types of this language is based on common linguistic properties that manifest themselves regardless of the field (humanitarian, exact, natural) and genre differences.

The scope of the scientific style of communication is significantly different in that its goal is an unambiguous logical expression of thought. The primary form of such a language will be concepts, inferences, and dynamic judgments that appear in strict sequence. Scientific speech should always be filled with arguments that would emphasize the logic of thinking. All judgments are based on the synthesis and analysis of available information.

Signs of the scientific style of the text take on an abstracted and generalized character. Common extra-linguistic features and properties of speech are:

Language characteristics

The scientific style finds its expression and consistency in certain units of speech. Its linguistic characteristics can be of 3 types:

1. Lexical units. Determine the functional and stylistic coloring of the text. They have special morphological forms and syntactic structures.
2. Stylistic units. Responsible for the neutral functional load of the text. Thus, their quantitative predominance in the report becomes the determining factor. Individually marked units occur as morphological forms. Less commonly, they may acquire syntactic structures.
3. Interstyle units. They are also called neutral language elements. Used in all styles of speech. They occupy the largest part of the text.

Scientific style and its characteristics

Each form and type of speech has its own indicative properties. The main features of the scientific style: lexical, linguistic and syntactic.

The first type of properties includes the use of specialized phraseology and terminology. Lexical features of the scientific style of speech are most often found in words with a specific meaning. Examples: “body” is a term from physics, “acid” is from chemistry, etc. Also inherent in these features is the use of generalizing words such as “usually”, “usually”, “regularly”. Expressive and should not be used. On the other hand, cliche phrases, various drawings and symbols are allowed. In this case, there must be links to sources of information. It is important that the speech is filled with narration in the third person without frequent use of synonyms. Lexical features of the scientific style - 6th grade in secondary school, so speech should be conducted in popular language. Narrow-profile terminology is not common.

Linguistic features of the scientific style of the text must meet such requirements as objectivity and unemotionality. It is important that all phrases and concepts are unambiguous.

Syntactic features of the scientific style: the use of the pronoun “we” in a special sense, the predominance of complex sentence structures, the use of compound predicates. Information is presented in an impersonal form with a standard word order. Explanatory, passive and sentences are actively used.

All the main features of the scientific style of speech presuppose a special composition of the text. The report should be divided into parts with an appropriate title. It is important that the text consists of an introduction, a framework and a conclusion.

Scientific style: lexical features

In professional speech, the main form of thinking and expression is the concept. That is why the lexical unit of this style denotes an abstract object or phenomenon. Unambiguously and precisely, such specialized concepts allow us to clarify the terms. Without these words or phrases, denoting this or that action in a narrow field of activity, it is impossible to imagine the modern scientific style. Examples of such terms are: numerical methods, zenith, atrophy, range, radar, phase, prism, temperature, symptom, laser and many others.

Within the lexical system, these expressions are always unambiguous. They do not require expression and are not considered stylistically neutral. The terms are usually called the conventional language of the scientific field of activity. Many of them came into the Russian lexicon from English or Latin.

Today the term is considered a separate conceptual unit of communication between people. Such lexical features of scientific style in quantitative terms in specialized reports and works significantly prevail over other types of expressions. According to statistics, terminology makes up about 20% of the total text. In scientific speech it embodies homogeneity and specificity. Terms are defined by a definition, that is, a brief description of a phenomenon or object. Every concept in scientific language can be identified.

The terms have a number of specific features. In addition to unambiguity and accuracy, it is simplicity, consistency and stylistic certainty. Also, one of the main requirements for terms is modernity (relevance), so that they are not outdated. As you know, in science it is customary to replace some concepts with newer and more capacious ones. In addition, the terms should be as close as possible to the international language. For example: hypothesis, technology, communication and others. It is worth noting that today most terms have generally accepted international word-forming elements (bio, extra, anti, neo, mini, marco and others).

In general, narrow-profile concepts can be general and interscientific. The first group includes terms such as analysis, problem, thesis, process, etc., the second group includes economics, labor, cost. The most difficult concepts to understand are highly specialized concepts. The terms of this lexical group are specific only to a certain field of science.

Concepts in professional speech are used only in one specific meaning. If a term is ambiguous, it must be accompanied by a defining word that clarifies its focus. Among the concepts that need specificity, the following can be distinguished: body, strength, movement, size.

Generalization in a scientific style is often achieved by using a large number of abstract lexical units. In addition, professional language has its own specific characteristic phraseology. It includes phrases such as “solar plexus”, “adverbial phrase”, “inclined plane”, “represents”, “used for”, etc.

Terminology ensures not only information mutual understanding at the international level, but also the compatibility of regulatory and legislative documents.

Scientific style: linguistic features

The language of the narrow sphere of communication is characterized by its own morphological features. The generality and abstractness of speech are manifested in individual grammatical units, which are revealed when choosing forms and categories of presentation. The linguistic features of the scientific style are characterized by the frequency of repetition in the text, that is, the quantitative degree of load.

The unspoken law of economy of lexical means forces the use of short variations of phrases. One of these ways to reduce the language load is to change the forms of nouns from feminine to masculine (for example: key - keys). A similar situation is with the plural, which is replaced by the singular. Example: only in June. In this case, we do not mean one specific tree, but the entire plant family. Real nouns can sometimes be used in the plural: great depths, noise in a radio point, etc.

Concepts in scientific speech significantly prevail over names of actions. This was done artificially to reduce the use of verbs in the text. Most often, these parts of speech are replaced by nouns. In a scientific style, the use of verbs leads to the loss of lexical meaning, transferring the presentation into an abstract form. Therefore, these parts of speech in reports are used only to connect words: to appear, to become, to be, to be called, to be done, to be concluded, to possess, to be considered, to be determined, etc.

On the other hand, in scientific language there is a separate group of verbs that act as elements of nominal combinations. In this case, they convey linguistic meaning to the presentation. Examples: lead to death, make calculations. Often, in the scientific style of communication, verbs of abstract semantics are used: have, exist, continue, occur, and others. The use of grammatically weakened forms is also permitted: distillation is made, a conclusion is drawn, etc.

Another linguistic feature of the style is the use of a timeless part of speech with a qualitative meaning. This is done to indicate the signs and properties of the phenomena or objects being studied. It is worth noting that verbs in the past timeless meaning can only include scientific text (examples of texts: experimental reports, research reports).

In professional language, nominal predicates in 80% of cases are used in the imperfect form, so that the presentation is more generalized. Some verbs of this form are used in the future tense in stable phrases. For example: consider, prove, etc.

As for personal pronouns, in a scientific style they are used in accordance with the nature of the abstractness of the text. In rare cases, forms such as “we” and “you” are used because they specify the narrative and address. In professional language, 3rd person pronouns are widespread.

Scientific style: syntactic features

This type of speech is characterized by a desire for complex sentence structures. This allows you to more accurately convey the meaning of concepts and establish connections between terms, causes, consequences and conclusions. The syntactic features of the scientific style of the text are characterized by generality and homogeneity of all parts of speech.

The most common types of sentences are compound subordinates. Complex forms of conjunctions and adverbs are also included in the presentation (scientific text). Examples of general texts can be seen in encyclopedias and textbooks. To combine all parts of speech, connecting phrases are used: in conclusion, thus, etc.

Sentences in scientific language are constructed uniformly relative to the chain of statements. A consistent narrative is a must. Each sentence must be logically connected to the previous one. Interrogative forms are used extremely rarely in scientific speech and only to attract the attention of the audience.

To give the text an abstract, timeless character, certain syntactic expressions (impersonal or generalized) are used. There is no active person in such sentences. Attention must be focused on the action and its circumstances. Generalized and indefinite personal expressions are used only when introducing terms and formulas.

Genres of scientific language

Texts of this style are presented in the form of finished works with an appropriate structure. One of the most common genres is primary. Such scientific speech (examples of texts: article, lecture, monograph, oral presentation, report) is compiled by one or more authors. The presentation is being made public for the first time.

The secondary genre includes texts that are compiled on the basis of available information. This is an abstract, a synopsis, an annotation, and theses.

Each genre has certain stylistic features that do not violate the structure of the scientific style of storytelling and inherit generally accepted features and characteristics.

The scientific style of speech is used when creating texts in such fields of activity, How science and education. Dominates scientific speech informative target communication: the creators of texts strive to present certain information, to convey to communication partners information related to the scientific, rational comprehension of reality. Basic form of speech for this style is written monologue speech: It is in written texts that the stylistic features of the language of science are manifested with the greatest completeness and brightness.

2.1. Written scientific speech

Written scientific texts vary in the nature of the information presented and in the audience they are addressed to; In this regard, the scientific style appears in one of its variants - substyles.

1. Academic substyle. It can be considered the main variant of the scientific style, the features of which are manifested here with the greatest brightness and concentration. The texts are aimed at specialists in the relevant scientific field, therefore they are characterized by the depth of presentation of information, complexity, abundance of terms, and a significant number of citations and references. The genres that are created within this substyle can be divided into three groups. Firstly, actual scientific genres: monograph, dissertation, scientific article, as well as student qualifying work completed at a high professional level (course work, thesis, graduation project). These texts are created by scientists with the goal of presenting the results of their own research and acquainting colleagues with their understanding of a particular scientific problem. Secondly, this scientific and informative genres, such as abstract, review, abstract, abstract; all of them are of a secondary nature, since they are created on the basis of primary texts (actually scientific) and have as their goal to present in a concise form the content of these texts and - if this is the genre of a review or abstract - to give it a certain assessment. Third, scientific reference genres– reference books, dictionaries of terms, special encyclopedias, where basic generally accepted information related to a particular scientific field is given.

2. Scientific and educational substyle . This is a somewhat simplified, “lightweight” version of the scientific style, since in this case the texts are aimed at students and are created in such a way that the information presented is well understood and assimilated. The genres of this substyle are textbooks, teaching aids, etc. The language here is simpler than the language of the academic substyle (fewer terms are used, the grammar is simpler), special graphic methods of text design are often used (highlighting text fragments in different fonts, using a frame, etc. .), includes a large volume of illustrative material (including in the form of diagrams, drawings).

3. Popular science substyle . It is presented in texts that are addressed to non-specialists: articles in popular science magazines, popular science books. The author in this case aims to convey scientific information in an entertaining and accessible form. The language of such texts is distinguished by its simplicity (there are few terms and they are explained, the sentences are not long, with a small number of complicating structures), expressiveness (the use of comparisons, metaphors). Quotes and references are kept to a minimum. This substyle has a borderline character, since it contains features of two styles - scientific and journalistic.

Written scientific speech is characterized by a number of style features:

– accuracy presentation of information, expressed in the widespread use of terminological and general scientific vocabulary;

– underlined logic, ensured by a consistent presentation of thoughts and the use of appropriate function words and phrases;

– generality,abstraction the information presented, which are a consequence of the fact that science seeks to understand and describe the general principles and patterns of phenomena;

– restraint And severitytones,unemotional presentations manifested in the refusal of words that express emotional assessment, of reduced colloquial and slang vocabulary, as well as in the refusal or minimal use of artistic means of expression (epithets, metaphors, etc.);

– significant complexity text, expressed in the widespread use of complex grammatical forms, complicating grammatical structures.

Thus, in accordance with the listed stylistic features, a written scientific text has a number of linguistic features. Below is a more detailed description of the features of the language of science.

Lexical features of the language of scientific style

The peculiarities of the vocabulary of a scientific text are determined by such stylistic features as the desire for accuracy and objectivity of presentation, restraint and rigor of tone.

1. Any scientific text is characterized by a wide use of terms. Term– a word (phrase) denoting a specific concept related to a particular scientific field. Each science has its own set of terms (its own terminological system): psyche, temperament, affect– terms of psychology, acid, catalyst, chemical reaction– chemistry terms , color, architectural order, baroque– terms of art history, etc. It is also possible to distinguish a group of interscientific terms, i.e. those that are used in several related sciences: for example, the general technical term device, the natural science term organism.

Terms are different from ordinary words in the language. Firstly, they are, as a rule, characterized by unambiguity within one science, that is, one term is assigned one meaning (definition or definition of the term); For example: reaction 1 (physical-chemical) – interaction between substances; reaction 2 (med.) – a sharp change in well-being, decline, weakness after rising, excitement. Cases when one term is defined somewhat differently (for example, in different textbooks) do not indicate its polysemy, but the desire of scientists to improve and clarify the definition of the term. Secondly, most terms do not have close synonyms, which causes frequent repetition of key terms in the text; Moreover, cases of repetition of keywords and tautological constructions are often not considered shortcomings and are not subject to editing. As an example of the frequent repetition of key terms, here is a fragment of the text of a textbook on speech culture:

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, variouslinguistic funds. As a result, various varieties of a singleliterary language , calledfunctional styles .

The term "functional style" emphasizes that varietiesliterary language are allocated based on the function (role) performedlanguage in each specific case(emphasis added) [Vvedenskaya, Pavlova 2000, 59].

2. The scientific text contains general scientific vocabulary. A general scientific lexeme is a word that denotes a broad, very general concept and can be used in any scientific text, regardless of its belonging to a particular field of science. Examples of such words: system, structure, mechanism, element, component, model, type, type, mechanism, character, property, specificity, sign, object, subject, experiment etc.

3. The rigor of the language of science is expressed in the inadmissibility of including reduced colloquial vocabulary and jargon in the text. Scientific speech belongs to the sphere of high-level communication, therefore, in addition to terms and general scientific words, it uses neutral And special book vocabulary.

Let's look at an example.

Language, no matter how we understand it, is a multifunctional system that deals with information - its creation, storage and transmission. The functions of language are related to its essence, nature, purpose in society and at the same time are interconnected to a greater or lesser extent. The main function of language is communicative, since language serves primarily as a means of human communication. The basic (or primary) functions of language also include cognitive (cognitive), meaning that with its help, cognition occurs to a large extent, the study of the surrounding world, and emotional, manifested in the ability to express the feelings and emotions of speakers, their assessments(Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Edited by V.I. Maksimov. M: Gardariki, 2000. P. 9).

This is a fragment of text created within the framework of linguistics. In addition to the terms ( language, communication, communicative function, cognitive function, emotional function) and general scientific vocabulary ( function, multifunctional, system), the remaining lexical units are either neutral ( represent, feelings, emotions, ability, deal, express, society, assessments etc.), or are bookish in nature ( essence, basic, primary, cognition). Reduced colloquial vocabulary, no jargon.

4. The language of the scientific style is distinguished by the restraint of the tone of presentation, therefore, in the texts there are practically no words with an emotional-evaluative component of meaning; are used instead words and phrases expressing rational assessment. Phrases like amazing results,brilliant concept, carried outgrandiose work led todeplorable consequences,excellent report can be used in texts of the popular science substyle, since its language is more expressive and allows for the inclusion of elements of journalistic and colloquial styles. However, in accordance with the requirements of the main variant of the scientific style - the academic substyle - emotionally charged lexemes must be replaced with evaluative units of neutral coloring, for example: not predicted results,fundamental concept, carried outvery significant work led toextremely negative consequences,very informative report.

5. Artistic means of expression in scientific texts are used very rarely. Sometimes a term can have a metaphorical origin (cf.: noble metals, cirrus clouds, compass rose, wandering bud), however, the original imagery and expressiveness are largely lost in the process of its functioning within the terminological system. Sometimes the author of the text, in order to best explain, may use comparison or metaphorical expression– they are more often found in texts related to the humanities (cf. . :cultural processes aimed at erasing national colors are dangerous; the foundation of a market economy - the institution of property - is shaky and unstable, it is being washed away by the groundwater of political currents). Artistic means of expression can be used quite widely in popular science texts.

6. It is extremely rare to use phraseological units; however, as a rule, they are bookish or neutral in nature (cf.: this positionis the cornerstone the whole theory; weak theoretical basis of the experimentvisible to the naked eye ). In popular science texts, phraseological units, including colloquial ones, are used more widely.

Grammatical (morphological and syntactic) features of the language of scientific style

The peculiarities of the grammar of a scientific text are determined by such stylistic features as the generality of the information presented, rigor, impersonality, logic, and complexity of speech.

1. Since a scientific text is characterized by the generalized nature of the information presented, Verbs, used in person, refer to imperfect form and have present tense form:solutionconsists of of three components; Russian and Ukrainian languagesrelate to the group of Slavic languages; motivating students for self-educationIt has special significance.

2. The language of science - due to its bookish nature - tends to be grammatically complex when presenting information, as a result of which, instead of verbs in the personal form in the active voice (predominant in oral speech, colloquial and journalistic styles), others are more often used, more complex verbal forms, typical for written book speech. These are:

A) verbal nouns in-ies / -nies (development– from master,perception– from perceive,consideration– from consider) And na –ia / –tion (integration– from integrate,filtration– from filter,regeneration– from regenerate);

b) participles(scientists,mastering new methods; methods,mastered scientists; scientists,mastered methods;mastered scientists methods); constructions with short passive participles (methodsmastered scientists; at workdelivered question; the problem is not enoughstudied );

V) participles(mastering new methods, scientists...;having mastered new methods, scientists...);

G) verbs in the passive voice(methodsare getting used to scientists instead of scientistsmaster methods;by the authoris put question instead of authorputs question).

Let's compare two versions of the text.

Option 1 is simpler from a grammatical point of view, since it is dominated by verbs in the personal form. In option 2, personal forms of verbs are replaced by verbal nouns ( knowledge, skill), active participle ( those who wish), passive participle ( will not be achieved) gerund ( sticking to), as a result of which it is more consistent with the requirements of scientific stylistics than option 1.

3. The bookish nature of the language of science is also manifested in the fact that when used adjectives preference is given to forms that are adequate primarily for written speech:

a) are often used short forms of adjectives:this task is difficult instead of this is a difficult task,the method is promising instead of promising method;

b) when consumed comparative adjective preference is given compositeform:this questionmore important instead of this questionmore important ;this techniquemore efficient instead of this techniquemore efficient .

4. Written scientific speech is characterized by weak expression of the author’s personality. The author can express his thoughts, evaluate this or that subject of speech, and at the same time remain largely “behind the scenes”, as a result of which the text acquires an impersonal character. Linguistically, this is expressed in the rejection of the construction typical for oral speech [pronoun I+ verb in personal form]; for example, in a written scientific text (especially academic and scientific-educational substyles) the following phrase would be inappropriate: FurtherI'll consider two different approaches to this problem. The following options for grammatical formatting of statements meet the requirements of scientific stylistics:

b) impersonal construction:Furthershould be considered (planned to consider , needs to be considered , it seems important to consider etc.) two different approaches to this problem;

5. The requirement for logical presentation determines the widespread use of auxiliary and introductory words and phrases in scientific texts, which ensure the coherence of phrases and sentences and emphasize the logic of the presentation of thoughts. These linguistic units can perform a variety of semantic functions, establishing various types of connections between phrases of the text (cause-and-effect, spatio-temporal, comparative, etc.). These words and phrases are presented below in the table indicating their meaning, i.e. functions they can perform in the text.

that is and etc. Generalization, summing up

So; Thus; at all; in a word; finally; eventually 6. The syntax of a scientific text is complex. In academic texts:most sentences are long, with various complicating structures. In particular, the following syntactic structures are quite widely represented in scientific texts: - economic , informational Andorganizational and technological phenomenon, process of activity dealing with changestates , qualities object. Management includesknowledge , skills , skills , techniques , operations , algorithms influence through motivation, i.e. everything that is included in the conceptsocial Andhuman technologies.

b) complicated sentences isolated definitions, often in the form of participial phrases(often there can be two or more of them in a sentence): A common feature of the reports ismade by leading Russian economists , is that none of the 40 scientistsworking on this problem Andwho took part in the forum , did not note the connection between the stock market and the pace of economic development;

c) complicated sentences participial phrases(often two or more): Completing the analysis of statistical data Andsummarizing the opinions of leading economists , we can say that the most acceptable are two levers for stabilizing a market economy; d) sentences complicated common additions, applications, explanations:Nonverbal means, as a rule, cannot independently convey the meaning of words (with the exception of the language of the deaf and dumb ), however they are finely coordinated -both among themselves and with words in general ;

e) proposals with a chain of words in the genitive case: The article contains the most convincing justification for the feasibility(r.p.) creation(r.p.) stabilizationfund(r.p.);

e) complex sentences, often including several grammatical basics: Psyche as a property of the braincouldn't live b deepstudied beforehave developed physiological and anatomicalknowledge from its substrate, therefore of great importance for the development of psychologyhad what happened inXIXV.development anatomy and physiology, asit led to the discovery of sensory and motor nerves and the formulation of the concept of the reflex arc.