Converter circuits 12v 220v 400w. High voltage and more. Increased power output
A homemade voltage converter (inverter) of 12 volts to 220 volts can be useful for motorists who drive their cars into nature, fishing, or dachas. It allows you to charge your phone, connect lamps for lighting at night, work and play on your laptop, and watch TV.A 12 volt to 220 volt converter with a maximum output power of 500 W is assembled on 2 domestic microcircuits (K155LA3 and K155TM2) and 6 transistors, and several radio components. To increase efficiency and prevent strong heating, very powerful IRLR2905 field-effect transistors with minimal resistance are used in the output stage of the device. It is possible to replace it with IRF2804, but the converter power will drop a little
Using elements DD1.1 - DD1.3, C1, R1, a master generator of rectangular pulses with an approximate frequency of 200 Hz is assembled according to the standard circuit. From the output of the generator, pulses follow to a frequency divider consisting of elements DD2.1 - DD2.2. As a result, at the output of the divider (pin 6 of element DD2.1), the pulse repetition rate is reduced to 100 hertz, and at output 8 of DD2.2. the signal frequency is 50 hertz.
A rectangular signal from pin 8 of the DD1 chip and from pin 6 of the DD2 chip is fed to the diodes VD1 and VD2, respectively. In order for the field-effect transistors to open completely, it is necessary to increase the amplitude of the signal that comes from the diode VD1 and VD2; for this, transistors VT1 and VT2 are used. With the help of transistors VT3 and VT4 (they act as a driver), the output power transistors are controlled. If no errors were made during the assembly of the inverter, then it starts working immediately after switching on. It is possible that it may be necessary to select the resistance of the resistor R1 so that the output is exactly 50 hertz.
Voltage converter (inverter) 12 / 220 50 Hz 500 W DIY circuit
Silicon transistors VT1, VT3 and VT4 - KT315 with any letter. Transistor VT2 can be replaced by KT361. Stabilizer DA1 is a domestic analogue of KR142EN5A. All resistors in the circuit are 0.25W. Any diodes KD105, 1N4002. Capacitor C1 with a stable capacitance - type K10-17. As a transformer TP1, it is possible to use a power transformer from an old Soviet TV. All windings must be removed, leaving only the network winding. On top of the network winding, wind two windings simultaneously with PEL wire - 2.2 mm. Field-effect power transistors must be installed on an aluminum finned radiator with a total area of 750 sq.cm.It is recommended that the converter (inverter) be started for the first time through a household incandescent lamp of 220 volts and a power of 100 - 150 watts, connected in series to one of the supply wires, this will protect you from damage to radio components in the event of an error.
When working with step-up converters or inverters, follow the rules of electrical safety, as work is done with a voltage that is dangerous for the body !!! The output secondary winding during adjustment and assembly must be insulated with cambric rubber tubing to avoid accidental contact.
Such an inverter is designed to produce alternating current 220 V 50 Hz from a car battery or any 12 V battery. The inverter power is about 150 W and can be increased to 300.
The circuit operates as a Push-Pull converter. The heart of the inverter is the CD4047 microcircuit, which acts as a master oscillator and simultaneously controls field-effect transistors. The latter operate in key mode. Only one of the transistors can be open. If both transistors open at the same time, a short circuit will occur and the transistors will burn out instantly. This can happen due to improper management.
The CD4047 chip, of course, is not designed for high-precision control of field workers, but it copes with this task quite well.
The transformer was taken from a non-working UPS. It is 250-300 W and has a primary winding with a middle point where the plus from the power source is connected.
There are many secondary windings, so you need to find a 220 V network winding. Using a multimeter, the resistance of all taps that are on the secondary circuit is measured. The required leads should have the highest resistance (in the example, about 17 Ohms). All other wires can be bitten off.
It is recommended to check all components before soldering. It is better to select transistors from the same batch with similar characteristics. The capacitor in the frequency-setting circuit must have low leakage and a narrow tolerance. These parameters can be checked with a transistor tester.
A few words about possible replacements in the scheme. Unfortunately, the CD4047 chip has no Soviet analogues, so you need to buy it. “Field switches” can be replaced with any n-channel transistors that have a voltage of 60 V and a current of 35 A. Suitable from the IRFZ line.
The circuit also works great with bipolar transistors at the output, although the power will be much lower than when using field-effect transistors.
Gate limiting resistors can have a resistance of 10 to 100 ohms. It is better to set from 22 to 47 Ohms with a power of 250 mW.
The frequency-setting circuit must be assembled only from those elements indicated in the diagram. It will be finely tuned to 50 Hz.
A correctly assembled device should work immediately. But the first launch must be done with insurance. That is, in place of the fuse according to the diagram, install a resistor with a nominal value of 5-10 Ohms, or a 12 V (5 W) lamp, so as not to blow up the transistors if problems arise.
If the converter is working normally, the transformer makes a sound, and the keys should not heat up at all. If this is the case, then the resistor can be removed and power supplied directly through the fuse.
The average current consumption of an inverter at idle can be between 150 and 300 mA, but this will depend on the power supply and the transformer used.
Next, the output voltage is measured. In the example, the values were from 210 to 260 V. This is within normal limits, since the inverter is not stabilized. Now you can turn on the load, for example, a 60 W lamp. You need to drive the inverter for about 10 seconds, the keys should heat up a little, since they do not yet have heat sinks. The heating on both keys should be uniform. If this is not the case, then look for jambs.
The inverter is equipped with a Remote Control function.
The main power plus is connected to the midpoint of the transformer. But for the inverter to work, it is necessary to apply a low-current plus to the board. This will start the pulse generator.
A few words about installation. As always, everything fits well in the computer's power supply case. The transistors are installed on separate radiators.
If a common heat sink is used, it is necessary to isolate the transistor housings from the radiator. The cooler was connected directly to the 12 V bus.
The biggest drawback of this inverter is the lack of short circuit protection. In this case, the transistors will burn out. To prevent this from happening, a 1 A fuse is needed at the output.
A low-power button supplies plus from the power source to the board, that is, it starts the inverter as a whole.
Power busbars from the transformer are attached directly to the radiators of the transistors.
By connecting a device called an energy meter to the output of the converter, you can make sure that the voltage and frequency are within normal limits. If the frequency differs from 50 Hz, then it must be adjusted using a multi-turn variable resistor, which is present on the board.
During operation, when no load is connected to the output, the transformer is quite noisy. When the load is connected, the noise is negligible. This is all normal, since rectangular pulses are supplied to the transformer.
The resulting inverter is unstabilized, but almost all household appliances are designed to operate in the voltage range from 90 to 280 V.
If the output voltage is higher than 300 V, then it is recommended to connect a 25-watt incandescent light bulb to the output in addition to the main load. This will reduce the output voltage to a small extent.
In principle, it is possible to power commutator motors from a converter, but they heat up 2 times more than when powered from a pure sine wave.
The same thing happens with consumers that have an iron transformer. But it is not recommended to connect asynchronous motors.
The weight of the device is about 2.7 kg. This is a lot when compared with pulse inverters.
Attached files:
How to make a simple Power Bank with your own hands: diagram of a homemade power bank
Many radio amateurs are also car enthusiasts and love to relax with friends in nature, but they don’t want to give up the benefits of civilization at all. Therefore, they assemble a 12 220 voltage converter with their own hands, the circuit of which is shown in the figures below. In this article I will tell and show various designs of inverters that are used to obtain 220 Volt mains voltage from a car battery.
The device is built on a push-pull inverter with two powerful field-effect transistors. Any N-channel field-effect transistors with a current of 40 Amps or more are suitable for this design; I used inexpensive transistors IRFZ44/46/48, but if you need more power at the output, better use more powerful field-effect transistors.
We wind the transformer on a ferrite ring or an E50 armored core, or you can use any other one. The primary winding should be wound with a two-core wire with a cross-section of 0.8 mm - 15 turns. If you use an armored core with two sections on the frame, the primary winding is wound in one of the sections, and the secondary winding consists of 110-120 turns of copper wire 0.3-0.4 mm. At the output of the transformer we obtain an alternating voltage in the range of 190-260 Volts, rectangular pulses.
The 12 220 voltage converter whose circuit has been described can power various loads, power of which is no more than 100 watts
Output pulse shape - Rectangular
A transformer in a circuit with two primary windings of 7 volts (each arm) and a network winding of 220 volts. Almost any transformers from uninterruptible power supplies are suitable, but with a power of 300 watts or more. The diameter of the primary winding wire is 2.5 mm.
IRFZ44 transistors, in their absence, can be easily replaced with IRFZ40,46,48 and even more powerful ones - IRF3205, IRL3705. Transistors in the TIP41 (KT819) multivibrator circuit can be replaced with domestic KT805, KT815, KT817, etc.
Attention, the circuit does not have protection at the output and input from short circuit or overload, the keys will overheat or burn out.
Two variants of the printed circuit board design and a photo of the finished converter can be downloaded from the link above.
This converter is powerful enough and can be used to power a soldering iron, grinder, microwave and other devices. But do not forget that its operating frequency is not 50 Hertz.
The primary winding of the transformer is wound with 7 cores at once, with a wire with a diameter of 0.6 mm and contains 10 turns with a tap from the middle stretched across the entire ferrite ring. After winding, we insulate the winding and begin to wind the step-up winding, with the same wire, but already 80 turns.
It is advisable to install power transistors on heat sinks. If you assemble the converter circuit correctly, it should work immediately and does not require any configuration.
As with the previous design, the heart of the circuit is the TL494.
This is a ready-made push-pull pulse converter device; its complete domestic analogue is 1114EU4. High-efficiency rectifier diodes and a C-filter are used at the output of the circuit.
In the converter I used a ferrite W-shaped core from the TPI TV transformer. All the original windings were unwound, because I re-wound the secondary winding 84 turns with 0.6 wire in enamel insulation, then a layer of insulation and move on to the primary winding: 4 turns oblique from 8 0.6 wires, after winding the windings were ringed and divided in half, we got 2 windings of 4 turns in 4 wires, the beginning of one was connected to the end of the other, so we made a tap from the middle, and finally wound the feedback winding with five turns of PEL 0.3 wire.
The 12 220 voltage converter circuit that we examined includes a choke. You can make it yourself by winding it on a ferrite ring from a computer power supply with a diameter of 10 mm and 20 turns of PEL 2 wire.
There is also a drawing of a printed circuit board for a 12,220 volt voltage converter circuit:
And a few photos of the resulting 12-220 Volt converter:
Again, I liked the TL494 paired with mosfets (This is such a modern type of field-effect transistors), this time I borrowed the transformer from an old computer power supply. When laying out the board, I took into account its conclusions, so be careful when choosing your placement option.
To make the case, I used a 0.25L soda can, which I had successfully snatched up after a flight from Vladivostok, cut off the top ring with a sharp knife and cut out the middle of it, and glued a circle of fiberglass with holes for a switch and connector into it using epoxy.
To give the jar rigidity, I cut a strip the width of our body from a plastic bottle, coated it with epoxy glue and placed it in the jar. After the glue had dried, the jar became quite rigid and had insulated walls; the bottom of the jar was left clean for better thermal contact with the radiator of the transistors.
To complete the assembly, I soldered the wires to the cover and secured it with hot glue; this will allow, if the need arises, to disassemble the voltage converter by simply heating the cover with a hairdryer.
The design of the converter is designed to convert 12 volt voltage from the battery into 220 volt alternating voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz. The idea for the scheme was borrowed from November 1989.
The amateur radio design contains a master oscillator designed for a frequency of 100 Hz on the K561TM2 trigger, a frequency divider by 2 on the same chip, but on the second trigger, and a power amplifier using transistors loaded by a transformer.
Taking into account the output power of the voltage converter, transistors should be installed on radiators with a large cooling area.
The transformer can be rewound from an old network transformer TS-180. The mains winding can be used as a secondary winding, and then windings Ia and Ib are wound.
A voltage converter assembled from working components does not require adjustment, with the exception of the selection of capacitor C7 with a connected load.
If you need a printed circuit board drawing made in , click on the PCB drawing.
Signals from the PIC16F628A microcontroller through 470 Ohm resistances control the power transistors, forcing them to open one by one. The half-windings of a transformer with a power of 500-1000 VA are connected to the source circuits of field-effect transistors. There should be 10 volts on its secondary windings. If we take a wire with a cross-section of 3 mm2, then the output power will be about 500 W.
The whole design is very compact, so you can use a breadboard without etching the tracks. You can catch the archive with the microcontroller firmware at the green link just above
The 12-220 converter circuit is made on a generator that creates symmetrical pulses that follow out of phase and an output block implemented on field switches, the load of which is connected to a step-up transformer. Using elements DD1.1 and DD1.2, a multivibrator is assembled according to the classical scheme, generating pulses with a repetition frequency of 100 Hz.
To form symmetrical pulses traveling in antiphase, the circuit uses a D-trigger of the CD4013 microcircuit. It divides by two all impulses entering its input. If we have a signal going to the input with a frequency of 100 Hz, then the output of the trigger will be only 50 Hz.
Since field-effect transistors have an insulated gate, the active resistance between their channel and the gate tends to an infinitely large value. To protect the trigger outputs from overload, the circuit has two buffer elements DD1.3 and DD1.4, through which the pulses travel to the field-effect transistors.
A step-up transformer is included in the drain circuits of the transistors. To protect against self-induction, high-power zener diodes are connected to the drains. RF interference suppression is carried out by a filter on R4, C3.
The winding of the inductor L1 is made by hand on a ferrite ring with a diameter of 28 mm. It is wound with PEL-2 0.6 mm wire in one layer. The most common network transformer is 220 volts, but with a power of at least 100 W and having two secondary windings of 9 V each.
To increase the efficiency of the voltage converter and prevent severe overheating, field-effect transistors with low resistance are used in the output stage of the inverter circuit.
On DD1.1 – DD1.3, C1, R1, a rectangular pulse generator with a pulse repetition rate of 200 Hz is made. Then the pulses arrive at a frequency divider built on elements DD2.1 - DD2.2. Therefore, at the output of the divider 6, the output of DD2.1, the frequency is reduced to 100Hz, and already at the 8th output of DD2.2. it is 50 Hz.
The signal from pin 8 of DD1 and pin 6 of DD2 goes to diodes VD1 and VD2. To fully open the field-effect transistors, it is necessary to increase the amplitude of the signal that passes from the diodes VD1 and VD2; for this, VT1 and VT2 are used in the voltage converter circuit. The field-effect output transistors are controlled through VT3 and VT4. If no errors were made during the assembly of the inverter, then it starts working immediately after power is applied. The only thing that is recommended to do is to select the value of resistance R1 so that the output is the usual 50 Hz. VT5 and VT6. When output Q1 (or Q2) goes low, transistors VT1 and VT3 (or VT2 and VT4) open, and the gate capacitances begin to discharge, and transistors VT5 and VT6 close.
The converter itself is assembled according to the classic push-pull circuit.
If the voltage at the output of the converter exceeds the set value, the voltage across the resistor R12 will be higher than 2.5 V, and therefore the current through the DA3 stabilizer will increase sharply and a high level signal will appear at the FV input of the DA1 chip.
Its outputs Q1 and Q2 will switch to zero and the field-effect transistors VT5 and VT6 will close, causing a decrease in the output voltage.
A current protection unit based on relay K1 has also been added to the voltage converter circuit. If the current flowing through the winding is higher than the set value, the contacts of the reed switch K1.1 will work. The FC input of the DA1 chip will be high and its outputs will go low, causing transistors VT5 and VT6 to close and a sharp decrease in current consumption.
After this, DA1 will remain in a locked state. To start the converter, a voltage drop at the input IN DA1 will be required, which can be achieved either by turning off the power or by short-circuiting capacitance C1. To do this, you can introduce a non-latching button into the circuit, the contacts of which are soldered parallel to the capacitor.
Since the output voltage is a square wave, capacitor C8 is designed to smooth it. The HL1 LED is necessary to indicate the presence of output voltage.
The T1 transformer is made from TS-180; it can be found in the power supplies of old CRT TVs. All its secondary windings are removed, and the network voltage of 220 V is left. It serves as the output winding of the converter. Half-windings 1.1 and I.2 are made from PEV-2 wire 1.8, 35 turns each. The beginning of one winding is connected to the end of the other.
The relay is homemade. Its winding consists of 1-2 turns of insulated wire, rated for current up to 20...30 A. The wire is wound on the reed switch body with making contacts.
By selecting resistor R3, you can set the required frequency of the output voltage, and resistor R12 - the amplitude from 215...220 V.
When using low-power household appliances, there is often a need for a voltage converter from 12 to 220 volts. This could be a laptop, a charger for a mobile phone or tablet, or even a TV with LED elements.
In what cases is a voltage converter needed?
- Long-term failure of centralized power supply.
- Emergency power supply for gas boiler electronics.
- Lack of 220 volt household network (remote garden plot, garage cooperative).
- Automobile.
- Tourist parking (if possible, take a 12 volt battery with you).
In all these cases, it is enough to have a charged battery, and you will be able to fully use the network electrical equipment.
note
Important! The power consumption of the device should not exceed several hundred watts. More powerful devices will quickly drain the battery used as a donor.
To be fair, we note that for use in a car there are power supplies and chargers that are connected to the 12 volt on-board network. They are made in the form of a connector connected to a cigarette lighter socket.
However, if you have several gadgets, you will have to splurge on buying the same number of chargers. And having one converter from 12 to 220, you will ensure complete connection versatility.
There is a wide range of ready-made converters on sale. Power varies from 150 W to several kilowatts. Of course, for each consumer power it is necessary to select the appropriate battery.
It is also necessary to carefully read the technical specifications - often, for advertising purposes, manufacturers indicate on the packaging the peak power that the converter can withstand for just a few seconds. Operating power is typically 25% – 30% lower.
Types of converters 12 to 220 volts
To make the right choice, familiarize yourself with the main types of voltage converters presented on the electrical goods market:
According to the output voltage waveform
The devices are divided into pure sine and modified sine. The difference in signal shape can be seen in the illustration.
Inverter 12 - 220V with a power of 500 Watts: do it yourself: diagram and detailed description of manufacturing.
Circuit of a voltage converter (inverter) from 12 to 220 volts, for operating household appliances from a 12V battery.
The circuit is assembled on two 155 series microcircuits and six transistors. The output stage uses field-effect transistors that have a very low on-resistance, which increases the efficiency of the converter and eliminates the need to install them on radiators that are too large.
On the D1 chip, a rectangular pulse generator is assembled, the repetition rate of which is about 200 Hz - diagram “A”. From pin 8 of the microcircuit, pulses are sent further to frequency dividers assembled on elements D2.1 - D2.2 of microcircuit D2. As a result, at pin 6 of the D2 chip, the pulse repetition rate becomes half as much - 100 Hz - diagram “B”, and at pin 8 the pulses become equal to the frequency of 50 Hz - diagram “C”. Non-invertible 50 Hz pulses are removed from pin 9 - diagram “D”.
An “OR” logic circuit is assembled on diodes VD1-VD2. As a result, the pulses taken from the pins of microcircuits D1 pin 8, D2 pin 6 form a pulse corresponding to diagram “E” at the cathodes of the diodes. The cascade on transistors V1 and V2 serves to increase the amplitude of the pulses necessary to fully open the field-effect transistors. Transistors V3 and V4 connected to outputs 8 and 9 of microcircuit D2 open alternately, thereby locking either one field-effect transistor V5 or another V6.
As a result, control pulses are formed in such a way that there is a pause between them, which eliminates the possibility of through current flowing through the output transistors and significantly increases efficiency. Diagrams “F” and “G” show the generated control pulses for transistors V5 and V6.
A correctly assembled converter begins to work immediately after power is applied. When setting up, you should connect a frequency meter to the output of the device and set the frequency to 50-60 Hz by selecting resistor R1, and, if necessary, capacitor C1.
Transistors KT315 with any letter index, KT209 can be replaced with KT361 with any letter index. We will replace the KA7805 voltage stabilizer with the domestic KR142EN5A. Any resistors with a power of 0.125…0.25 W. Almost any low-frequency diodes, for example KD105, IN4002.
Capacitor C1 type K73-11, K10-17V with low capacity loss when warming up. The transformer was taken from an old tube black and white TV, for example: “Spring”, “Record”. The 220 volt winding remains, and the remaining windings are removed. Two windings are wound on top of this winding with PEL wire - 2.1 mm. For better symmetry, they should be wound simultaneously into two wires. When connecting the windings, take into account the phasing.
Field-effect transistors are fixed through mica spacers to a common aluminum radiator with a surface area of at least 600 sq.cm.
