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Russian language 7 task explanation. Algorithms for completing exam tasks in the Russian language

Now I want to offer a unique "cheat sheet". I’ll explain how easy it is to complete task No. 7.

How to easily complete task No. 7

As an example for commentary, I will take the task proposed in the demo version for 2016.

A comment

Sentence 1. Pay attention to the verbs - predicates in it. They are standing in different tenses and are verbs of different types(exposes- present time, nesov view; revealed- past time, owls view).

Conclusion: the type-temporal correlation of verbs is broken (verbs in one sentence must be of the same type and tense). Answer- D

Proposal 2. We have a complex sentence before us. Look at the stem in the main clause: took everything away. As we see , the predicate must be in the plural. number (taken away). The essence of the error here is that the word is taken as the subject Who, and this is the subject of the subordinate clause ( who visited). Therefore, find the correct grammatical basis, then you will immediately see the error. Answer- G(the connection between the subject and the predicate is broken)

Proposal 3.The work is based on “Tales of a Real Man.” There is an error here. When a sentence contains common nouns (story, novel, book, opera, ballet, etc.), then the title of the work is written in the nominative case.

Right: At the heart of the work " Tale about a real person."

Looking for an answer about the application(the title of the work is an application, that is, a definition expressed by a noun). Answer: IN

Proposal 5. In this sentence we see participial because it answers the question what(sketches brought th from a trip to the East). What's wrong here? What sketches? Brought s

Conclusion: The sentence with the participial phrase is constructed incorrectly. Answer: A

Proposition 9. Here is a complex sentence. Look, the subordinate part in it is attached to the main part by two means of subordinating connection – what to what extent. All you need is a conjunction word how much. Therefore the answer is B, that is, an error in the construction of a complex sentence.

Let's write down the answers in numbers:

Answer:

Keep in mind that in task No. 7 there are 5 answers and 9 sentences. Therefore Not suitable for answering sentences No. 4,6,7,8

What other sentences could there be with errors? (they are not in the demo version)

Incorrectly constructed sentence with indirect speech. Remember, in such a sentence personal pronouns should only appear at 3 face.

Examples:

A.N. Nekrasov wrote that “ I dedicated the lyre to his people.”

Right: " He lira..."

Errors in the sentence with participial phrase. Remember the rules. They are on this site. Let me remind you that The action in the participial phrase must be performed by the subject.

Examples:

Climbing the mountain, it became completely dark. (Here the sentence is impersonal, there is no subject, there is no one to climb the mountain)

Approaching the station, my hat fell off. (The hat can fly off, but driving up to the station can’t)

Correct example:

Preparing for the exam, I do a lot of test tasks. (I prepare and I perform)

Errors in sentences with homogeneous members. There can be a lot of different errors here. Remember the rules, types of errors. Let me give you a few examples.

Examples:

She bought fruits, apples, pears. (Fruit is a more general concept, so it is not a homogeneous member, but a generalizing word. She bought fruit: apples, pears).

I love many items: mathematics, Russian, history.

(Homogeneous members must be in the same form as the generalizing word: I love many objects: mathematics, Russian, history).

These are my comments and tips. Train, learn the rules, and then everything will work out.

Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna.

• Forward >

Morphological norms (formation of word forms)

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. Indeclinable nouns that denote inanimate objects are neuter: coupe, medley, bikini.
2. Exceptions: curlers, breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m. and s.r.), mocha, penalty, euro (m.r.).
3. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they belong: beautiful madame, serious monsieur, cunning frau and so on.
4. The gender of geographical names and names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - island (m.r.), Jungfrau - mountain (w.r.), Monaco - principality (m.r.), Borjomi - city (m.r.); "Times" - newspaper (female).
5. Abbreviations are usually assigned to the gender to which the reference word in them belongs: NATO - alliance (m.r.), CIS - commonwealth (m.r.); MSU – university (m.r.).
6. Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural instead of ending -s(-s) may have a stressed ending -and I):
   • monosyllabic nouns: side - sides, forest - forests, eye - eyes, house - houses, eye - eyes, eyelid - eyelids, silk - silk, feed - feed, board - sides etc.;
   • two-syllable nouns in which in the singular form of the nominative case the stress is on the first syllable: buffer - buffers, shore - shores, pearls - pearls etc.
7. The gender of compound nouns is determined by the word that expresses the broader meaning of the noun: admiral butterfly, pay phone, sofa bed. And if both concepts are equivalent, the gender is determined by the first word: chair-bed, cafe-restaurant.

Morphological norms of adjectives

1. You cannot combine simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of an adjective into one construction:better essay / this essay is better (not this essay is better)
2. You cannot mix the simple and complex superlative form of an adjective:the wisest old man/the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)

Morphological norms of pronouns

1. The error is the formation of the form of the possessive pronountheirs instead of their: their son.
2. After the prepositions of the personal pronouns he, she, they, the letter appears in the indirect casesn: to him, from her.

Morphological norms of numerals

1. When declension of compound ordinal numbers changes their last part, which, when declension, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand and two.
2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: met twenty-four classmates.
3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numerals:
   • with nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four boys.
   • with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
   • with nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
   • with nouns that have only plural forms. h.: five days.
   • with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
   • with pronouns: the two of us, the five of them.
4. Numeral bothused only with nouns.:both girls, both books. With nouns m.r. and Wed R. the form usedboth: both brothers, both elephants.

Morphological norms of verbs

1. For verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare, vacuumand some others do not have the form 1 person unit. h.
2. Formation of return forms:met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -s is used),Sorry(no return form).
3. Formation of imperative forms:go, wave, drive away, put down, buy, lie down.
4. Formation of past tense forms:hardened, dried out, wet(Not got stronger, dried out, got wet).

Morphological norms of participles

1. Formation of participles: gargling, waving, wanting(Not rinsing, waving, wanting);
2. Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs.

Morphological norms of gerunds

1. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix -V: pour - spill, preserve - preserved, thin out - thin out.There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed using a suffix -and I or -shi, -lice: come in - having entered, look - looking, lean against - leaning against.
2. Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using suffixes -and I: think - thinking, walk - walking, fly - flying.

Morphological norms of adverbs

1. Adverb formation: I can hardly break away from there, inside, I’ll hardly be able to, we’ll divide it in half.
2. Formation of comparative degrees of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.

Theory of task 7

TASK: Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. In the 1st column under the letters A) B) C) D) D) examples are given, in the 2nd column under the numbers 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) justifications for grammatical errors are given.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

What the response should look like:

• In the letter task, we look for derived prepositions (usually the sentence begins with them) and check the case of the noun that comes after the preposition. All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the Dative case of a noun:

• According to (who? what?)
• Thanks to (who? what?)
• Contrary to (who? what?)
• Like (who? what?)
• In defiance of (who? what?)

• Also in a sentence there can be prepositions that are combined with a noun in the Genitive case:

• in moderation (of what?)
• during (what?)
• in continuation of (what?)
• due to (what?)
• in conclusion (what?)
• in the form of (what?)
• for a reason (what?)
• like (what?)

• For example: Thanks promotion the level of service in company stores has increased in number of customers.

• We are looking for a construction in tasks with a letter“all who...”, “those who...”, “one who...”, etc., it is necessary to check the agreement of the subject and predicate (singular/plural) in the main and subordinate clauses.

pl.s.s.s.s. plural

• For example: All who read Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov”, remembers tramp Varlaam.

OR

Everyone who read Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov”, they remember the tramp Varlaam.

• Letter assignments must have quotation marks.
• For example: To those who passionately love their native culture, D.S. appears before us. Likhachev in the book« Letters about the good and the beautiful» .
• Explanation: Application is a definition expressed by a noun.
• Explanation:

• If a generic title (book, newspaper, magazine, painting, etc.) precedes the quotation marks, the title in quotation marks must appear in Im.p. For example, the novel “Eugene Onegin”; painting “Autumn”; song "Dubinushka".

• If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is declined. For example, in “Eugene Onegin”; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".

• If a sentence contains homogeneous clause members connected by the conjunction “and”, followed by a common dependent word(s), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous clause clause is consistent with this common dependent word.

For example, in the sentence “we hoped and believed to victory “The first homogeneous member of the sentence “hoped” does not agree with “in victory”, therefore there is a grammatical error in this sentence.

For example, “I love drawing and painting »

• If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double conjunctions “not only – but also”, “both – so and”, “if not – then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence are located immediately after these conjunctions. For example, in the sentence “We waited not only Masha, but also Vanya” the conjunctions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: “We not only were they waiting for Masha, but also Vanya,” a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.

• Words from different parts of speech cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence

For example, “I love drawing and painting »

• It is unacceptable to violate the homogeneity of the syntactic elements of a sentence. The participial phrase and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.
• For example, in the sentence “Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and took part in the competition, ...” an error was made.

• The letter task begins with an adverbial phrase
• For example: Having received Primary home education in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Page Corps.
• Participles answer the questions:doing what? what did you do?
• Explanation: the gerund expresses an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. The person performing both actions must be the same. In the sentence, the action “enrolled” is performed by “they, some people” (indefinite personal sentence), and the action “received” is performed by Radishchev.
• Explanation: participial phrases most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except in cases where the action is expressed by the words “can, can’t”

• We look for participial phrases in tasks with letters
• The sacrament answers the questions: what is he doing? what did he do? what done?
• Examples of participles: working, doubting, arrived, written, etc.
• For example: To one of the heroes of the novel, those seeking the meaning of life, the path to inner freedom opens.

• Explanation: If a sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun it modifies. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the participle. For example, “there were a lot of guys (who?) came to the forest.” The end of the participle must coincide with the end of the question to it.

• You cannot mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use the pronouns “I, WE, YOU, YOU” in the subordinate part of a sentence in indirect speech.
• For example, “Dima admitted that I I’m not ready for class today.”

1. Errors associated with violation of word order in a simple sentence

	Type of error	Example
	The subject occupies a place that does not correspond to the established generally accepted order.	The author discusses the problems of humanism and mercy in his article.
	The complement is in isolation from the word that controls it.	We cannot agree on his attitude to the problem with the author.
	The definition is in isolation from the word being defined.	He was struck by the majestic and beautiful building of the theater located on the right.
	The circumstance occupies a place that does not correspond to the generally accepted order.	He returned to Leningrad later, after the war, from the hospital.
	Wrong location of preposition.	After two hours the dispute ended (two hours later)Mixing prepositions from and with (with) guilt from and with through and because of	When he arrived With villages to the city, I was surprised at many things. Returning with school, he immediately sat down to his homework. Soldiers who took part on war, returned to peaceful life. True heroism revealed at battles for Moscow. From morning until evening he worked in his editorial office. He almost died through h betrayal of a friend.
	No excuse.	You can't help but bow down his heroism.
	Having an unnecessary pretext.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAMMAR ERRORS:

1. incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2. incorrect use of the case form of a noun
3. disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
4. violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
5. error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
6. violation of homogeneity of concepts
7. violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements
8. incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases
9. violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase
10. incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
11. violation of word order in a simple sentence

Learn to spot grammatical errors. If you learn to confidently recognize them in a task, you will not lose points in the essay. (Criterion 9 - “Compliance with language norms.”) In addition, an assignment for which you can get 5 points requires special attention!

Task 7 Unified State Exam in Russian

Task formulation: Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Grammatical errors

offers

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial phrase B) error in the construction of a complex sentence C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate D) violation of aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms

1) I.S. Turgenev subjects Bazarov to the most difficult test - the “test of love” - and thereby revealed the true essence of his hero. 2) Everyone who visited Crimea took with them, after parting with him, vivid impressions of the sea, mountains, southern grasses and flowers. 3) The work “The Tale of a Real Man” is based on real events that happened to Alexei Maresyev. 4) S. Mikhalkov argued that the world of the merchant Zamoskvorechye can be seen on the stage of the Maly Theater thanks to the excellent acting of the actors. 5) In 1885 V.D. Polenov exhibited at a traveling exhibition ninety-seven sketches brought from a trip to the East. 6) The theory of eloquence for all types of poetic compositions was written by A.I. Galich, who taught Russian and Latin literature at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. 7) In I. Mashkov’s landscape “View of Moscow” there is a feeling of the ringing beauty of a city street. 8) Happy are those who, after a long road with its cold and slush, see a familiar house and hear the voices of relatives. 9) Reading classical literature, you notice how differently the “city of Petrov” is depicted in the works of A.S. Pushkina, N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

How to complete such a task? It is better to start from the left side. Find the named syntactic phenomenon (participial phrase, subject and predicate, etc.) in the sentences on the right and check for a grammatical error. Start with those that are easier to find and identify.

Let's look at typical grammatical errors in the order in which they should be checked on the exam.

Inconsistent application

An inconsistent appendix is ​​the title of a book, magazine, movie, picture, etc., enclosed in quotation marks.

Changes by case in a sentence generic word, and the inconsistent application is in the initial form and does not change: V novel"War and Peace"; picture Levitan "Golden Autumn" at the station metro station "Tverskaya".

If there is no generic word in the sentence, the application itself changes by case: heroes of "War and Peace"; I’m looking at Levitan’s “Golden Autumn”, meet me at Tverskaya.

Grammar mistake : in the novel “War and Peace”; in the painting “Golden Autumn”, at the Tverskoy metro station.

In the assignment, such an error occurred in sentence 3.

Direct and indirect speech.

A sentence with indirect speech is a complex sentence. Compare:

The conductor said: “I will bring you tea” - The conductor said that he would bring us tea. Grammar mistake: The conductor said that I will bring you tea.(The personal pronoun must change.)

The passenger asked: “Can I open the window?” - The passenger asked if he could open the window. Grammar mistake : The passenger asked if he could open the window.(The sentence contains LI as a conjunction; the conjunction THAT is not allowed in a sentence.)

Participial

We find sentences with a participial phrase and see if there are any errors in its construction.

1. The defined (main) word cannot fall inside the participial phrase; it can appear before or after it. Grammar mistake: those who came spectators to a meeting with the director. Right: spectators who came to meet the director or spectators who came to meet the director.

2. The participle must agree in gender, number and case with the main word, which is determined by meaning and by question: residents mountains (which ones?), frightened by a hurricane or residents mountains(which ones?), overgrown with spruce trees. Grammar mistake: residents of mountains frightened by a hurricane or inhabitants of the mountains, overgrown with spruce trees.

Note: one of the events that happened last summer(we agree the participle with the word ONE - we are talking about one event). I remember a number of events that happened last summer (we ask the question from EVENTS “which ones?”).

3. The participle has a present tense ( student memorizing a rule), past tense ( student who memorized the rule), but there is no future tense ( student memorizing a rule- grammar mistake).

In the assignment, such an error occurred in sentence 5.

Participial turnover

Remember: The participle names the additional action, and the predicate verb names the main action. The gerund and predicate verb must refer to the same character!

We find the subject in the sentence and check whether it performs an action called a gerund. Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova had natural excitement. We reason: excitement arose - Natasha Rostova walked- different characters. Correct option: Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova experienced natural excitement.

In a definite personal sentence it is easy to restore the subject: I, WE, YOU, YOU: When making an offer, consider(You) grammatical meaning of the word. We reason: you take into account And you make up- there is no error.

The predicate verb can be expressed infinitive: When composing a sentence, you need to take into account the grammatical meaning of the word.

We reason: After reading the sentence, it seems to me that there is no error. ME cannot be the subject, since it is not in the initial form. This sentence has a grammatical error.

The grammatical connection between subject and predicate.

The error may be hidden in complex sentences built according to the model “THOSE WHO …”, “EVERYONE WHO …”, “ALL WHO …”, “NONE OF THOSE WHO …”, “MANY OF THOSE WHO …”, “ ONE OF THOSE WHO..." Each simple sentence within a complex sentence will have its own subject; you need to check whether they are consistent with their predicates. WHO, EVERYONE, NOBODY, ONE, are combined with predicates in the singular; THOSE, ALL, MANY are combined with their predicates in the plural.

Let's analyze the proposal: None of those who visited there in the summer were disappointed. NO ONE WAS – grammatical error. WHO HAS VISITED – there is no mistake. Those who did not come to the opening of the exhibition regretted it. THEY WERE REGRET – there was no mistake. WHO DID NOT COME - grammatical error.

In the assignment, such an error occurred in sentence 2.

Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms.

Pay special attention to predicate verbs: incorrect use of verb tense leads to confusion in the sequence of actions. I work inattentively, intermittently, and as a result I made a lot of ridiculous mistakes. Let's fix the error: I work inattentively, intermittently, and as a result I make a lot of ridiculous mistakes.(Both imperfective verbs are in the present tense.) I worked inattentively, intermittently, and as a result I made a lot of ridiculous mistakes.(Both verbs are in the past tense, the first verb - imperfective - indicates the process, the second - perfective - indicates the result.)

In the assignment, the following error occurred in sentence 1: Turgenev exposes and reveals...

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Grammatical errors in sentences with conjunctions AND.

1. Union AND cannot connect one of the members of a sentence with the whole sentence. I don't like to get sick and when I get a bad grade. Moscow is a city which was the birthplace of Pushkin and described in detail by him. When Onegin returned to St. Petersburg and having met Tatyana, he did not recognize her. Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and why do they need to do it?. (Let's correct the error: Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and the benefits of sports activities. Or: We listened to a lecture about what is the importance of sport And why do they need to do it? .)
2. Union AND cannot connect homogeneous members expressed by the full and short form of adjectives and participles: He is tall and thin. She is smart and beautiful.
3. Union AND cannot connect an infinitive and a noun: I love doing laundry, cooking and reading books. (Right: I like to do laundry, cook and read books.)
4. It is difficult to recognize an error in a syntax like this: The Decembrists loved and admired the Russian people. In this sentence, the addition PEOPLE refers to both predicates, but is grammatically connected with only one of them: ADMIRED (BY WHOM?) THE PEOPLE. From the verb LOVED we ask the question WHO? Be sure to ask a question from each predicate verb to its object. Here are the typical mistakes: parents care and love children; I understand and sympathize with you; he studied and used the rule; I love and am proud of my son. Correcting such an error requires the introduction of various additions, each will be consistent with its predicate verb: I love my son and am proud of him.

Using Compound Conjunctions.

1. Learn to recognize the following conjunctions in a sentence: “NOT ONLY..., BUT ALSO”; “AS..., SO AND.” In these conjunctions, you cannot skip individual words or replace them with others: Not only us, but our guests were surprised. The atmosphere of the era in comedy is created not only by the actors, but also by off-stage characters. Work is in full swing both during the day and at night.
2. Parts of a double conjunction must be immediately before each of the homogeneous members . Incorrect word order leads to a grammatical error: We examined not only the ancient part cities, but also visited new areas.(Correct order: We not only looked around..., but also visited...)In the essay you need how about the main characters, tell me so about artistic features. (Correct order: The essay must tell how about the main characters, and about artistic features. )

Generalizing words with homogeneous terms

The generalizing word and the homogeneous members that follow it are in the same case: Play two sports:(how?) skiing and swimming.(Grammar mistake: Strong people have two qualities: kindness and humility.)

Prepositions with homogeneous members

Prepositions before homogeneous members can be omitted only if these prepositions are the same: He visited V Greece, Spain, Italy, on Cyprus. Grammar mistake: He visited V Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus.

Complex sentence

Errors associated with the incorrect use of conjunctions, allied words, and demonstrative words are very common. There can be many possible errors, let's look at some of them.

Extra conjunction: I was tormented by the question of whether I should tell my father everything. I didn't realize how far from the truth I was.

Mixing coordinating and subordinating conjunctions : When Murka got tired of messing with the kittens, and she went somewhere to sleep.

Extra particle WOULD: I need him to come see me.

Missing index word: Your mistake is that you are in too much of a hurry.(Missed IN VOL.)

The conjunctive word WHICH is torn off from the word being defined: Warm rain moistened the soil, which the plants so needed.(Right: Warm rain in which plants needed, moistened the soil.)

In the assignment, such an error was made in sentence 9.

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

1. Prepositions THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, CONTRAST, IN CONTRAST, LIKELY + noun in the DATIVE CASE: thanks to the skillYu , according to scheduleYu , contrary to the rulesam .

• The preposition ON can be used to mean “AFTER”. In this case, the noun is in the prepositional case and has the ending AND: upon graduation (after graduation), upon arrival in the city (after arrival), after the expiration of the term (after the expiration of the term).

Remember: upon arrival AND, upon completion AND, upon completion AND, upon expiration AND, upon arrival E, upon arrival E.

• We remember the management features in the following phrases:

Prove (what?) right

Marvel at (what?) patience

Give an example of (what?) an error

Summarize (what?) the work

Confess (what?) to a crime

Miss, be sad (for whom?) for you

Pay attention to (what?) little things

Point out (what?) shortcomings

Blame (what?) for greed

Let's remember the pairs:

Worry about your son - worry about your son

Believe in victory - confidence in victory

Question about construction - problems with construction

Earn rental income – receive rental income

Ignorance of the problem - unfamiliarity with the problem

To be offended by mistrust - to be offended by mistrust

Pay attention to health - pay attention to health

Preoccupation with business - worry about business

Pay for travel - pay for travel

Feedback on an essay - review of an essay

Service fee – payment for service

Superiority over him - advantage over him

Warn of danger - warn of danger

Distinguish between friends and enemies - distinguish friends from enemies

Surprised by patience - surprised by patience

Characteristic of him - inherent in him

Task No. 7 on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is formulated as follows:

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters

Types of Grammar Errors

1. Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember that the prepositions THANKS, ACCORDING, DESPITE are used only with the dative case:

thanks to (whom) friend

contrary to (what) expectation

according to (what?) schedule

• The preposition “PO” controls the prepositional case:

upon arrival in Kazan

upon expiration of the period

upon arrival and home

1. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The majority objected to such changes in the work plan; the majority objected).

Remember the rules:

1. agreement of the predicate with the words: RANGE, MAJORITY, MINORITY, MANY, SEVERAL, PART.

A). The predicate is put in the singular if there are no dependent words with these words (the minority supported the speaker).

B).Singular and with inanimate subjects (a number of schools have introduced elective courses in law into their programs).

IN). Plural in other cases:

• A number of teachers spoke out for additional hours in the Russian language (animate noun).
• Part of the proceeds will go to the treatment of sick children (if the subject has a participle or a subordinate clause with the word WHICH).
• Several writers and poets were present at the evening (if there are several subjects or predicates).
• Many suggestions for changing the structure of the speech were offered by colleagues (if there are other members of the sentence between the subject and predicate).

The subject and predicate are always singular in the following cases:

• If the subject has only a singular number, for example: youth, peasantry, people, students.

• If the subject contains the words MUCH, LITTLE, LITTLE.

For example: Many years have passed since I graduated from school.

• If there are particles before the subject ONLY, ONLY.

For example: Only a small part of readers prefer the classics.

• If the subject is the pronoun WHO and words formed from it

(nobody, some, etc.)

For example: Whoever takes the path of good cannot help but be happy.

• If the subject is compound numerals, the last word of which is ONE + noun.

For example: Twenty-one people came to the meeting.

3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

Application is a definition expressed by a noun. If an appendix is ​​the name of something in quotation marks, then the appendix is ​​inconsistent. How to use it correctly?

• If there is a common noun before the application, then the application is used in the nominative case:

I am reading Leo Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace” (Im.p.)

My mother works at the Zarya factory.

• If there is no such common noun, then the application is used in the case that is required by the context:

I admire War and Peace (TVp.)

She works at Zarya (P.P.)

What kind of mistake happens in task No. 7?

Example:

She works at the Zarya factory (that's right: at the Zarya factory).

I am reading Leo Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace” (that’s right: the book “War and Peace”).

4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Full and short adjectives cannot be used as homogeneous members:

She was beautiful and happy (beautiful and happy OR beautiful and happy)

• It is impossible to mix genus-specific concepts in a series of homogeneous members:

The basket contained fruits, apples, pears (that’s right: there were fruits in the basket: apples, pears).

• It is unacceptable to use words as homogeneous members, logically

incompatible:

Those departing walked with bags and joyful faces.

• It is necessary to use double conjunctions correctly: do not replace individual words in them with other words, use only immediately before homogeneous members:

The mood was NOT ONLY the main thing for the creator, BUT ALSO for the readers

(that’s right: the mood was the main thing NOT ONLY for the creator, BUT ALSO for the readers).

He behaved NOT ONLY defiantly, BUT simply horribly (that’s right: he behaved NOT ONLY defiantly, BUT simply horribly).

• You cannot use one preposition for homogeneous members if one of them has a different preposition:

People were everywhere: IN the streets, squares, squares (that’s right: people were everywhere: IN the streets, squares, IN squares).

• Homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word:

The conference discussed many writers: Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov

(correct: at the conference many writers were discussed: Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov)

• Incorrect if the homogeneous members are a noun and an infinitive:

I love reading, music and playing sports (that's right: I love reading, music and playing sports).

5. Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

First, let us remember that the gerund denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the predicate verb.

Correct use of adverbial verbs:

• Remember that in a correctly constructed sentence, the subject of the action - the subject - can simultaneously perform both the main action (predicate) and the additional action (gerund). In such sentences, the gerund is easy to replace with a verb.

For example:

While preparing for the exam, I repeated all the rules (I prepare and repeat)

• A one-part definite personal will also be correct, since in it the subject can easily be inserted into a sentence.

For example:

When preparing for an exam, I repeat the rules (I prepare and repeat).

• Impersonal sentences will also be correct, but remember one very important condition: the sentence must contain an infinitive and the following words: CAN, SHOULD, NECESSARY, SHOULD, WANTED, RECOMMENDED, REQUIRED, IMPOSSIBLE.

For example:

When preparing for the exam, you need to remember the rules.

Examples of incorrect use of participial phrases:

• Having climbed the mountain, it became very cold (in an impersonal sentence there is no subject who would perform an additional action expressed by a gerund).
• Approaching the station, my hat fell off (the subject cannot perform an additional action).

6. Violations in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

• Violation of agreement between the defined word and the participial phrase. It is necessary to ask a question from the word being defined to the participle, and at the end of it, determine what ending the participle will have.

For example:

Poachers who break the law face a serious fine (what kind of poachers? those who break).

• The defined word cannot be used inside a participial phrase. It should be either BEFORE or AFTER it.

For example:

A boat moored to the shore aroused suspicion (that's right: a boat moored to the shore).

7. Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

• Direct speech is someone's speech conveyed without changes. Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's speech and its meaning in the form of a complex sentence. In sentences with indirect speech, you cannot use 1st and 2nd person pronouns, only the 3rd person is needed.

Examples.

Wrong:

Nekrasov wrote that “I dedicated the lyre to my people” (incorrect use of 1st person).

Right:

Nekrasov wrote that HE “dedicated the lyre to his people,”

These are the main types of grammatical errors, examples of which are provided in the 2015 demo. Of course, there are much more errors of this kind. In the next article I will remind you of them. While you are learning these rules, do more test tasks.

Good luck to you!

Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna